Deck 19: Sex, Marriage, and Family

Question 1

Which of the following statements about the Nayar is correct?

A)When a Nayar girl reaches the age of menstruation,she leaves her home and goes to live with her husband.
B)The Nayar girl's brother is always considered the legal father and primary supporter of her children.
C)The men with whom a Nayar woman enters into formalized sexual relationships become obligated to support her and her children economically.
D)A man must give a Nayar girl gifts three times a year to formalize the sexual relationship.
E)The Nayar women raise their female children,while the Nayar men raise the male children.

Answer 1

A man must give a Nayar girl gifts three times a year to formalize the sexual relationship.

Question 2

What percentage of known societies has rules regulating that sexual involvement only take place within marriage?

A)90
B)75
C)45
D)30
E)15

Answer 2

15

Question 3

Marriage within a particular group of individuals is called:

A)incest.
B)exogamy.
C)endogamy.
D)polygamy.
E)monogamy.

Answer 3

endogamy.

Question 4

In Tibet,a young man lives with his older brother,who is married.The younger brother eventually begins to think about setting up his own tent and taking his share of the yak and fields of grass.One night,his brother's wife gives him her necklace.In Tibetan culture,this is an invitation for him to become her second husband.If he accepts,he will remain with his brother and share the same tent.This type of marriage is called:

A)monogamy.
B)polygamy.
C)polyandry.
D)polygyny.
E)serial monogamy.

Question 5

Polygyny:

A)means marriage to more than one man.
B)is the most common form of marriage.
C)is possible only when a man is fairly wealthy.
D)is less common than polyandry.
E)is an example of group marriage.

Question 6

The people to whom you are related by marriage are considered what type of kinship?

A)Patrilineal
B)Matrilineal
C)Fictive
D)Affinal
E)Consanguineal

Question 7

A positive side effect to restricting sexual behavior is that it may also limit:

A)the number of children a woman can have.
B)the number of divorces in that culture.
C)the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases.
D)group marriages.
E)women marrying the wrong man.

Question 8

When a society proscribes sexual relations among those it considers too closely related,these are rules of:

A)genetics.
B)exogamy.
C)endogamy.
D)polygamy.
E)extragamy.

Question 9

The author uses the Nayar of southwest India to illustrate that rules about sexual access can be highly variable.Nayar women:

A)are married to their brothers.
B)go through stages of sexual access.
C)have two husbands.
D)do not get married.
E)do not have children.

Question 10

The most preferred form of marriage around the world is:

A)polyandry.
B)monogamy.
C)group marriage.
D)polygyny.
E)serial marriage.

Question 11

An example of group marriage would be:

A)a pastoral nomad's wife sharing her husband with another woman.
B)members of the Unification Church having a large wedding ceremony at which 500 couples are married at the same time.
C)a prosperous member of the Kapauku able to afford a bride price for four wives.
D)traditional spouse exchange among the Inupiat Eskimo where adult members have sexual access to each other.
E)a Nayar household in which a woman takes several lovers.

Question 12

Regarding cousin marriage,which of the following statements is incorrect?

A)the U.S.is the only Western country that has laws against first-cousin marriage.
B)in the U.S. ,19 states permit first-cousin marriage.
C)genetic research does not show that there is marked increase in inheritable weakness for children of first cousins.
D)laws against first-cousin marriage in the U.S.were enacted the popularity of evolutionary theories.
E)in the U.S. ,some states have no laws prohibiting marriage between relatives.

Question 13

All of the following statements about sexual behavior among the Trobrianders is correct except:

A)when the couple is ready to be married,they appear outside the woman's household.
B)by their mid-teens,young people begin having longer-term affairs that lead to marriage.
C)young people traditionally have a great deal of sexual freedom.
D)by the age of 7 or 8,they begin playing erotic games and imitating adults.
E)by the early teens,they begin pursuing sexual partners.

Question 14

All of the following are associated with polygyny except:

A)commonly found in societies in which women do the bulk of cultivation work.
B)wives have a strong bargaining power within the household.
C)women are normally much younger than the men they marry.
D)frequently found in societies that have suffered violence and in which there are high male combat deaths.
E)shows the lower status of men than women in these societies.

Question 15

Detailed census records made in Roman Egypt show that brother-sister marriages among members of the non-royal farming class were common.What light does this shed on the incest taboo?

A)It proves that there is a biological basis for avoidance of inbreeding among humans.
B)It proves that incest is committed only among royalty and is done in order to preserve the bloodlines.
C)It demonstrates that despite the human tendency to avoid inbreeding,it occasionally occurs and may even be preferred.
D)It supports Freud's psychoanalytic theory of the universality of the Oedipus complex.
E)It shows that humans are no different from chimpanzees.

Question 16

A contract in which a woman and man establish a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another and in which the woman involved becomes entitled to bear children is also called:

A)family.
B)incest.
C)sex.
D)affinity.
E)marriage.

Question 17

Among Christians in the 17th and 18th centuries in New England,adultery was considered:

A)prescribed for many different kinds of illness.
B)a source of community gossip.
C)a serious crime.
D)a personal offense to the woman's family.
E)culturally acceptable.

Question 18

Because Nayar women live with their dependent offspring and their brothers,they are considered what type of family?

A)Conjugal
B)Affinal
C)Consanguineal
D)Nuclear
E)Patrilateral

Question 19

Although all societies have some kind of incest taboo,the relationship which is considered incestuous may vary.Concepts of incest seem to be related to a group's definitions of endogamy and exogamy,thus suggesting that incest taboos may help to promote:

A)stability of the family.
B)inbreeding genetic errors.
C)brother-sister marriages.
D)parallel cousin marriages.
E)cross-cousin marriages.

Question 20

The French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss says that the incest taboo is universal because:

A)humans are instinctively opposed to inbreeding through biological programming.
B)humans repress their sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and thus learn how to control sexual behavior from birth.
C)humans have learned to establish alliances with strangers and thereby share and develop culture.
D)humans prefer to marry their brothers and sisters and must use culture to regulate sexual access and avoid inbreeding.
E)humans do not like sex.

Question 21

My mother's brother's son is my:

A)brother.
B)fictive cousin.
C)patrilateral cousin.
D)parallel cousin.
E)cross cousin.

Question 22

The woman-woman marriage custom found in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with all of the following except:

A)enables a woman without sons to inherit a share of her husband's property.
B)confers legitimacy on the children of a woman who had been unable to find a husband.
C)enables the woman who adopts a male identity to raise her status.
D)enables the woman who is the wife of the female husband to raise her status and live a more secure life.
E)enables the women to engage in sexual activity with each other.

Question 23

One area that is most changing the composition of families today is that of:

A)increasing acceptance of polygynous unions.
B)development of new reproductive technologies.
C)increasing numbers of same-sex marriages.
D)decreasing divorce rates.
E)increasing numbers of patrilateral marriages.

Question 24

In Western societies between A.D.1000 and 1800,divorce was next to impossible,but few marriages lasted more than about 10 or 20 years,owing to:

A)irreconcilable differences.
B)high death rates.
C)patrilineal societies.
D)matrilineal societies.
E)high economic cost of marriage.

Question 25

When the economy is based on__________________and when the man does most of the productive work,the bride's people may give a dowry that protects the woman against desertion.Dowry is also a statement of her economic status.

A)food foraging
B)pastoralism
C)agriculture
D)horticulture
E)industrialism

Question 26

An important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage is/are:

A)social clubs.
B)newspaper personals.
C)Internet chat rooms.
D)match-making businesses.
E)the Hindu temple.

Question 27

Marriage by proxy,such as that which might occur with a prisoner,a dead partner for inheritance reasons,or between those separated by deployment,is called:

A)delayed marriage.
B)group marriage.
C)primate marriage.
D)approximate marriage.
E)fictive marriage.

Question 28

Two or more people related by blood,marriage,or adoption are called a(n):

A)family.
B)conjugal bond.
C)endogamous group.
D)nuclear family.
E)serial marriage.

Question 29

Since the early 1970s,about how many foreign children have been adopted into U.S.families?

A)2 million
B)750,000
C)500,000
D)140,000
E)23,000

Question 30

A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose to live in the husband's father's or wife's mother's place of residence is called:

A)avunculocal.
B)neolocal.
C)ambilocal.
D)patrilocal.
E)matrilocal.

Question 31

The period of time that a groom spends in service to the bride's family as a form of economic exchange for marriage is called:

A)a leveling mechanism.
B)marriage transaction.
C)bride service.
D)bride wealth.
E)dowry.

Question 32

In the U.S. ,approximately what percentage of marriages ends in divorce?

A)80%
B)65%
C)40%
D)30%
E)15%

Question 33

In industrial and postindustrial societies,such as the United States,the most common form of residence after marriage is:

A)ambilocal.
B)matrilocal.
C)patrilocal.
D)neolocal.
E)avunculocal.

Question 34

Under cross-cousin marriage,the sister's son is also the:

A)brother's daughter's husband.
B)mother's sister's son.
C)husband's cousin.
D)father's brother's aunt.
E)sister's son's son.

Question 35

A family established through marriage is called what type of family?

A)Unilocal
B)Consanguineal
C)Nuclear
D)Conjugal
E)Extended

Question 36

What type of family is typically found among traditional horticultural,agricultural,and pastoral societies around the world?

A)Nuclear
B)Extended
C)Matrilineal
D)Neolocal
E)Tributary

Question 37

Among which group do same-sex marriages provide acceptable positions in society for individuals who might otherwise be marginalized?

A)Zulu
B)Ju/'hoansi
C)Tlingit
D)Nandi
E)Paiute

Question 38

Families can be consanguine or conjugal.The conjugal family has many forms.One type of conjugal family is the family,consisting of the husband,wife,and dependent children.

A)polygynous
B)polygamous
C)polyandrous
D)nuclear
E)extended

Question 39

Which of the following characteristics would be most important in an Indian family's selection of a bride for their son?

A)Beauty
B)Education
C)Independence
D)Character
E)Domestic skills

Question 40

In which of the following circumstances would you expect to find the custom of bride price?

A)A bride and groom leave the community after marriage and set up their own household in a distant city or village area.
B)A bride and groom go to live with the bride's people.
C)A bride and groom go to live with the groom's people.
D)A bride and groom go to live with the bride's mother's brother.
E)A bride and groom live in separate houses and do not cohabitate.

Question 41

The Nayar family consists only of affinal relatives.

Question 42

There are no cultures that prescribe male-to-male sexual acts,for any reason.

Question 43

Child exchange is quite common in many cultures.

Question 44

The most prevalent form of marriage worldwide is polygamy.

Question 45

One of the functions of dowry is to ensure a woman's support in widowhood.

Question 46

All societies have cultural rules to regulate sexual relations.

Question 47

A marriage of a woman to a woman in sub-Saharan Africa is a ceremony that legitimizes a homosexual relationship.

Question 48

In most societies,divorce is quite simple.

Question 49

It is estimated that in the U.S.today that some 100,000 people live in polygynous households.

Question 50

First-cousin marriage is prohibited in 40 states in the United States.

Question 51

Same-sex couples are also considered to be a nuclear family.

Question 52

The Trobrianders have a rigidly controlled sex life and puritan attitudes toward sexuality.

Question 53

The social rules and cultural meanings of all sexual behavior are subject to great variability from one society to another.

Question 54

Polygyny is legal in only two states in the U.S.

Question 55

Instinctive repulsion does not explain institutionalized incest.

Question 56

Single-parent households make up almost 12% of the households in the U.S.

Question 57

In India,it is understood that matches (marriages)would be arranged only within the same caste and general social class.

Question 58

The Western ideal that an individual should be free to marry whomever he or she chooses is not universally embraced.

Question 59

Matrilocal residence is when the couple lives with the husband's mother.

Question 60

Your mother's sister's child is your parallel cousin.

Question 61

How do young people choose marriage partners among the Trobrianders?

Question 62

What are the four primary residence patterns?

Question 63

How is the extended family different from the nuclear family?

Question 64

Compare and contrast family and household.Give examples.

Question 65

Describe the marriage system of the Nayar.

Question 66

What is a blended family?

Question 67

Distinguish among bride price,dowry,and bride service.

Question 68

What is polyandry? How does it fit into other aspects of social structure and adaptation to environment?

Question 69

How has adoption changed in the U.S.over the past 25 years?

Question 70

How does Levi-Strauss explain exogamy?

Question 71

How common is first-cousin marriage in the U.S. ,and what are the genetic implications of this form of marriage?

Question 72

What is the difference between marriage and mating?

Question 73

Distinguish between a consanguineal and affinal kinship.

Question 74

List and describe four different forms of marriage.

Question 75

Contrast endogamy and exogamy;give examples of each.

Question 76

What is the positive outcome of having strict religious rules that regulate sexual relations?

Question 77

Explain why the cultural definition of marriage refers to "persons" rather than "a man and a woman."

Question 78

Explain the difference between patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage and matrilineal cross-cousin marriage.

Question 79

Are arranged marriages generally more or less stable than those in which partners freely choose each other? Use India as an example.

Question 80

What is the function of traditional woman/woman marriage in sub-Saharan Africa?