Deck 10: The Emergence of Cities and States

Question 1

Evidence suggests that ancient planners designed the city of__________________to have the San Juan River run through it.

A)Macchu Picchu
B)Tikal
C)Chichen Itza
D)Teotihuacan
E)Tulum

Answer 1

Teotihuacan

Question 2

As an initial change from the Neolithic period,researchers found that high crop yields,resulting from agricultural innovations:

A)made more protein available so the brain could expand.
B)provided more food for people,beginning an obesity epidemic.
C)contributed to high populations densities in ancient civilizations.
D)freed up people to become involved with trade speculation.
E)allowed large empires to obtain global dominance.

Answer 2

contributed to high populations densities in ancient civilizations.

Question 3

Which of the following BEST describes the intent of the Globalscape article entitled "Illicit Antiquities"?

A)War rarely impacts antiquities.
B)Illegal selling of antiquities is relatively east to track.
C)No UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Sites are impacted by war.
D)Antiquities can be the "victims" of war.
E)Archaeologists can play almost no role in tracking illicit antiquities.

Answer 3

Antiquities can be the "victims" of war.

Question 4

In which modern-day country do we find Tikal?

A)Mexico
B)Honduras
C)Belize
D)Guatemala
E)Costa Rica

Question 5

The indigenous civilizations of the Americas relied more on stone for their everyday tools for longer than other parts of the world because:

A)they were less innovative.
B)they did not have the raw materials to make bronze.
C)they were peaceful and did not need the bronze for weapons because they had eliminated warfare.
D)of the ready availability and suitability of obsidian.
E)the civilizations of the Old World were more creative than the civilizations of the New World.

Question 6

Ani was known as the:

A)Rome of the East.
B)flower of the Byzantine Empire.
C)city of one thousand and one churches.
D)crown of the Caucuses.
E)lost city of the Middle East.

Question 7

Societies in which large numbers of people live in cities,socially stratified and governed by centrally organized political systems,are called:

A)urbanizations.
B)civilizations.
C)nations.
D)city-states.
E)centralized governments.

Question 8

By 1,550 years ago,the population of Tikal had achieved a density of__________________people per square kilometer.

A)600 to 700
B)25 to 100
C)1 million
D)100 to 150
E)3,000 to 5,000

Question 9

El Pilar is located not far from Tikal:

A)in Mexico.
B)in Cuba.
C)in Spain.
D)on the border between Belize and Guatemala.
E)on the border between Guatemala and Honduras.

Question 10

All of the following are basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to life in the first urban centers except:

A)agricultural innovation.
B)social stratification.
C)central government.
D)diversification of labor.
E)expansion of religious centers.

Question 11

The word civilization derives from the Latin word,civis,referring to one who is an inhabitant of a city,and civitas,which refers to the urban community in which one lives.The word civilization connotes refinement and progress,but in anthropology,the term refers to:

A)the independence of people to do what they desire.
B)societies in which small numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems.
C)societies in which large numbers of people live in political systems that lack stratification.
D)societies in which large numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems.
E)central inhabited cities where transportation and communication hubs exist.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about Tikal is incorrect?

A)Tikal was a product of Mayan civilization.
B)Tikal was built in a rain forest region.
C)At the city's height,it contained as many as 45,000 people.
D)Carved monuments were commissioned by commoners to commemorate important events in their personal lives.
E)Tikal may have exported flint.

Question 13

The city of Tikal was governed by:

A)an egalitarian council of women.
B)a hereditary ruling dynasty.
C)a council of elders based on kinship.
D)elected senators.
E)craft guilds.

Question 14

The Mayan city of Tikal may have played an important role as:

A)the capital of Mexico.
B)a university center for astronomers and mathematicians.
C)an important stop on an overland trade route.
D)the first industrial center for the production of wheat.
E)the place where swords were manufactured to fight the Aztecs.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the article on the Silk Road City of Ani?

A)The Byzantine Empire played no part in the affairs of Ani.
B)Historical memories allow conflict to linger.
C)Archaeologists can play a role in mitigating conflict.
D)Ani stems from the 10^th century.
E)Ani is located within the Caucus Mountains.

Question 16

For several hundred years,Tikal was able to sustain its ever-growing population.Then the pressure for food and land reached a critical point,and population growth was halted.At the same time,warfare with other cities was becoming increasingly destructive.This is marked archaeologically by all of the following except:

A)by the advent of nutritional problems as evidenced by bones from burial.
B)by the construction of a system of defensive ditches and embankments.
C)by the construction of artificially raised fields in areas that were flooded each rainy season.
D)large,irrigation waterworks.
E)existence of abandoned houses on prime lands.

Question 17

The article on the Silk Road City of Ani concludes that the best hope for its future preservation is:

A)an expansionist Armenia.
B)a more multicultural Turkey.
C)a new Turkish President.
D)for less international attention.
E)for an entire rebuilding of the site.

Question 18

The Silk Road city of Ani:

A)was originally Turkish.
B)was an Armenian city now in Turkey.
C)straddles the border between Syria and Turkey.
D)was destroyed by ISIS.
E)borders the Mediterranean Sea.

Question 19

Archaeologists who have studied the city of Teotihuacan estimate what population for this city at its height?

A)1 million
B)100,000
C)75,000
D)40,000
E)20,000

Question 20

This statement,"it is as if a number of what otherwise would be separate Neolithic villages were all crammed together in one place," would be a description of what ancient city?

A)Çatalhöyük
B)Sumer
C)Teotihuacan
D)Tenochtitlan
E)Jericho

Question 21

The theories in the textbook that attempt to explain the emergence of a governing elite and early civilizations all focus on what they assume to be a key ingredient,which is:

A)social stratification.
B)a centralized authority.
C)intensification of agriculture.
D)diversification of labor.
E)egalitarian social organization.

Question 22

Which of the following is considered a "disease of civilization"?

A)Bone deformities
B)Gangrene
C)Accidents
D)Gastro-intestinal disturbance
E)Tuberculosis

Question 23

Objects such as utensils,figurines,and personal possessions placed in the burial chamber with the deceased are collectively called:

A)burial offerings.
B)grave goods.
C)grave gifts.
D)afterlife possessions.
E)future possessions.

Question 24

Some civilizations flourished under a ruler with extraordinary governing abilities,while others possessed a widespread governing bureaucracy that was very efficient at every level.Which of the following is the best example of the latter?

A)Babylonia
B)Aztec
C)Inca
D)Egyptian Dynasty
E)Maya

Question 25

The hydraulic theory of state development argues that:

A)centralized authority was needed to coordinate large monumental construction projects for the elite.
B)social stratification was part of village and town life and became exacerbated once there were large numbers of people who no longer had kinship ties.
C)because of scarcity of trade goods,trade networks developed over long expanses,and a centralized authority was needed to manage the network.
D)civilization developed in river valleys with fertile soils and needed irrigation works to control seasonal flooding.
E)because of environmental barriers and population density,there was intra-group struggle,and one group subordinated another.

Question 26

Scholars attribute the earliest forms of writing to:

A)preserving a written form of story-telling and a collection of cultural myths.
B)codification of formal law for judiciary purposes.
C)record keeping of state affairs of economic activity.
D)health records for each of the citizens.
E)records of warfare accomplishments and land titles.

Question 27

Anthropologists Anne Ramenofsky and Patricia Galloway argue that the most devastating impact of Hernando de Soto on Native Americans in the southern part of the U.S.was:

A)introduction of tobacco and alcohol.
B)introduction of pigs.
C)introduction of horses.
D)diseases brought by soldiers under command of de Soto.
E)unfair economic trade.

Question 28

How was the Inca Empire organized administratively?

A)It was divided into two parts that each had autonomous governments.
B)It was divided into city-states with elected leaders at state and local levels.
C)It was divided into rural zones with local leaders;each zone produced specific commercial products as tribute to the Emperor.
D)It was divided into four parts that were each subdivided into provinces.
E)It was highly centralized and uniform and did not contain any subdivisions.

Question 29

Approximately how many archaeological sites are located in the modern-day country of Iraq?

A)15,000
B)10,000
C)6,000
D)1,000
E)500

Question 30

Cities are just like towns except they have more population in their central urban areas.

Question 31

Which of the following discoveries at an archaeological site is not an indicator of a strong centralized authority?

A)The settlement was laid out in a rectangular grid pattern.
B)The city had a city wide drainage system.
C)Many monumental buildings existed.
D)The storage buildings contain written records of laws and business transactions.
E)There were shallow garbage deposits at the dwelling houses.

Question 32

What is the Code of Hammurabi?

A)A detailed and standardized legal system that was written down and publicly displayed
B)A detailed and elaborate genealogical system that displayed the origin of the elite rulers
C)A system of marriage rules and property rights for divorce that was enforced to all classes of society
D)A written record of property titles and land rights of the citizens of the state
E)A record of warfare accomplishments and the "great deeds" of the state rulers

Question 33

Ancient people incorporated their spiritual beliefs and social order into the cities they built.

Question 34

Heterozygous individuals with the Tay-Sachs allele are protected against:

A)malaria.
B)tuberculosis
C)tuberculosis.
D)AIDS.
E)yellow fever.

Question 35

Some theories that explain the rise of civilization fail to recognize the capacity of aggressive,charismatic leaders to shape the course of human history.One theory that acknowledges not only the relationship of society to the environment in shaping social and cultural behavior but also the forceful leaders who create change by striving to advance their positions through self-serving actions.This theory is called:

A)hydraulic theory.
B)charismatic theory.
C)action theory.
D)ecological theory.
E)circumscription theory.

Question 36

According to Robert Carneiro,when a population is circumscribed,all of the following will happen except:

A)it is prevented from expanding.
B)members must compete for scarce resources.
C)it will develop a more egalitarian structure.
D)an elite is likely to emerge that controls access to resources.
E)it is likely to become centrally organized to fight more effectively with other societies to gain more resources.

Question 37

All of the following can provide archaeological evidence of class stratification within burials except:

A)rate of organic decay in a particular body.
B)amount of grave goods included in the burial.
C)position and mode of body.
D)nutritional status of the skeleton.
E)size of the burial pit or chamber.

Question 38

The Inca are unusual in that:

A)they lived to an extremely old age.
B)women were the main rulers and men served as the administrators.
C)they developed the first computational system and had a mathematical systems based on zero.
D)they supported a civilization by food foraging.
E)they had no writing;instead,they used colored strings with knots to keep records.

Question 39

The earliest evidence of writing is believed to be a:

A)published Bible dated at 5,600 years old.
B)cuneiform on temple sides dated at 11,600 years old.
C)carvings on the side of the Egyptian pyramids dated at 7,400 years old.
D)papyrus leaf with hieroglyphics dated at 9,400 years old.
E)tortoise shell with signs dated at 8,600 years old.

Question 40

According to Carneiro's theory of environmental and social circumscription,which of the following situations would be likely to give rise to civilization?

A)Neolithic villagers first began to expand into the vast interior of central Europe and encountered hostile tribes.
B)Settlers moved along the Rhone and Rhine,made it to the western coast of Europe,and found themselves hemmed in by the sea and other settlements that had been established.
C)Seafaring peoples began to populate the Pacific islands.
D)Paleolithic food foragers first entered the New World.
E)Neandertal coexisted for years in Europe with H.sapiens and fought over resources.

Question 41

Cultural domination reflects cultural superiority.

Question 42

Governments of the past ensured that cities were safe from enemies by constructing fortifications and raising armies.

Question 43

Why do archaeologists believe Tikal's population growth came to a halt?

Question 44

The rise of the Mayan civilization can be explained by action theory.

Question 45

Zoonotic diseases can have very serious consequences to humans.

Question 46

The Code of Hammurabi was first developed in Egypt.

Question 47

What evidence did archaeologists use to reconstruct their understanding of life at Tikal?

Question 48

The Islamic State has negatively impacted the status of antiquities in the Middle East.

Question 49

When and where did the first cities emerge?

Question 50

What were the origins of the city of Ani and why is its legacy contested today?

Question 51

Many diseases from the New World traveled back to Europe.

Question 52

Egyptian kings sent traders to Lebanon for cedar,wine,and funerary oils.

Question 53

The ancient city of Tikal was part of the Aztec civilization.

Question 54

What were the characteristics of the earliest cities?

Question 55

Tikal was one of the largest Aztec cities,reaching a size of over 100,000 inhabitants,and is still an important religious center.

Question 56

In stratified societies,the elite usually live longer,eat better,and enjoy an easier life than other members of society.

Question 57

The emergence of a governing elite characterized early civilizations.

Question 58

The Bronze Age contributed symbolically to maintain the power of the elite.

Question 59

The Bronze Age began about 10,000 years ago.

Question 60

In Tikal,extensive excavation provided a sound basis for understanding everyday life and social organization of the Maya.

Question 61

Why was specialization important in the growth of cities?

Question 62

Describe the evidence used to infer the existence of diversification of labor.

Question 63

Archaeologically,how can social stratification show up in human burials?

Question 64

What are the four basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village to urban city life?

Question 65

Where did the first urban areas emerge? Why did they first emerge in these geographical areas?

Question 66

Give two examples of early forms of writing and explain their use.

Question 67

How did governments of the past ensure that cities were safe?

Question 68

Describe some of the early trade networks operating in Africa.

Question 69

How has the Islamic State impacted the preservation of antiquities in the Middle East?

Question 70

What does the misidentification of the makers of the granite walls at Great Zimbabwe say about the practice of anthropology?

Question 71

Describe the layout and construction of the Mayan city of Tikal.How does this architectural plan meet the definition of city and civilization?

Question 72

Discuss the role and importance of each of the factors involved in the transition from Neolithic village life to urban city life.

Question 73

What characterized the first cities? What was the impact of these changes worldwide?

Question 74

Name three zoonotic diseases.

Question 75

Why did the Bronze Age not occur simultaneously in Europe and the Americas?

Question 76

Explain hydraulic theory and its relationship to the development of states.

Question 77

What are the major stresses suffered by people in early civilizations?

Question 78

Describe administrative measures used by the Incas.

Question 79

How does the action theory hypothesize the growth of civilization?

Question 80

Describe the major methodological features of the excavation at Tikal.How were inferences drawn from the material record?