Deck 9: Forests, Forest Management, and Protected Areas

Question 1

_____________% of Earthʹs land area is currently covered by forest.

A) Less than 5
B) 5-10
C) 30
D) 50
E) 40

Answer 1

30

Question 2

Choose the item best matches each item in the following:
Mission is to protect natural resources for future generations through use restrictions and prohibition of resource extraction, but provides public access for current enjoyment

A)World Heritage sites
B)Environmental Protection Agency
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)U.S. Forest Service
F)wilderness areas
G)Nature Conservancy
H)UN Food and Agriculture Organization

Answer 2

National Park Service

Question 3

The first national park was _____________.

A) Yosemite
B) Yellowstone
C) Sequoia
D) General Grant
E) Mount Rainier

Answer 3

Yellowstone

Question 4

_____________ are replacing primary forests in much of southeast Asia.

A) Reserves for indigenous peoples
B) Invasive exotic species
C) World heritage sites
D) Oil palm plantations
E) Biosphere reserves

Question 5

In the United States, most logging takes place in _____________ .

A) Pennsylvania and New York
B) conifer forests in the west and pine plantations in the south
C) New England
D) the northern Midwest
E) national parks

Question 6

Choose the item best matches each item in the following:
Internationally managed sites of cultural and natural importance

A)World Heritage sites
B)Environmental Protection Agency
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)U.S. Forest Service
F)wilderness areas
G)Nature Conservancy
H)UN Food and Agriculture Organization

Question 7

Land trusts are _____________.

A) private nonprofit groups
B) municipal government entities
C) state government entities
D) corporations
E) federal government entities

Question 8

The SLOSS dilemma involves controversy over _____________.

A) government subsidies to farmers
B) tax dollars spent to build roads in national forests
C) controlled burns
D) habitat fragmentation and preserve design
E) drilling for oil in ANWR

Question 9

Choose the item best matches each item in the following:
Issues global forest assessment based on remote sensing data

A)World Heritage sites
B)Environmental Protection Agency
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)U.S. Forest Service
F)wilderness areas
G)Nature Conservancy
H)UN Food and Agriculture Organization

Question 10

Concessions granted by developing nations allow _____________.

A) the establishment of national parks
B) timber extraction according to strictly sustainable forestry principles
C) timber extraction by foreign multinational corporations
D) establishment of wilderness areas
E) restoration of deforested regions

Question 11

Use the figure above to answer the following question
Many forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations at the position named in the question above because it ___________________

A) represents the point just before dieback of the population
B) represents the carrying capacity
C) delivers the maximum sustainable timber yield
D) best protects predators
E) best protects habitat

Question 12

Choose the item best matches each item in the following:
Established under the leadership of Gifford Pinchot to manage forests for
ʺthe greatest good of the greatest number in the long runʺ

A)World Heritage sites
B)Environmental Protection Agency
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)U.S. Forest Service
F)wilderness areas
G)Nature Conservancy
H)UN Food and Agriculture Organization

Question 13

Deforestation _____________.

A) causes population explosions
B) has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions
C) is not widespread in North America
D) prevents erosion
E) decreases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Question 14

Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by _____________.

A) tree ring scars
B) soil chemistry
C) the density of vegetation
D) charcoal in the soil
E) ambient air temperature

Question 15

Use the figure above to answer the following question
If forests are strictly managed according to the maximum sustainable yield model, some biodiversity will still be lost because _______________.

A) habitats for nesting birds are lost
B) nearly all predators will be excluded
C) species whose habitat depends on mature trees in the top canopy layer will be excluded
D) forests are more susceptible to herbivore damage
E) all the trees are of mature size leaving no room for new seedlings

Question 16

Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?

A) Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens.
B) There is an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource.
C) No ancient forests remain in developing nations.
D) They are desperate for economic development.
E) Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government.

Question 17

Use the figure above to answer the following question
The arrow at the top right of the graph represents the _______________.

A) point of fastest growth
B) point of slowest growth
C) equilibrium point where births in the population equal deaths
D) point of maximum sustainable yield
E) extinction point

Question 18

Choose the item best matches each item in the following:
Private land trust that purchases and protects areas in natural condition

A)World Heritage sites
B)Environmental Protection Agency
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)U.S. Forest Service
F)wilderness areas
G)Nature Conservancy
H)UN Food and Agriculture Organization

Question 19

Use the figure above to answer the following question
Most forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations _____________ of the pictured curve.

A) at the bottom
B) to the right
C) at the top
D) to the left
E) in the middle

Question 20

Choose the item best matches each item in the following:
Federal lands protected from development but open to camping and nature study

A)World Heritage sites
B)Environmental Protection Agency
C)Bureau of Land Management
D)National Park Service
E)U.S. Forest Service
F)wilderness areas
G)Nature Conservancy
H)UN Food and Agriculture Organization

Question 21

In recent years, global climate change has caused more severe droughts in the western United States. This has resulted in _____________.

A) lower occurrence of forest fires
B) fewer problems with diseases
C) trees being weakened and stressed, making them more susceptible to bark beetles that feed on the trees
D) extended growing seasons that benefit the trees
E) an increase in tree density

Question 22

The forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from which your text book was made are _____________.

A) harvested by clear-cutting
B) have no mature trees
C) harvested using ecosystem-based management
D) suffer from erosion and heavy pesticide use
E) plantation forests of pine and spruce

Question 23

Paper parks are _____________.

A) portions of the wilderness areas where timber harvesting is permitted
B) land trust areas where timber harvesting is permitted
C) parks established where timber harvesters formerly harvested wood for paper mills
D) portions of the national parks where timber harvesting is permitted
E) areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding

Question 24

Prescribed burns would be used in forests _____________.

A) that have heavy recreational use to warn people about the dangers of fires
B) where there high densities of endangered species, such as tropical rain forests
C) to convert primary forests into secondary forests
D) plagued with insects as a cheaper alternative to pesticides
E) that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth

Question 25

The program Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) _____________.

A) was passed unanimously by the Copenhagen Conference (2010) on global climate change
B) seeks to reduce the 30% of global carbon emissions caused by primary forests
C) gives wealthy nations carbon-offsets if they pay poorer nations to conserve forests
D) supports research to develop trees which permanently sequester carbon
E) combats unsustainable forestry practices through controlled burning programs

Question 26

The Forest Stewardship Council _____________ national forest land.

A) was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of
B) has rigorous standards to certify that forest products are produced sustainably on
C) offers subsidies to timber companies if they replant areas in
D) was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on
E) restricts the use of snowmobiles on

Question 27

The latest information tells us that salvage logging _____________

A) eliminates wildfires from forests
B) has no effect on the severity of wildfires
C) causes increased soil erosion
D) decreases long-term timber yield by more than 60%
E) tends to provide additional food and habitat for many types of wildlife

Question 28

Second-growth forests _____________.

A) are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area
B) are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging
C) are forests whose timber has second-rate value
D) are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago
E) in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska

Question 29

Most commercial logging today takes place in _____________.

A) Mexico
B) Canada, Russia, and Brazil
C) the United States
D) Australia
E) Europe

Question 30

Most of the worldʹs forests occur as _____________.

A) temperate rainforest
B) taiga and rainforest
C) temperate deciduous forest
D) tropical dry forest
E) chaparral

Question 31

Clear-cutting _____________ .

A) is harvesting trees from coastal areas only
B) is a form of violent protest favored by radical environmental organizations
C) removes all trees from an area
D) involves elimination of subsidies to farmers
E) restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops

Question 32

How has the Smokey the Bear campaign, which attempted to eliminate wildfires from forested areas altogether, damaged forest health? What is the importance of fire in ecosystem management? What is the cost of fire suppression for ecosystem health? What is the alternative to fire suppression?

Question 33

The UNFAO has demonstrated that forest loss has slowed but _____________.

A) all nationally owned forests should be managed by clear-cutting
B) we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr
C) to protect forest biodiversity, forested public lands should be closed to recreation
D) deforestation is now in equilibrium with new planting
E) there will be no forest ecosystems left by 2040

Question 34

The National Forest Management Act _____________ national forest land.

A) was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of
B) was passed by the Bush administration in 2004 to loosen environmental protections and restricting public oversight of
C) directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in
D) was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on
E) offers subsidies to timber companies for road building on

Question 35

Why do we need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land?

Question 36

Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that _____________.

A) have the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems
B) leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests
C) are ecologically harmless
D) are the most cost efficient in the short term
E) are very popular with timber companies

Question 37

Wilderness areas _____________.

A) are off-limits to development of any kind but are open to low -impact recreation
B) were set up under the wise-use movement of the 1980s and 1990s
C) were set up under the administration of George W. Bush in the early 2000s
D) allow hunting as long as proper permits are acquired
E) are biosphere reserves managed by UNESCO

Question 38

ʺEdge effectsʺ are a particular problem when _____________.

A) trying to manage and protect island biodiversity
B) wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes
C) formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments
D) forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change
E) preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape

Question 39

Briefly discuss the components of a sustainable forestry program and the meaning of FSC certified forest products.

Question 40

Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when _____________.

A) shrubs and other ground cover plants are absent
B) they are frequently logged using clear-cutting
C) in the early stages of recovering from logging
D) they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy
E) they are frequently burned

Question 41

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain -building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the ʺSky Islandsʺ because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go.
If the Sky Islands become warmer and drier, the species that live at lower elevation will _____________.

A) become extinct
B) create a helpful buffer zone between themselves and the ʺsky islandʺ species
C) move into and dominate the altered sky islands
D) strengthen the biodiversity of the islands by adding many new species
E) move even farther down the slopes

Question 42

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain -building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the ʺSky Islandsʺ because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go.
If the Sky Islands become rapidly warmer and drier, the endemic species there will _____________.

A) successfully adapt to changing conditions
B) be forced to interbreed with other species to preserve genetic diversity
C) move down the mountain slopes and displace species living at lower elevations
D) move farther into the core area of the ʺsky islandʺ
E) probably suffer a high extinction rate

Question 43

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain -building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the ʺSky Islandsʺ because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go.
There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that _____________.

A) these birds migrate to the United States in the winter because it is warmer here
B) these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in the United States as well as in the mountain ranges
C) these birds have higher genetic diversity in the U.S. populations than in the populations in Central America
D) more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada
E) more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Colorado than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the same

Question 44

Who owns the forest land that is home to timber harvesting? Why was the national forest system established, what was its mission, and who specifically directed its development? How did the political climate in the United States aid the formation of a system that incorporated the theme of conservation?

Question 45

What are the traditional reasons for the development of parks and protected areas? What other reasons have been added recently?

Question 46

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain -building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the ʺSky Islandsʺ because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go.
Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam these mountain ranges. Which of the following statements is true?

A) Because of habitat fragmentation and alteration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biodiversity than they did in the past.
B) Because of habitat fragmentation and alteration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less genetic diversity than they did in the past.
C) Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less biodiversity than they did in the past.
D) Because of extirpation, many of these individual populations have more biodiversity than they did in the past.
E) Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more genetic diversity than they did in the past.

Question 47

What part of American history makes it difficult for us to suggest halting deforestation in the tropical rain forest? How did deforestation proceed in the United States? Why is deforestation there different than it was here?

Question 48

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain -building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the ʺSky Islandsʺ because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go.
The tendency of humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and use them for lumber or for wood pulp, causes _____________.

A) increased habitat fragmentation and alteration
B) increased genetic diversity
C) increased transitional areas
D) increased buffer zones
E) major changes in local climate

Question 49

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain -building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the ʺSky Islandsʺ because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go.
An effective strategy for protecting the endemic species of the Sky Islands could be to _____________.

A) protect as many adjacent Sky Islands as possible, giving wildlife corridors to move between mountaintops
B) introduce drought tolerant species into all the Sky Islands
C) protect one large Sky Island at each end of the mountain chain and allow logging and development in the others
D) protect the smallest Sky Islands and leave the rest open to logging and development
E) prevent immigration and emigration between the Islands

Question 50

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain -building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the ʺSky Islandsʺ because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go.
Regarding the geography of Sky Islands, it is likely that _____________.

A) there is more biodiversity in the southern end of the mountain ranges because of the latitudinal gradient
B) there is more biodiversity in the northern end of the mountain ranges because of the milder climate
C) no accurate claims about relative biodiversity can be made
D) the biodiversity is patchy because of the altitudinal gradient
E) the biodiversity is evenly distributed through the mountains that stretch from Central America up through the Rockies into Montana, Idaho, and Canada

Question 51

Explain salvage logging.