Deck 44: Plant Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Ferns and mosses need water for sexual reproduction because:

A)they have swimming sperm.
B)pollen is transported to nearby plants by raindrops.
C)water is required for sperm production.
D)water is required for spore dispersal.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In the alternation of generations, what is formed when a spore germinates?

A)a plant that produces spores when mature
B)an increased number of spores
C)a plant that meiotically produces sex cells
D)a haploid stage called the gametophyte
E)a haploid stage called the sporophyte

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following has a gametophyte that is an independent plant that dominates the life cycle and does not have a sporophyte that is an independent plant?

A)pine
B)moss
C)fern
D)rose

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If you see moss near the base of a tree in your yard, the green leafy moss plants are:

A)sporophytes.
B)gametophytes.
C)gametes.
D)spores.
E)zygotes.

Question 5

________ results in the production of spores in plants.

A)Fertilization
B)Germination
C)Meiosis
D)Spermatogenesis
E)Mitosis

Question 6

Angiosperms with wind-dispersed pollen include:

A)pine trees.
B)grasses.
C)roses.
D)ferns.
E)mosses.

Question 7

Which of the following is "male" in the life cycle of angiosperms?

A)embryo sac
B)megaspore mother cell
C)pollen grain
D)seed cone
E)endosperm

Question 8

In an alternation of generations life cycle, what alternates?

A)male plants and female plants
B)reproductive plants and vegetative plants
C)eggs and sperm
D)sporophytes and gametophytes
E)flowers and spores

Question 9

The sporophyte produces:

A)spores by mitosis.
B)spores by meiosis.
C)gametes by mitosis.
D)gametes by meiosis.
E)gametes by mitosis, followed by meiosis.

Question 10

Conifers do not have flowers to attract pollinators. Instead, fertilization occurs:

A)via wind pollination.
B)as the sperm and egg unite inside the woody cone.
C)when the endosperm takes the place of the male gametes.
D)when insects coated with pollen are trapped in the sticky resin.
E)when birds transfer pollen in their droppings after eating the pine seeds.

Question 11

A pollen grain is actually the:

A)male gametophyte.
B)female gametophyte.
C)combination of male and female gametophytes.
D)megaspore mother cell.
E)primitive egg cell, which will develop into the embryo.

Question 12

In general, plant evolution has moved from ________ to ________.

A)nonseed; seed
B)seed; nonseed
C)fruit; nonseed
D)no fruit; no spores
E)diploid; haploid life cycle

Question 13

In general, plant evolution has moved from ________ to ________.

A)dominant gametophyte; dominant sporophyte
B)dominant sporophyte; dominant gametophyte
C)dominant spore; dominant gamete
D)dominant gamete; dominant spore
E)dominant gamete; dominant gametophyte

Question 14

During a late summer walk through a park, you notice a tree that has remnants of many flowers but no fruit or seed developing. There are no other trees like this one in the area. What could explain this occurrence?

A)It is a male tree (contains only male flowers)and so does not form fruit.
B)It is a female tree, and there are no known male trees of the same species in the area.
C)It is actually a gymnosperm, not an angiosperm.
D)It is a species that reproduces only by runners, not via fruits (or the seeds they contain).

Question 15

Spores and gametes are both haploid reproductive cells. What is the difference between them?

A)Unlike gametes, spores germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte.
B)Unlike gametes, spores fuse and form a diploid zygote that eventually becomes the sporophyte.
C)Spores are found only in plants that reproduce asexually, and gametes are found only in plants that reproduce sexually.
D)Unlike spores, gametes germinate and grow into a multicellular haploid gametophyte.

Question 16

In flowering plants, the sperm does not have to swim to the egg. The sperm reaches the eggs by:

A)wind pollination.
B)a pollen tube.
C)burrowing through the embryo sac wall.
D)cell division within the spore case.
E)digestion of the seed coat.

Question 17

If a plant such as an iris reproduces asexually most of the time, it probably:

A)is found in a changing environment.
B)produces offspring that move into new environments.
C)lacks the ability to make flowers.
D)forms spores.
E)has offspring that live in the same environment as the parents.

Question 18

In the fern life cycle, how do spores and gametes differ?

A)Gametes are easily visible to the unaided eye; spores are not.
B)Spores are produced mitotically; gametes are produced meiotically.
C)Meiotic cell division produces haploid spores; mitotic cell division produces haploid gametes.
D)Gametes are diploid; spores are haploid.
E)Gametes are produced by the sporophyte.

Question 19

An oak tree is a:

A)sporophyte.
B)gametophyte.
C)gamete.
D)spore.
E)zygote.

Question 20

In the life cycle of a fern, the large fern plant that we normally see is the:

A)spore.
B)sporophyte.
C)gamete.
D)gametophyte.
E)zygote.

Question 21

The male reproductive structure, the stamen, consists of:

A)the filament and anther.
B)a single sepal, four or more petals, and the entire carpel.
C)the stigma, style, and ovary.
D)one or more sepals, the style, and one or more anthers.
E)a carpel enclosed in the petals, then the sepals.

Question 22

What is the evolutionary significance of a flower that has large, brightly colored petals?

A)The wind is a significant factor in pollination, especially because of the large petals.
B)Such plants are usually self-pollinators and do not rely on external factors for pollination.
C)In general, these are aquatic plants, and water aids in their pollination, regardless of color and odor.
D)These flowers attract pollinators that are animals.
E)Such flowers produce only microspores or megaspores, not both.

Question 23

All of the following are processes that occur during angiosperm reproduction EXCEPT:

A)the microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid microspores.
B)the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores.
C)the generative cell forms two sperm cells via mitosis.
D)one megaspore degenerates, and the other three divide once to produce the six-celled embryo sac.
E)the tube cell produces the pollen tube.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)When mature, the carpel will become the seed and the anther will become the fruit.
B)When mature, the ovules will become seeds and the ovary will develop into a fruit.
C)When mature, the stamen will become the seed and the stigma will become the fruit.
D)The filament and anther enclose the stigma and style.
E)The style, which is vase-shaped, contains the ovary, stigma, and anther.

Question 25

Which of the following undergoes meiosis during the development of pollen grains?

A)microspore mother cell
B)megaspore mother cell
C)microspore
D)megaspore
E)generative nucleus

Question 26

_______ are modified leaves that are often green and surround the flower bud.

A)Filaments
B)Ovules
C)Petals
D)Stigma
E)Sepals

Question 27

In the development of a plant's ovule, the result is a gametophyte made up of:

A)eight haploid, uninucleate cells.
B)seven diploid cells and one haploid cell.
C)seven cells: six haploid cells and one cell with two nuclei.
D)seven binucleate cells and one haploid cell.

Question 28

A flowering plant produces pollen in the:

A)stigma.
B)ovule.
C)fruit.
D)anther.
E)style.

Question 29

Pollen is produced by cell divisions within the:

A)anther.
B)filament.
C)carpel.
D)stigma.
E)sepal.

Question 30

The American holly tree requires a "male" tree and a "female" tree to produce red berries in the winter. This indicates that the male flowers lack ________ and the female flowers lack ________.

A)anthers; stamens
B)sepals; anthers
C)carpels; stamens
D)petals; ovules
E)petals; carpels

Question 31

Grass flowers lack petals and sepals. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)These flowers are pollinated at night, so they don't benefit from showy petals or sepals.
B)They are pollinated by flies, which don't require showy, scented petals.
C)They are imperfect flowers.
D)They are incomplete flowers.

Question 32

In flowering plants, the unfertilized ovule contains the:

A)endosperm.
B)female gametophyte.
C)pollen grain.
D)embryo.
E)stigma.

Question 33

Flowers that make only pollen lack:

A)petals.
B)sepals.
C)stamens.
D)carpels.
E)filaments.

Question 34

Which of the following is TRUE for female reproductive structures in angiosperms?

A)The stamen includes the filament and pollen-producing anther.
B)The sepals are contained within the petals, which enclose the carpel.
C)The carpel includes a stigma, a style, and ovules enclosed within an ovary.
D)The filament and anther enclose the stigma and style.
E)The style, which is vase-shaped, contains the ovary, stigma, and anther.

Question 35

An incomplete flower:

A)lacks one or more of the four basic floral parts.
B)remains in the bud stage and does not bloom.
C)produces sterile seeds.
D)manufactures infertile pollen.
E)is incapable of self-fertilization.

Question 36

________ are modified leaves that are often brightly colored and fragrant.

A)Filaments
B)Anthers
C)Petals
D)Stigma
E)Sepals

Question 37

The female reproductive structure, the carpel, consists of:

A)filament, anther, and pollen.
B)sepals, petals, and ovary.
C)stigma, style, and ovary.
D)stamen, sepals, and filament.
E)stigma, filament, and sepals.

Question 38

All of these flower structures are modified leaves EXCEPT:

A)petals.
B)carpels.
C)sepals.
D)stamens.
E)megaspores.

Question 39

All of the following are included in the male parts of a flower EXCEPT:

A)stamens.
B)ovules.
C)pollen.
D)anthers.

Question 40

Meiosis produces a ________, which eventually gives rise to an egg in an unfertilized seed.

A)microspore
B)pollen tube
C)sporophyte
D)megaspore
E)sepal

Question 41

In dicots, the shoot tip is protected by:

A)a slime layer formed by the shoot cells.
B)the coleoptile.
C)the hook of the hypocotyl.
D)a woody sheath around the epicotyl.

Question 42

Some very showy desert flowers avoid desiccation of delicate floral tissues by blooming at night. They are pollinated by:

A)wind.
B)bees.
C)hummingbirds.
D)bats.

Question 43

Plants that grow in a(n)________ area most likely do not require drying or exposure to cold to break dormancy.

A)northern temperate
B)arctic
C)wet tropical
D)desert

Question 44

Cotyledons and endosperm both provide nutrition. What is the difference between them?

A)Cotyledons provide nutrition for the developing embryo; endosperm provides nutrition for the young seedling.
B)Endosperm provides nutrition for the developing embryo; cotyledons provide nutrition for the young seedling.
C)Endosperm is always photosynthetic; cotyledons are usually not.
D)Cotyledons are found only in flowering plants; endosperm is found only in young ferns.
E)Endosperm is found only in monocots; cotyledons are found only in dicots.

Question 45

When wheat is processed to make white, all-purpose flour, the wheat is passed through rollers that pop off the embryo and the ovary wall. Some people add "wheat germ" to the white flour used to make baked goods, in order to increase the protein content of these products. What is wheat germ?

A)wheat fruit
B)wheat flour
C)embryo
D)endosperm
E)bran

Question 46

A fruit is a mature:

A)integument.
B)embryo.
C)endosperm.
D)ovary.
E)cotyledon.

Question 47

Desert plants often have ________ in their seed coats that keep them dormant until there is sufficient water to complete their life cycle.

A)drying agents
B)cold-sensitive compounds
C)digestive enzymes
D)wetting agents
E)inhibitory compounds

Question 48

Yucca flowers are pollinated only by yucca moths, which lay their eggs in the flower's ovary. This interaction ensures that the plant has seed for the next generation and that the moth larvae have a food source. What is a potential disadvantage or vulnerability of this very specialized plananimal interaction?

A)The plant ovary may be consumed by the larvae, which would kill all the developing seeds.
B)If the moths are killedfor example, by insecticidesthe plant will not be pollinated.
C)Pollination can occur only during the day, but the moths are most active at night.
D)Other moths that do not serve as pollinators may outcompete the yucca moths.

Question 49

In many dicots, the first pair of leaves that emerge from the soil after seed germination are completely unlike all the rest of the leaves that form on that plant. In such plants, these leaves are:

A)derived from the root, not the shoot.
B)cotyledons, which have elongated and turned green.
C)made from the opening and greening of the coleoptile.
D)made from the epicotyl hook.
E)formed from the endosperm.

Question 50

Which of the following pollinators would likely visit a flower that is relatively simple in design and smells like rotting carrion?

A)beetles
B)butterflies
C)hummingbirds
D)moths and butterflies
E)bees

Question 51

The first leaves produced by an embryo while still inside the seed are:

A)cotyledons.
B)endosperms.
C)embryo sacs.
D)coleoptiles.
E)epicotyls.

Question 52

While walking along a riverbank after a swim, you step on a sharp fruit. When you pick it up, you notice that it rattles, which indicates there is an air pocket around the seeds. How is this fruit most likely dispersed?

A)explosively propelled
B)wind
C)water
D)clinging to animals
E)being eaten by animals

Question 53

What are the results of double fertilization?

A)diploid zygote and diploid endosperm
B)egg cell and sperm cell
C)embryo sac and pollen sac
D)triploid endosperm and diploid zygote
E)a zygote and an embryo

Question 54

How many sperm are produced by an angiosperm pollen grain when it grows its pollen tube?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 55

The reserve food in angiosperm seeds is stored either in the cotyledons or in the:

A)gametophyte.
B)megaspore.
C)endosperm.
D)ovary wall.
E)sporophyte.

Question 56

All of the following are true of the relationship between the yucca and the yucca moth EXCEPT:

A)the female moth collects yucca pollen.
B)some of the developing yucca seeds feed the yucca caterpillars.
C)the yucca plant is dependent on the yucca moth to reproduce, but the yucca moth can lay its eggs in any of several kinds of flowers.
D)the moth lays its eggs directly inside the yucca ovary, where its eggs hatch into caterpillars.
E)the yucca moth spreads pollen on the stigma of the yucca flower in which it lays its eggs.

Question 57

In monocots, the shoot tip is protected by:

A)a slime layer formed by the shoot cells.
B)cotyledons.
C)the hypocotyl.
D)the coleoptile.
E)the epicotyl.

Question 58

You have some freshly produced seeds that refuse to germinate when placed in moist soil. What can you do to encourage the seeds to germinate?

A)Boil them.
B)Freeze and then thaw them.
C)Put them in the dark.
D)Treat them with abscisic acid.
E)Put them in sunlight.

Question 59

Endosperm has allowed the angiosperms to become the most numerous and diverse plant group. What is the role of the endosperm?

A)It is a type of male gamete.
B)It provides nutrition for the developing embryo, therefore increasing survival rates.
C)It is the hard outer seed coat that protects the embryo.
D)It ejects and disperses seeds after they mature.
E)It is the ripened ovary tissue involved in seed dispersal and protection.

Question 60

The seed coat develops from the:

A)ovary wall.
B)integuments of the ovule.
C)endosperm.
D)female gametophyte.
E)wall of the pollen sac.

Question 61

When you eat a cherry, you know that the fruit was derived from the ________ and the seed was derived from the ________.

Question 62

What is the function of the stigma of a flower?

Question 63

How many sperm nuclei are necessary for the successful fertilization of flowering plants?

Question 64

What two key adaptations in plants were necessary for insect pollination to be successful?

Question 65

Describe the process of alternation of generations in plants.

Question 66

Most "hay fever" is actually caused by ragweed, not goldenrod. True or False?

Question 67

In temperate deciduous forests, most of the small flowers that grow on the forest floor must complete their life cycle quickly before tree leaves shade out most of the light. Many of these plants reproduce asexually by runners. What advantages does this have for such plants?

Question 68

In the ovule, which two cells (with a total of three nuclei)are fertilized?

Question 69

Why is fertilization in flowering plants called double fertilization?

Question 70

What are the advantages of producing gametes within a flower?

Question 71

When we consume whole grains, we are eating endosperm. True or False?

Question 72

In primitive land plants, such as mosses and ferns, how does the sperm get to the egg?

Question 73

The aptly named dead horse arum has a heat-producing flower. What advantage does this heat provide?

A)It enables blooms to emerge through snow.
B)It warms the pollinators, which are usually bats.
C)It creates a barrier to invasive plant species.
D)It increases the evaporation of the scent, attracting pollinators from greater distances.
E)It prevents inefficient pollinators from collecting pollen.

Question 74

Megaspore mother cells are diploid. True or False?

Question 75

The embryo sac of angiosperms consists of eight diploid cells and one haploid egg cell. True or False?

Question 76

Throughout the world the most common types of plants are the flowering plants. True or False?

Question 77

A diploid fertilized egg is called a(n)________.

Question 78

The process in flowering plant reproduction in which the first sperm unites with an egg to form a zygote and the second sperm unites with two haploid polar bodies to form diploid endosperm is called double fertilization. True or False?

Question 79

Asexual reproduction is rare in plants. True or False?

Question 80

In angiosperms, but not conifers, pollen grains can form pollen tubes. True or False?