Question 1

Prospective cohort studies use existing longitudinal data to look back for a temporal relationship between exposure factors and outcome development.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

Prospective cohort studies follow groups of individuals forward in time from exposure to outcome, rather than using existing data to look back at the relationship between exposure factors and outcomes.

Question 2

Vital statistics are figures pertaining to risk and development of disease and illness.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

Vital statistics typically refer to data related to births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, rather than directly to disease and illness risk and development.

Question 3

In a study on liver cancer, subjects with a high fat intake had a relative risk of 2.15, meaning they have double the risk of developing liver cancer than those with a low intake of fat.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

A relative risk of 2.15 means that the group with high fat intake has double the risk of developing liver cancer than the group with low intake of fat.

Question 4

The rate of incidence of a disease is best measured using a cross-sectional study.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The rate of incidence of a disease is best measured using a cohort or longitudinal study, where individuals are followed over time to determine if they develop the disease. Cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of a population at a specific time and cannot determine the incidence rate.

Question 5

The investigation of the correlation between fish consumption and breast cancer incidence in humans is an example of a correlation study.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

A correlation study examines the relationship between two variables, in this case fish consumption and breast cancer incidence in humans. It does not establish a causation, but rather demonstrates a statistical association between the two variables.

Question 6

An important principle of the scientific method is that most research generates new questions, not final answers.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The scientific method is a process of inquiry that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, and testing them through repeated experimentation. While research may sometimes provide definitive answers to certain questions, in general, scientific research generates new questions for further investigation, rather than final answers. This process of continuous questioning, testing, and refinement is what drives scientific progress and leads to a deeper understanding of the natural world.

Question 7

The prevalence of a disease is the number of new cases of a disease during a specific time period in a defined population.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The prevalence of a disease is the total number of cases of a disease in a defined population at a specific point in time, not the number of new cases. The number of new cases is called the incidence.

Question 8

Prenatal exposure to alcohol is one of the leading preventable causes of mental retardation in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Prenatal exposure to alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, which can lead to intellectual disabilities and other birth defects. It is completely preventable by avoiding alcohol during pregnancy.

Question 9

A cohort is a well-defined group of people who are studied over a period of time to determine their incidence of disease, injury, or death.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of a cohort study.

Question 10

Within the field of epidemiology, the term distribution refers to the relationship between the health problem or disease and the treatment options available.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

Distribution in epidemiology refers to the frequency and pattern of occurrence of a health problem or disease in a population, and not necessarily its relationship with treatment options.

Question 11

An ecological study focuses on groups of people and examines the relationship between exposure and disease.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of An ecological study focuses on groups of...

Question 12

A scientific study in which participants self-selected involvement would likely show error due to selection bias. &#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of A scientific study in which participants self-selected...

Question 13

Factors such as race, age, sex, and a person's physiological state are all considered determinants of disease.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Factors such as race, age, sex, and...

Question 14

A confounding factor is a &#34;hidden&#34; factor or characteristic that may cause an association that the researchers attribute to other factors.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of A confounding factor is a &#34;hidden&#34; factor...

Question 15

In an experimental study, investigators examine preventions and treatments for diseases by actively manipulating which groups receive the agent under study.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an experimental study, investigators examine preventions...

Question 16

The first step of the scientific method is hypothesis development and prediction.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of The first step of the scientific method...

Question 17

&#8203;Epidemiology is the basic science of public health.

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;Epidemiology is the basic science of public...

Question 18

A single individual with a confirmed diagnosis of a disease is classified as a case.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of A single individual with a confirmed diagnosis...

Question 19

Epidemiologic methodology can be used to determine whether syndromes are related to each other or represent distinct conditions.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Epidemiologic methodology can be used to determine...

Question 20

Crude birth and death rates are not useful for comparisons because population characteristics may differ greatly, particularly with respect to age.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Crude birth and death rates are not...

Question 21

Which characteristic is associated with the incidence rate of disease development?&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;All cases in a single survey are counted.&#10;B)&#8203;It is measured in a single point in time.&#10;C) &#8203;All individuals are examined including cases and non-cases.&#10;D) &#8203;It is measured most efficiently in a cohort study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which characteristic is associated with the incidence...

Question 22

A randomized clinical trial conducted as a double-blind experiment is the most rigorous evaluation of a dietary hypothesis.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of A randomized clinical trial conducted as a...

Question 23

&#8203;Nutritional epidemiology today is primarily concerned with the major chronic diseases of the Western world.

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;Nutritional epidemiology today is primarily concerned with...

Question 24

In the 1990s, epidemiologic studies established that women could reduce their risk of bearing a child with neural tube birth defects by increasing their intake of ____.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;vitamin B&#10;B)&#8203;vitamin C&#10;C) &#8203;folic acid&#10;D) &#8203;ascorbic acid

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the 1990s, epidemiologic studies established that...

Question 25

One of the first applications of epidemiology to nutrition science was Lind's controlled trial investigating the curative effects of citrus fruits on sailors with scurvy.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the first applications of epidemiology...

Question 26

Case control studies are useful when rare diseases or diseases with long latency periods are being studied.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Case control studies are useful when rare...

Question 27

The complexity and variability of our diets makes it challenging to the study of the relationship of diet to disease.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of The complexity and variability of our diets...

Question 28

&#8203;Prenatal exposure to ____ is one of the leading preventable causes of mental retardation in the United States.&#10;A)&#8203;nicotine&#10;B)&#8203;alcohol&#10;C) &#8203;cocaine&#10;D) &#8203;marijuana

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;Prenatal exposure to ____ is one of...

Question 29

Which risk factor for heart disease cannot be changed by lifestyle modifications?&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;genetics&#10;B)&#8203;obesity&#10;C) &#8203;high blood pressure&#10;D) &#8203;physical activity

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which risk factor for heart disease cannot...

Question 30

In the context of epidemiology, the term ____ refers to the causes and factors that affect the risk of disease.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;distribution&#10;B)&#8203;determinants&#10;C) &#8203;host factors&#10;D) &#8203;incidence

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of epidemiology, the term...

Question 31

To an epidemiologist studying factors that contribute to diabetes, an individual with a confirmed case of diabetes is a(n) ____.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;incidence&#10;B)&#8203;prevalence&#10;C) &#8203;case&#10;D) &#8203;risk factor

Accepted Answer

The answer of To an epidemiologist studying factors that contribute...

Question 32

Over the past decade, epidemiologic data have been used to develop ____ methods for identifying women at high risk of giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). &#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;surveillance&#10;B)&#8203;pervasive&#10;C) &#8203;intervention&#10;D) &#8203;determinant

Accepted Answer

The answer of Over the past decade, epidemiologic data have...

Question 33

Which of the following is not considered a vital statistic?&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;cause-specific death rate&#10;B)&#8203;fetal death rate&#10;C) &#8203;infant mortality rate&#10;D) &#8203;drug-usage rate

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not considered...

Question 34

An epidemiologic study evaluated the relationship between caffeine and developing high blood pressure. The relative risk of the group drinking five caffeinated drinks a day in comparison to the group drinking no caffeinated drinks a day was 0.99. This means that if a person drinks five caffeinated drinks a day, he or she ____.

A)has a 99 percent chance of developing high blood pressure
B)has a 99 percent chance of NOT developing high blood pressure
C) is not at increased risk of high blood pressure
D) will almost certainly develop particularly severe high blood pressure

Accepted Answer

The answer of An epidemiologic study evaluated the relationship between...

Question 35

Interpreting epidemiologic data involves evaluating the criterion for a causal association and assessing for the presence of bias and the contribution of chance.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Interpreting epidemiologic data involves evaluating the criterion...

Question 36

Food balance sheets measure the food actually ingested by a population.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Food balance sheets measure the food actually...

Question 37

Dietary recalls are considered the best method of assessing dietary intake for individuals.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dietary recalls are considered the best method...

Question 38

&#8203;The discipline of epidemiology has expanded from its origin as the study of epidemics to include ____.&#10;A)&#8203;the health and wellness of individuals&#10;B)&#8203;medicine&#10;C) &#8203;laboratory science&#10;D) &#8203;health problems of populations

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;The discipline of epidemiology has expanded from...

Question 39

Cross-sectional studies examine the relationships among dietary intake, diseases, and other variables as they exist in a population at a particular time.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cross-sectional studies examine the relationships among dietary...

Question 40

A disadvantage of a case-control study is the need to study large numbers of subjects.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of A disadvantage of a case-control study is...

Question 41

In Basiotis et al.'s year-long food intake study, which food component required the largest number of days of food intake records to yield a &#34;true&#34; average intake?&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;food energy&#10;B)&#8203;carbohydrates&#10;C) &#8203;iron&#10;D) &#8203;vitamin A

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Basiotis et al.'s year-long food intake...

Question 42

When evaluating epidemiological data, plausibility refers to the ____.&#10;A)&#8203;consistency of the association with other knowledge&#10;B)&#8203;similarity of findings with other studies&#10;C) &#8203;likelihood of a casual association&#10;D) &#8203;chronology of exposure and disease onset

Accepted Answer

The answer of When evaluating epidemiological data, plausibility refers to...

Question 43

In a(n) ____ study, systematic, quantitative methods are used to combine the results of all relevant studies to produce an overall estimate.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;trend&#10;B)&#8203;experimental&#10;C) &#8203;non-biased&#10;D) &#8203;meta-analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a(n) ____ study, systematic, quantitative methods...

Question 44

One of the first large population studies to examine the relationship between blood cholesterol levels and risk of CHD was the Seven Countries Study. This study is an example of ____.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;observing&#10;B)&#8203;counting cases&#10;C) &#8203;relating cases to the population at rise&#10;D) &#8203;making comparisons

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the first large population studies...

Question 45

The ____ method of assessing intake is time consuming, and the results may not be accurate if subjects modify their eating habits during the time of the study.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;twenty-four-hour recall&#10;B)&#8203;food record&#10;C) &#8203;food frequency&#10;D) &#8203;diet history

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ____ method of assessing intake is...

Question 46

Which step of the scientific method occurs immediately after the identification of the problem?&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;experimental design&#10;B)&#8203;data collection&#10;C) &#8203;hypothesis formulation&#10;D) &#8203;theory development

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which step of the scientific method occurs...

Question 47

&#8203;A single 24-hour dietary recall ____.&#10;A)&#8203;is considered the best method of assessing dietary intake&#10;B)&#8203;uses a questionnaire to assess nutrient intake&#10;C) &#8203;requires the subject to make judgments about their usual food habits&#10;D) &#8203;may not give an adequate picture of a specific individual's usual intake

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;A single 24-hour dietary recall ____.&#10;A)&#8203;is considered...

Question 48

In a(n) ____ study, exposure factors and outcomes are observed or measured at a single point in time in a sample from the population being studied.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;cross-sectional&#10;B)&#8203;experimental&#10;C) &#8203;randomized controlled&#10;D) &#8203;cohort

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a(n) ____ study, exposure factors and...

Question 49

_____ bias is the presence of another variable that accounts for an observation.&#8203;&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;Confounding&#10;B)&#8203;Measurement&#10;C) &#8203;Selection&#10;D) &#8203;Control

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ bias is the presence of another...

Question 50

In a(n) ____ study, groups of people are studied to examine the relationship between exposure and disease.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;trend&#10;B)&#8203;ecological&#10;C) cohort&#8203;&#10;D) &#8203;case-control

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a(n) ____ study, groups of people...

Question 51

&#8203;The major objective of the Nurse's Health Study I was to ____.&#10;A)&#8203;investigate the development of cardiovascular disease&#10;B)&#8203;prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes&#10;C) &#8203;investigate diets and lifestyle risk factors for chronic disease in women&#10;D) &#8203;evaluate men's health and fitness to incidence of serious illness

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;The major objective of the Nurse's Health...

Question 52

Methods of assessing household food consumption include ____.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;records of food wasted, spoiled, or fed to pets&#10;B)&#8203;records of number of meals eaten at home or away from the home&#10;C) &#8203;per capita export data&#10;D) &#8203;food disappearance data

Accepted Answer

The answer of Methods of assessing household food consumption include...

Question 53

The most appropriate use of a correlational study is to ____.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;generate hypotheses&#10;B)&#8203;draw conclusions&#10;C) &#8203;change public policy&#10;D) &#8203;validate previous studies

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most appropriate use of a correlational...

Question 54

_____ bias may occur if study participants are not picked randomly from the population of interest.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;Confounding&#10;B)&#8203;Measurement&#10;C) &#8203;Sample&#10;D) &#8203;Selection

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ bias may occur if study participants...

Question 55

&#8203;During statistical analysis, the investigator may consider searching for statistical associations among various groups that may suggest a cause-effect relationship, without having generated prior hypotheses about these groups. This is known as ____.&#10;A)&#8203;selection bias&#10;B)&#8203;data dredging&#10;C) &#8203;measurement testing&#10;D) &#8203;confounding bias

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;During statistical analysis, the investigator may consider...

Question 56

In a(n) ____ trial, subjects are assigned to intervention alternatives by a method that is not random.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;observational&#10;B)&#8203;cross-sectional&#10;C) &#8203;trend&#10;D) &#8203;nonrandomized controlled

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a(n) ____ trial, subjects are assigned...

Question 57

An investigation of the correlation between consumption of genetically modified corn and colon cancer incidence and mortality rates in humans is an example of a(n) ____ study.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;observational&#10;B)&#8203;ecological&#10;C) &#8203;experimental&#10;D) &#8203;meta-analysis

Accepted Answer

The answer of An investigation of the correlation between consumption...

Question 58

&#8203;Nutritional epidemiology ____.&#10;A)&#8203;is a fairly new area of study&#10;B)&#8203;focuses on the role of Western diet and chronic disease&#10;C) &#8203;always utilizes controlled, clinical trial protocols&#10;D) &#8203;currently focuses on deficiency diseases

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;Nutritional epidemiology ____.&#10;A)&#8203;is a fairly new area...

Question 59

&#8203;Food ____ measure the food available for consumption from imports and domestic food production minus the food through exports, waste, or spoilage.&#10;A)&#8203;records&#10;B)&#8203;histories&#10;C) &#8203;balance sheets&#10;D) &#8203;questionnaires

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;Food ____ measure the food available for...

Question 60

A study that follows a group of individuals free of the disease or condition of interest into the future is an example of a(n) ____ study.&#8203;&#10;A)&#8203;retrospective cohort&#10;B)&#8203;prospective cohort&#10;C) &#8203;retrospective cross-sectional&#10;D) &#8203;prospective cross-sectional

Accepted Answer

The answer of A study that follows a group of...

Question 61

Match the definitions in the left column with the appropriate terms in the right column.
a.risk
b.confounding factor
c.prevalence
d.determinants
e.case
f.cohort
g.incidence
h.case-control study
i.vital statistics
j.food balance sheets
A "hidden" characteristic that is distributed differently in the study and control groups that may cause an association that the researchers attribute to other factors

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the definitions in the left column...

Question 62

&#8203;Match the step in the scientific method in the left column with its correct description in the right column.&#10;a.&#8203;experiment&#10;b.&#8203;hypothesis & prediction&#10;c.&#8203;observation & question&#10;d.&#8203;results & interpretations&#10;e.&#8203;theory&#10;Conclusions are drawn based on collected data.&#8203;

Accepted Answer

The answer of &#8203;Match the step in the scientific method...

Question 63

Match the definitions in the left column with the appropriate terms in the right column.
a.risk
b.confounding factor
c.prevalence
d.determinants
e.case
f.cohort
g.incidence
h.case-control study
i.vital statistics
j.food balance sheets
A "hidden" characteristic that is distributed differently in the study and control groups that may cause an association that the researchers attribute to other factors

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the definitions in the left column...

Question 64

Match the definitions in the left column with the appropriate terms in the right column.
a.risk
b.confounding factor
c.prevalence
d.determinants
e.case
f.cohort
g.incidence
h.case-control study
i.vital statistics
j.food balance sheets
A "hidden" characteristic that is distributed differently in the study and control groups that may cause an association that the researchers attribute to other factors

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the definitions in the left column...

Deck 2: Principles of Epidemiology