Deck 14: Relationships Across the Lifespan

Question 1

Which of the following statements about research on differential parental treatment is accurate?

A) Differential parental treatment is associated with problems between siblings.
B) Differential parental treatment is associated with problems only when it is perceived by all siblings.
C) Very young children don't seem to be sensitive to differential parental treatment.
D) Differential parental treatment is associated with problems between siblings only when it is perceived as unfair.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Infants are most likely to be distressed when their mothers are unresponsive to _____ for a few moments because they are paying attention to a _____.

A) them;picture book
B) them;life-size baby doll
C) their siblings;picture book
D) their siblings;life-size baby doll

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a defining feature of friendships?

A) equal status
B) respect
C) affection
D) conflict

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Laurita's friend,Guiliana,comes over after school to play on Wednesdays.Laurita's parents notice that her demeanor and style of play differ greatly when she is with Giuliana,compared to when she plays with her younger sister,Pilar.What have her parents most likely observed?

A) Laurita is more likely to interact with Pilar in coercive ways than when she is with Giuliana.
B) Laurita is more likely to interact with Giuliana in coercive ways than when she is with Pilar.
C) Laurita is more likely to engage in shared imaginative play with Pilar than with Giuliana.
D) Laurita is more likely to engage in shared imaginative play with Giuliana than with Pilar.

Question 5

After hearing her parents argue over and over again,Emma became accustomed to their bickering.Emma's behavior can be attributed to:

A) theory of mind.
B) false belief.
C) desensitization.
D) sensitization.

Question 6

With respect to children's friendships:

A) longitudinal research shows that children classified as popular derive more benefits from their popularity than from their reciprocal friendships.
B) hostility between childhood friends predicts hostile romantic relationships in young adulthood,but this effect disappears when parent-child hostility is controlled.
C) without shared imaginative play,children are unlikely to develop empathy.
D) an individual's strong bond with a problematic or difficult friend can reinforce their own negative behaviors.

Question 7

Why do children with older siblings develop theory of mind more quickly than children without siblings?

A) Children without siblings do not need to compete for their parents' resources.
B) Children without siblings develop all cognitive abilities more slowly.
C) Children with older siblings often take on the responsibility of teaching empathy to younger siblings.
D) Children with older siblings need to reason with and understand their siblings to interact with them successfully.

Question 8

Compared to children whose parents have a harmonious relationship,children exposed to parental discord are likely to experience:

A) panic attacks and psychotic episodes.
B) social marginalization and discrimination.
C) difficulties in their relationships with peers.
D) low academic achievement in adolescence.

Question 9

Carlos and Angela have a 6-year-old child named Rosita.They occasionally fight with each other in front of Rosita.Given what you know about children as witnesses of their parents' relationship,what is true?

A) Rosita is still too young to understand or to be affected by the conflict between her parents.
B) Rosita can recognize whether Carlos and Angela resolve their conflicts,even if her parents try to mask the conflict with positive affect.
C) Carlos and Angela can protect Rosita by maintaining a positive emotional tone during their conflicts.
D) The more Rosita is exposed to conflicts between Carlos and Angela,the less she will be affected by them.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true about the development of children's theories of mind?

A) Developing theories of mind is a prerequisite for empathizing with other people.
B) Children generally do not develop theories of mind until they are 6 years old.
C) Children with siblings develop theories of mind more quickly than children without siblings.
D) Sibling conflict is positively associated with children's ability to adopt another person's perspective.

Question 11

Why are differences in opinion between siblings more likely to result in aggression compared to differences among friends?

A) Friends are more likely to respect each other because of their similar interests,and thus,disagree in polite ways.
B) Siblings often interact in private spaces while friends interact in public spaces,where conflict is less acceptable.
C) There is less reason for siblings to make compromises because the relationship is involuntary and unlikely to end.
D) Siblings are competing for resources from the same source,thus,there is usually more at stake in comparison with friendships.

Question 12

"Sibling rivalry is the result of competition for parental resources." With which theory is this statement most consistent?

A) natural selection
B) theory of mind
C) attachment theory
D) social learning theory

Question 13

A(n)________ is often the developing child's first relationship with someone who is not a relative or caregiver.

A) friendship
B) sibling relationship
C) intimate relationship
D) attachment

Question 14

Ursula hears her parents arguing regularly.The more she hears her parents argue,the more she becomes upset.Ursula's behavior can be attributed to which of the following?

A) developing false beliefs
B) developing apathy
C) becoming sensitized
D) becoming desensitized

Question 15

Bianca is told that Sally put her marble in a basket.When Sally left,Anne moved the marble into a box.Bianca is asked,"When Sally comes back,where will she look for her marble?" Bianca answers saying she will look in the basket.Bianca's answer indicates that she:

A) cannot empathize with Anne.
B) has developed theory of mind.
C) doesn't know where the marble is.
D) probably doesn't have older siblings.

Question 16

Habituation is to ________ as reactivity is to ________.

A) sensitization;desensitization
B) false beliefs;theory of mind
C) desensitization;sensitization
D) theory of mind;false beliefs

Question 17

The false belief test is used to determine whether children have:

A) false beliefs about their parents' relationship.
B) false beliefs about their own popularity.
C) the ability to distinguish between the emotional tone of a conflict and whether the conflict was resolved.
D) theories of mind.

Question 18

The textbook describes a study where 2-year-olds played in a room and were exposed either once or twice to research assistants having an argument.A control group of children did not witness the research assistants arguing.The researchers then assessed the children's aggressive behaviors when they were alone.The main finding of the study was that children become ________.The children who heard the research assistants arguing twice were ________ aggressive themselves than the children who heard the research assistants arguing only once.

A) less reactive the more they are exposed to conflict;less
B) increasingly reactive the more they are exposed to conflict;more
C) desensitized to hearing adults arguing;less
D) desensitized to hearing adults arguing;more

Question 19

Research on how adults' relationships affect children shows that:

A) children cannot appreciate the complexity of interactions between adults.
B) young children have trouble recognizing whether a conflict has been resolved successfully,but older children do not.
C) the effects of being exposed to parental conflict disappear when the quality of parent-child interactions is taken into account.
D) children's models of intimacy develop through observing adult relationships around them.

Question 20

When elementary schoolchildren are asked to describe the different relationships in their lives,they mention conflict more often in their relationships with:

A) parents.
B) siblings.
C) friends.
D) teachers.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT one of the three characterizations of childhood friendships that play a role in developing intimacy in adulthood?

A) popularity
B) size
C) composition
D) quality

Question 22

Brehnan and Saeth have spent the afternoon on the beach building a fort out of driftwood and pretending they were knights on a mission to rescue a princess (Saeth's 6-month-old sister).Brehnan and Saeth have been engaged in:

A) shared imaginative play.
B) behavioral reciprocity.
C) hierarchical play.
D) attachment behavior.

Question 23

At ages 11 to 12,_____ percent of adolescents report having dated compared to _____ percent by age 15 to 16.

A) 15;29
B) 8;54
C) 29;54
D) 8;73

Question 24

Couples who cohabit before marriage report lower marital satisfaction and a higher risk of divorce than those who get married without living together first.This is partly due to a:

A) cohabitation effect: couples who live together before getting married have more barriers to ending the relationship,so some couples end up marrying who otherwise would have broken up.
B) time effect: couples who live together before getting married have more problems communicating.
C) selection effect: couples who live together before getting married tend to be less traditional and more accepting of divorce.
D) momentum effect: couples who live together first have been together longer before marriage so they are further along on the dissatisfaction "slide."

Question 25

In contrast to adults' intimate relationships,adolescents' intimate relationships are:

A) more emotionally intense.
B) more secure.
C) more fragile.
D) more interdependent.

Question 26

When asked to describe what qualities he would value in an intimate partner,Jamil mentions self-disclosure and companionship.Jamil is most likely ________ years old.

A) 11
B) 21
C) 18
D) 30

Question 27

Compared to noncohabiting couples,couples who cohabit:

A) tend to be less traditional.
B) experience higher relationship quality.
C) are less likely to get divorced when they later marry.
D) may be partly responsible for the high divorce rate in Western countries.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about adolescents' beliefs about intimate relationships is FALSE?

A) On surveys,adolescents report having relatively conservative views about sex,with the majority believing that sex should occur only within a serious romantic relationship.
B) Adolescents believe that everyone should have an intimate relationship,and boys generally express the same desires for relationships as do girls.
C) Culture plays a powerful role in shaping beliefs about and experiences in intimate relationships.
D) There appears to be more variability in adolescents' ideas about intimate relationships than in their desire for them.

Question 29

When adolescents were asked to write down with whom they had been in a relationship in the past year,comparisons of the lists across individuals found that,more than half the time,students:

A) lied about with whom they had been romantically involved to gain social approval.
B) disagreed about whether they had been in a relationship with each other.
C) knew about the romantic relationships of their peers.
D) were unaware of the romantic relationships of their peers.

Question 30

Gigi is a teenager who had sex for the first time with her boyfriend when she was 16 years old.What is Gigi most likely to report as her primary reason for having sex?

A) She felt forced to do it.
B) She wanted to know what it would feel like.
C) All of her friends were doing it.
D) She thought it would make her boyfriend love her more.

Question 31

Which of the following accurately describes how adolescents think about intimate relationships?

A) Children as young as 6 years old can clearly distinguish between intimate relationships and cross-sex friendships.
B) Adolescents' ability to recognize different types of close relationships varies considerably by age.
C) Adolescents' understanding of intimacy grows more sophisticated as they get older.
D) Older teens are more likely to value social approval and support in a potential partner than younger teens are.

Question 32

Cohabitation refers to:

A) two unrelated people sharing a household.
B) two unmarried people sharing a household.
C) two unmarried partners sharing a household.
D) multiple couples sharing a household.

Question 33

According to the World Health Organization,adolescence is the period between the ages of:

A) 9 and 18.
B) 10 and 19.
C) 13 and 19.
D) 13 and 24.

Question 34

As an infant,Clarisse participated in a study where she was observed interacting with her mother.Researchers coded her mother's behavior during these interactions as involved and supportive.Now 16 years old,Clarisse has a boyfriend named Iain.Based on research about adolescents' intimate relationships discussed in the text,what would you expect about Clarisse's relationship with Iain?

A) Clarisse is likely to have a supportive and satisfying relationship with Iain.
B) If Iain breaks up with her,Clarisse will experience her first onset of major depression.
C) Clarisse is likely to experience aggression in her relationship with Iain.
D) If Iain isn't as supportive as her mother used to be,Clarisse will be unhappy in her relationship.

Question 35

Which of the following couples are most likely to have the longest lasting relationship?

A) Jeremy and Kate,Caucasian teenagers
B) Graciela and Luis,Hispanic teenagers
C) Timothy and Tiana,African American teenagers
D) Duke and Ellen,Asian American teenagers

Question 36

Which of the following statements about cohabitation is FALSE?

A) Most couples who live together do not go on to marry.
B) Most couples who cohabit consider living together a substitute for marriage.
C) In 2016,18 million couples were cohabiting in the United States.
D) Couples who cohabit before marriage are at higher risk for divorce than those who do not.

Question 37

The transition to parenthood is associated with:

A) a return to a more egalitarian lifestyle for most couples.
B) a decline in marital satisfaction similar to the decline experienced by childless couples.
C) a decline in marital satisfaction that is steeper than the decline experienced by childless couples.
D) an increased risk for divorce.

Question 38

Mina and Soof are cohabiting.Based on research by Casper and Sayer (2000),they are mostly likely to fall into which of the following categories?

A) precursor to marriage
B) coresidential daters
C) in a trial marriage
D) in a substitute marriage

Question 39

Which of the following 11-year-olds is most likely to be dating by the time she is 15 years old?

A) Lana,who has mostly female friends who are also 11 years old
B) Heidi,who has a mix of male and female friends who are also 11 years old
C) Sinae,who has mostly female friends who are all older than she is
D) Ashleigh,who has a mix of male and female friends,who are all older than she is

Question 40

The Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children has followed 267 first-time mothers and their babies from 1975 to the present.The child participants have been observed interacting with their mothers,childhood friends,and boyfriends or girlfriends.What did this study show?

A) There is considerable continuity in individuals' relationships from infancy through childhood and into adolescence.
B) Adolescence is a period of change,when existing models of relationships can be reshaped by new experiences.
C) There is a strong continuity in the kinds of relationships these children experienced in different stages of development.
D) Adolescents in committed intimate relationships are more likely to use contraceptives.

Question 41

What percentage of first marriages in the United States is expected to end in divorce or permanent separation?

A) 35 percent
B) 45 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 55 percent

Question 42

Tara and Aidan recently divorced after 9 years of marriage.What reason are they most likely to give for the divorce?

A) infidelity
B) boredom
C) lack of communication
D) growing apart

Question 43

Describe the defining features of friendships.

Question 44

Compared to the general population,in which _____ percent of adults are widowed,_____ percent of adults age 65 and older are widowed.

A) 10;61
B) 8;49
C) 6;32
D) 4;55

Question 45

Socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that older adults:

A) seek out circumstances and relationships that promote positive emotions and actively avoid circumstances and relationships that lead to negative emotions.
B) become less sensitive to their emotional experiences over time.
C) experience physiological responses that are more intense than those of younger people when thinking about emotionally charged times in their lives.
D) become less sensitive to the highs and lows in their relationships.

Question 46

The consequences of loss of a spouse are different for men and for women.Men tend to _____ whereas women tend to _____.

A) be at increased risk for falling into poverty;suffer greater loneliness
B) be more depressed;suffer greater loneliness
C) be at increased risk for falling into poverty;be more depressed
D) suffer greater loneliness;be at increased risk for falling into poverty

Question 47

Despite experiencing marital dissatisfaction and divorce,what is one reason why people might choose to remarry?

A) They don't see themselves as responsible for the dissolution of the first marriage.
B) They are optimistic because research indicates second marriages are happier than first marriages.
C) They often blame their younger selves for their impulsive decision to marry,but believe they have become wiser.
D) They attribute the failed marriage to external circumstances that have nothing to do with the institution of marriage itself.

Question 48

What does research show about variability in the relationships of older adults?

A) Rates of marriage differ between men and women;women are more likely to remarry after losing a spouse through death or divorce.
B) People who have spent more time being married tend to be healthier and wealthier than those who have spent less time being married.
C) Older adults continue to seek intimacy;those who find a new romantic partner are more likely to cohabit than to marry.
D) Women tend to die younger than men do,leading more older men to live alone.

Question 49

Susan is studying childhood development in college and is eager to try out what she is learning with her own children,Mac and Ceilidh.Two-and-a-half-year-old Mac listens intently as his mother tells a story about Joe and Sam.Joe has a toy truck,which he puts into a box and then leaves the room.While he is gone,Sam takes the truck out of Joe's box and puts it into his own pail.Susan asks Mac,"When Joe comes back into the room,where will he look for his truck?" Mac replies,"In Sam's pail." Six-year-old Ceilidh is listening and says,"Don't be silly! Joe will look for the truck in the box." Explain why Mac's and Ceilidh's answers differ.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about losing a spouse or partner in later life is FALSE?

A) For couples who have spent most of their lives together,the death of one partner does predict an increased risk that the other partner will die also in the next few months.
B) Adjusting to the loss is easier when the relationship was satisfying than when the relationship was unsatisfying.
C) Losing a partner in later life is a significant risk for depression.
D) Adjusting to the loss is easier when the death was expected compared to when the death came suddenly.

Question 51

Lilian and Ninad have been married for 23 years and have just sent their youngest child off to college.Despite their gradual decline in marital satisfaction,they feel as though they have "conquered" parenting together.Lilian and Ninad are most likely to:

A) experience an immediate increase in marital satisfaction.
B) experience an immediate decrease in life satisfaction.
C) separate now that their youngest child has left home.
D) begin disclosing their past affairs throughout the relationship.

Question 52

What is true about Alzheimer's disease and relationships?

A) The need for companionship and intimacy declines as cognitive abilities deteriorate.
B) Committed,healthy relationships can slow the cognitive decline caused by Alzheimer's disease.
C) Following the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease,even the most committed of relationships dissolve.
D) Although cognitive abilities deteriorate,the ability for love and intimacy persists.

Question 53

You have been asked to take part in a radio program about how parental relationships affect children.One of the other participants claims,"When parents argue,it doesn't matter whether they hide it from their children or not.Kids don't understand the complexity of adults' emotions anyway." How do you respond?

Question 54

Research supports the idea that older couples become emotional "experts" who are able to choose strategies that promote positive feelings in their relationships,________ when they are talking about difficult problems.In that situation,older couples approach the discussions ________ younger couples do.

A) except;in much the same way as
B) except;with less positivity than
C) even;in much the same way as
D) even;with more positivity than

Question 55

What does research show about sexuality in older adults?

A) Sexual desire fades to insignificance in the later years of life.
B) The proportion of sexually active adults declines with age.
C) Women are less likely to be sexually active than men,even when comparing only those men and women who remain in intimate relationships.
D) The majority of older men and women who are sexually active report having sex three or four times a month.

Question 56

Which couple has the highest likelihood of divorcing?

A) Julio and Cassie,both of whom have children from their previous marriages
B) Iko and Elijah,who have married for the second time but have no children
C) Carson and Autumn,who are in their first marriage and have two sons
D) Zoe and LeMarcus,who are in their first marriage and have no children

Question 57

Amato and Previti (2003)found that divorced individuals described a number of reasons their marriages ended.What was NOT one of those reasons?

A) infidelity
B) boredom
C) lack of communication
D) growing apart

Question 58

Alexandre and Dale have been married for 23 years and just sent their youngest child off to college.Over time,their marital satisfaction declined considerably-to the point where they would avoid speaking with each other.Alexandre and Dale are most likely to:

A) experience an immediate increase in marital satisfaction.
B) experience an immediate decrease in life satisfaction.
C) separate now that their youngest child has left home.
D) begin disclosing their past affairs throughout the relationship.

Question 59

Explain how shared imaginative play in children's friendships is linked to the development of empathy.

Question 60

The size of a child's friendship network has what effect on the child's later intimate relationships?

Question 61

Nearly 80 percent of people who have been divorced remarry,generally fairly quickly.Explain why remarriages are significantly more likely to dissolve than are first marriages.

Question 62

You are conducting a study comparing communication among older and younger married couples.Milos and Anna are the least satisfied of the older couples participating in your study.Based on socioemotional selectivity theory,how would you expect their discussion of a relationship problem to differ from similar discussions among younger couples in your study?

Question 63

You are out to lunch with some friends,and the conversation turns to the topic of sexual activity in adolescence.Your friend's opinion is that,for teenagers,"anything goes." Based on what you read in the chapter,how would you respond to your friend?

Question 64

Describe four distinct groups of cohabiting couples.

Question 65

Describe how parenthood influences one's relationships,particularly with regard to how parenthood influences marital satisfaction.

Question 66

How do adolescent romantic relationships differ from adult romantic relationships?

Question 67

You attend your partner's family reunion,where you meet a branch of the family for the first time.Zuzana and Eric have been living together 29 years (they never married)and have two children,ages 28 and 23.Their older daughter,Rosalind,and her fiancé recently moved in together and plan to get married in the next couple of years.Their younger daughter,Fiamma,moved in with her boyfriend last week-they thought it was silly to pay rent in two places when they spend most of their time together anyway.In terms of the groups of cohabiting couples described in your textbook,what types are Zuzana and Eric,Rosalind and her fiancé,and Fiamma and her boyfriend?

Question 68

Explain the transition from same-sex friendships during childhood to romantic relationships in adolescence.

Question 69

How does focusing solely on older adults' marital status limit our general understanding of older adults' intimate relationships?

Question 70

Explain why researchers have started to study later-life relationships.