Deck 12: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform, 1800-1860

Question 1

The intellectual defenses of slavery in the South admitted that the institution offered no benefits to blacks.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

William Lloyd Garrison published a militant anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Many American Christians assumed that the United States had a God-mandated mission to provide the world with a shining example of republican virtue.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Why were working-class people attracted to Universalism?

A) It encouraged sinning.
B) It advocated for slavery and white superiority.
C) It claimed that people's fates had already been determined by God.
D) It stressed the possibility of salvation of all people.
E) It claimed that eternal punishment for sinners was not all that bad.

Question 5

Frederick Douglass was a black abolitionist.

Question 6

A major change in attitudes toward prisons during the 1830s was the idea that prisoners could not be rehabilitated.

Question 7

Horace Mann was a notable promoter of public schools.

Question 8

A Treatise on Domestic Economy argued that men and women should share equally in completing the work of the household's domestic sphere.

Question 9

Universalists believed that:

A) the universe is continually expanding
B) rich people are blessed by God
C) God predestined only a few for salvation
D) everyone could be saved
E) Americans are God's chosen people

Question 10

Mormon leader Joseph Smith was an advocate of monogamous marriage.

Question 11

The secular utopian community Brook Farm hosted both male and female visiting lecturers.

Question 12

The American Colonization Society established the African nation of Liberia as a new home for free American blacks.

Question 13

The women's rights movement secured the vote for women in several states before 1860.

Question 14

Unitarianism stressed:

A) reason and conscience
B) creeds and confessions
C) belief in the Holy Trinity
D) ritualistic practices
E) belief in prophecy and miracles

Question 15

Margaret Fuller edited the Dial, a transcendentalist journal.

Question 16

John C. Calhoun argued that blacks were too "shiftless" to work unless enslaved.

Question 17

The "cult of domesticity" banned women from joining any professions.

Question 18

The word "teetotaler" originated with a temperance society's use of the letter "T" to signify total abstinence.

Question 19

The successful example of antebellum utopian communities converted many Americans to socialism.

Question 20

Deists:

A) believed in an all-powerful God
B) argued for the literal truth of the Bible
C) included Founding Fathers such as Jefferson and Franklin
D) were basically atheists
E) felt the United States should have an official religion

Question 21

The southern state that by 1860 had done the most to advance public education was:

A) Virginia
B) Texas
C) Alabama
D) Georgia
E) North Carolina

Question 22

The American Temperance Union lost many moderate members in 1836 when it:

A) allowed women to join
B) called for abstinence from all alcoholic beverages
C) allowed members to drink beer and wine
D) began to push immigration reform as the only sure way to rid America of Demon Rum
E) became too involved in politics

Question 23

Why did the working poor often favor expanding the number of public schools?

A) The quality of education was better than the private schools operated in most cities.
B) Workers chose to go back to school rather than labor in factories.
C) Workers hoped to become public school teachers rather than laborers.
D) Workers wanted free schools to give their children an equal chance to pursue the American dream.
E) Building public schools promised to expand the number of construction jobs and therefore improve employment prospects.

Question 24

Horace Mann advocated for a public school system for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) to ensure that everyone had a basic level of knowledge and skills
B) to reinforce values such as hard work and clean living
C) to prepare the next generation to become good citizens
D) to give women opportunities for rewarding work outside the home
E) to give school-age children a year-round learning opportunity

Question 25

Regarding the penitentiary established in 1816 at Auburn, New York, all the following statements are true EXCEPT:

A) discipline was severe
B) prisoners were not allowed to talk to one another
C) it was an institution that primarily emphasized punishment
D) its system and methods were widely copied across the nation
E) prisoners performed labor and produced goods that could be sold for a profit

Question 26

Which of the following was associated with the Second Great Awakening?

A) the popularity of camp meetings
B) the belief that only a small minority could attain salvation
C) the growing appeal of Catholicism
D) declining literacy rates
E) popular new translations of the Bible

Question 27

All of the following are reasons Mormons generated hostility from non-Mormons EXCEPT:

A) they denied the legitimacy of civil governments
B) they refused to abide by local laws
C) they did not recognize the legitimacy of the U.S. Constitution
D) they denied they were Christians
E) they practiced "plural marriage"

Question 28

Who was considered the leader of transcendentalism?

A) John Quincy Adams
B) Joseph Smith
C) William Garrison
D) William Ellery Channing
E) Ralph Waldo Emerson

Question 29

Which statement best describes the Transcendental Club, which had its first meeting in the 1830s?

A) a tightly knit group of pro-slavery advocates who insisted that slavery should transcend sectional divisions
B) a loosely knit group of diverse, intellectually curious individualists who met to discuss philosophy, religion, and literature
C) a radical group of religious scholars who believed in reincarnation and possession
D) a conservative group of political leaders who promoted territorial expansion so that the United States would transcend its current boundaries
E) a meeting hall outside of Boston where political leaders met to discuss how they might transcend their differences

Question 30

The rise of Romanticism indicated:

A) recognition of the limits of science and reason
B) a belief that Americans were too religious
C) a desire for art and literature that was uniquely American
D) a longing for love and passion in daily life
E) a growing belief that man should dominate nature

Question 31

Joseph Smith:

A) started the Unitarian church in Utah
B) was a great revivalist preacher from New England
C) founded the Mormon Church in western New York
D) claimed to be God's only prophet
E) was a "circuit rider" preacher from the South

Question 32

Which Protestant denomination stressed the equality of all before God and had no authority higher than the congregation?

A) Baptist
B) Lutheran
C) Methodist
D) Presbyterian
E) Mormon

Question 33

A minister on horseback who traveled the frontier to preach was called a(n):

A) Unitarian
B) Deist
C) outlaw
D) teacher
E) circuit rider

Question 34

Brigham Young:

A) rejected Joseph Smith's teachings on plural marriage
B) completely revised the Book of Mormon
C) declared war on Joseph Smith's killers
D) led the Mormons to Utah
E) founded a Mormon university

Question 35

For all their differences, the variety of reform movements that arose in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century had what in common?

A) a commitment to abolitionism
B) an absence of female membership and involvement
C) a prohibition against black participation
D) an impulse to perfect people and society
E) the rejection of the idea that America had a divine mission

Question 36

Why might women be drawn to camp meetings?

A) They provided an outlet for women to exhibit their preaching skills.
B) They provided women with opportunities to participate as equals in public rituals.
C) They were not open to male participation.
D) They allowed women to edit the Bible to reflect their own ideals.
E) They provided the only avenue of higher education available to women.

Question 37

African Americans found the Methodist and Baptist churches especially attractive because of their:

A) belief in salvation for all
B) condemnation of slavery
C) emotional church services
D) emphasis upon Bible studies
E) rapid growth in the South

Question 38

The burned-over district was:

A) the southern frontier
B) the coastal areas of the Carolinas
C) western New York
D) the Appalachian region
E) the Mississippi Valley

Question 39

One significant factor that inspired the Second Great Awakening was:

A) the growing distrust of religion among African Americans
B) rising fears of secularism among many well-educated Americans
C) the decline of Baptists in the South
D) Joseph Smith's Book of Mormon
E) John Quincy Adams's opposition to the "gag rule"

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT true of Charles Finney?

A) He generated 100,000 conversions.
B) He was active in New York's burned-over district.
C) He emphasized both good faith and good works.
D) He rejected the doctrine of predestination.
E) He was an active Universalist preacher.

Question 41

By the 1830s, John C. Calhoun was arguing that:

A) blacks deserved equality
B) the Bible opposed slavery
C) slavery should be phased out
D) plantations were no longer profitable
E) slavery was a "great good"

Question 42

All of the following are true of Brook Farm EXCEPT:

A) it was established by transcendentalists
B) it was an effort in cooperative living
C) it was long lasting
D) it was located near Boston
E) it was a secular utopian community

Question 43

Most of the utopian communities of the early nineteenth century:

A) received funding from the government
B) saw their ideas quickly become accepted by the public
C) were established inside major cities
D) quickly became failures
E) were led by religious extremists

Question 44

Why did the American Colonization Society acquire the land in West Africa that eventually became the country of Liberia?

A) The Society saw it as a source of new slaves for the American South.
B) The Society saw it as a location to build a white nation on the African continent.
C) The Society saw it as a place to transport free blacks and freed slaves.
D) The Society saw it as a land they could rule over like a kingdom.
E) The Society saw it as a valuable source of coal and diamonds.

Question 45

The killing of Elijah Lovejoy showed:

A) the violent tactics of abolitionists
B) the danger of encouraging slave rebellion
C) the end of a free press
D) the growing support for black equality
E) that support of slavery extended into the North

Question 46

The Seneca Falls Convention:

A) celebrated the cult of domesticity
B) demanded equal rights for women
C) showed the mass appeal of temperance
D) reflected female dominance of the abolitionist movement
E) brought immediate improvements in women's lives

Question 47

The "cult of domesticity" was the idea that:

A) women deserved education
B) professions should be open to women
C) romantic love was the basis of successful marriage
D) large families were beneficial
E) a woman's place is in the home

Question 48

The woman who wrote the profoundly influential A Treatise on Domestic Economy was:

A) Catharine Beecher
B) Harriet Hunt
C) Lucretia Mott
D) Lucy Stone
E) Emily Dickinson

Question 49

Dorothea Lynde Dix directed her reform efforts at:

A) insane asylums
B) public education
C) women's rights
D) slavery
E) temperance

Question 50

Prison reformers of the early 1800s saw a major objective of the penitentiary as:

A) religious conversion
B) rehabilitation
C) corporal punishment
D) providing prisoners an education
E) patriotic indoctrination

Question 51

Southerners used all of the following to justify slavery EXCEPT:

A) claims of black racial inferiority
B) biblical support of slavery
C) danger to themselves and others if freed
D) Thomas Jefferson's words in the Declaration of Independence
E) the superior life Africans enjoyed in the southern states

Question 52

William Lloyd Garrison:

A) demanded immediate emancipation of slaves
B) organized an anti-slavery political party
C) used calm, moderate language to oppose slavery
D) caused the Nat Turner revolt
E) believed slaveholders should be paid to free their slaves

Question 53

All of the following statements about the American Colonization Society are true EXCEPT:

A) free black leaders supported it
B) it was founded in the late 1810s
C) it was backed by many prominent politicians
D) it proposed to send blacks back to Africa
E) it did not reduce the total number of slaves

Question 54

Why was John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, arrested and ultimately forced to flee New York?

A) He advocated complete sexual freedom.
B) He argued for the establishment of total socialism.
C) He preached interracial marriage.
D) He practiced complete sexual abstinence.
E) He offered euthanasia for the elderly.

Question 55

Frederick Douglass:

A) was the founder of the Underground Railroad
B) became a notable black preacher
C) wrote a famous account of his life as a slave
D) was captured in the North and returned to slavery
E) helped abolish slavery in the British West Indies

Question 56

The Liberty party advocated:

A) socialism
B) anarchy
C) abolitionism
D) free trade
E) free love

Question 57

Mother Ann Lee was:

A) a "free love" advocate
B) an early feminist
C) the organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention
D) the founder of the Shakers
E) the leader of the New Harmony community

Question 58

Members of the Shaker community:

A) believed that Jesus Christ had returned to Earth in the 1820s
B) practiced free love and polygamy
C) were not permitted to leave after their "initiation"
D) practiced celibacy and owned everything in common
E) increased their numbers by having large families

Question 59

All of the following are true about Sojourner Truth, EXCEPT that she:

A) had been born a slave
B) spoke for women's rights and abolition
C) changed her name (from Isabella) after a mystical conversation with God
D) killed her master to escape from slavery
E) was born in New York in the late 1790s

Question 60

Why did the American Anti-Slavery Society split into competing factions?

A) Some prominent members demanded the pursuit of societal reforms beyond abolition, including women's rights.
B) Some prominent members argued that capitalism should be dismantled.
C) Some prominent members suggested that the North make peace with slavery.
D) Some prominent members advocated the practice of "free love" at meetings.
E) Some prominent members owned slaves themselves.

Question 61

According to the text, the Romantics "preferred the stirrings of the heart over the calculations of the head." Explain this statement.

Question 62

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
Frederick Douglass

A)set up Seneca Falls Convention
B)founder of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
C)pro-slavery senator from South Carolina
D)founded Mormonism
E)founder of the Oneida Community
F)revivalist who initiated the "circuit rider" system
G)promoted statewide school systems
H)advocated for the reform of insane asylums
I)escaped slave who became a leading anti-slavery advocate

Question 63

Evaluate the black abolitionist movement. Who were some of the major leaders, and what methods did they use to promote their cause?

Question 64

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
John Calhoun

A)set up Seneca Falls Convention
B)founder of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
C)pro-slavery senator from South Carolina
D)founded Mormonism
E)founder of the Oneida Community
F)revivalist who initiated the "circuit rider" system
G)promoted statewide school systems
H)advocated for the reform of insane asylums
I)escaped slave who became a leading anti-slavery advocate

Question 65

Evaluate the goals, methods, and leadership of the abolitionist movement. Which of the methods were most effective? Why?

Question 66

Trace the reforms in prisons and asylums in America. Include the major changes in the treatment of prisoners, the disabled, and dependent children in antebellum America.

Question 67

Discuss the concept of Deism and its influence on the development of American society.

Question 68

Describe the southern defense of slavery before and after 1830.

Question 69

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A)set up Seneca Falls Convention
B)founder of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
C)pro-slavery senator from South Carolina
D)founded Mormonism
E)founder of the Oneida Community
F)revivalist who initiated the "circuit rider" system
G)promoted statewide school systems
H)advocated for the reform of insane asylums
I)escaped slave who became a leading anti-slavery advocate

Question 70

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
Joseph Smith

A)set up Seneca Falls Convention
B)founder of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
C)pro-slavery senator from South Carolina
D)founded Mormonism
E)founder of the Oneida Community
F)revivalist who initiated the "circuit rider" system
G)promoted statewide school systems
H)advocated for the reform of insane asylums
I)escaped slave who became a leading anti-slavery advocate

Question 71

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
Horace Mann

A)set up Seneca Falls Convention
B)founder of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
C)pro-slavery senator from South Carolina
D)founded Mormonism
E)founder of the Oneida Community
F)revivalist who initiated the "circuit rider" system
G)promoted statewide school systems
H)advocated for the reform of insane asylums
I)escaped slave who became a leading anti-slavery advocate

Question 72

Describe the various trends in education during this period. Explore how geographic location, gender, or socioeconomic status impacted attitudes and access to education.

Question 73

Trace the evolution of early American literature. Who were the major writers? Discuss their works.

Question 74

Describe the various religious movements of the era-the rational religions, the Second Great Awakening, the Mormons, and so on-characterizing the origin and adherents of each.

Question 75

Describe the various facets and accomplishments of the women's movement of the first half of the nineteenth century.

Question 76

Detail the rise of the temperance movement in American society. What was the outcome of this movement's efforts?

Question 77

Using specific examples, discuss the objectives, membership, practices, and success of the nineteenth-century utopian communities.

Question 78

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
John Humphrey Noyes

A)set up Seneca Falls Convention
B)founder of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
C)pro-slavery senator from South Carolina
D)founded Mormonism
E)founder of the Oneida Community
F)revivalist who initiated the "circuit rider" system
G)promoted statewide school systems
H)advocated for the reform of insane asylums
I)escaped slave who became a leading anti-slavery advocate

Question 79

MATCHING
Match each description with the item below.
Francis Asbury

A)set up Seneca Falls Convention
B)founder of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
C)pro-slavery senator from South Carolina
D)founded Mormonism
E)founder of the Oneida Community
F)revivalist who initiated the "circuit rider" system
G)promoted statewide school systems
H)advocated for the reform of insane asylums
I)escaped slave who became a leading anti-slavery advocate

Question 80

Discuss the emergence of a popular press in antebellum America.