Deck 30: Eighteenth- and Early-nineteenth Century Art in Europe and North America

Question 1

With his success as a moralizing painter, the artist __________ was able to give up portraiture, which he considered a deplorable form of vanity.

A) Hogarth
B) Fragonard
C) Boucher
D) Gainsborough

Answer 1

A

Question 2

__________ developed in France when the regent of Louis XV moved the French court from Versailles to Paris.

A) Enlightenment
B) Revolution
C) Mission style
D) Rococo

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Known best for his vedute of ancient monuments and ruins, Piranesi became one of the most accomplished ____________in the eighteenth century

A) sculptors
B) printmakers
C) history painters
D) landscape painters

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Accomplished, educated women of the upper class often hosted __________, which were intimate, fashionable, and intellectual gatherings.

A) satires
B) tours
C) salons
D) academies

Question 5

__________ was the originator of French Rococo style in painting.

A) Reynolds
B) Watteau
C) Wedgwood
D) Walpole

Question 6

In addition to portraits, John Singleton Copley produced ___________ history paintings similar to his American colleague Benjamin West.

A) classical
B) Grand Manner
C) modern
D) Neoclassical

Question 7

David's Death of Marat echoes the pose of Christ in a sculpture by ___________.

A) Reynolds
B) Boucher
C) Carriera
D) Michelangelo

Question 8

__________ became a venerated pilgrimage site located in Mexico and named for a Spanish town.

A) Guadalupe
B) Madrid
C) Segovia
D) Toledo

Question 9

The __________ Academy awarded the Rome Prize, which provided the winners with study in Rome.

A) American
B) Royal
C) French
D) German

Question 10

__________ combined Neoclassicism with realism in his many sculpted portraits of the heroes of the Enlightenment.

A) Boucher
B) Houdon
C) Reynolds
D) Kauffmann

Question 11

__________ are typical Rococo elements in architectural decoration.

A) Cantilevers
B) Arabesques
C) Iron rods
D) Striations

Question 12

The most successful producer of __________ decorative arts was Wedgwood.

A) Romantic
B) Rococo
C) Baroque
D) Neoclassical

Question 13

In the eighteenth century, __________________ replaced the land-based power of the aristocracy.

A) the Industrial Revolution
B) the American civil war
C) slavery
D) mercantile trade

Question 14

Neumann used Borromini's Baroque design as the basis for his church in __________.

A) Rome
B) London
C) Paris
D) Würzburg

Question 15

Visitors to Italy on the Grand Tour desired two types of __________ views: the capriccio and the veduta.

A) nude
B) French
C) city
D) fashion

Question 16

In England, Neoclassicism was accompanied by a __________ revival.

A) Gothic
B) Chinese
C) Mexican
D) African

Question 17

Rococo paintings reflected the aristocratic life of leisure and pleasure in subjects taken from __________.

A) classical love stories
B) Medieval literature
C) nature
D) Roman history

Question 18

Vigée-Lebrun was Marie Antoinette's favorite __________.

A) daughter
B) painter
C) model
D) hostess

Question 19

Painted for an unknown patron, Fragonard's The Swing suggests the __________ of his aristocratic clientele.

A) devout religious practice
B) erotic interests
C) intellectual pursuits
D) scientific curiosity

Question 20

Rosalba Carriera specialized in painting portraits with __________.

A) ink
B) acrylic
C) pastels
D) wood

Question 21

Angelika Kauffman's Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures expresses the idea of __________, a popular theme among eighteenth century audiences who preferred Classical subjects that taught lessons of civic virtue.

A) family loyalty
B) the obedient child
C) the good mother
D) the faithful wife

Question 22

The main entrance of Chiswick House is a __________ temple front.

A) Roman
B) Chinese
C) Gothic
D) Spanish

Question 23

Reynolds developed a type of historical portraiture called ____________.

A) the Grand Manner
B) Academic
C) capriccio
D) moralizing

Question 24

David's painting Oath of the Horatii became an emblem of the French __________.

A) ambassador
B) Revolution
C) fashions
D) colonials

Question 25

The builders of mission architecture in North America's Southwest looked to __________ for inspiration.

A) France
B) China
C) Africa
D) Spain

Question 26

A common thread that connected Romantic artists was ____________.

A) the belief in the necessity of the Grand Tour
B) a simplified composition that clearly depicts individual forms
C) a focus on rational subjects
D) an emphasis on emotional expressiveness

Question 27

Goya's goal with the Los Caprichos series was to _____________.

A) convey the value of Enlightenment ideals
B) alert the Spanish people to the error of their ways
C) communicate a need to maintain the monarchies of Europe
D) state the need for Christianity in a time of political unrest

Question 28

Monticello was based on Jefferson's study of __________ houses and fashionable Parisian houses.

A) Palladian
B) Chinese
C) Mexican
D) Canadian

Question 29

How did French artists Jacques-Louis David incorporate ideas of Grand Manner painting into his depiction of Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard ?

A) He represented their subjects in classical settings and costumes.
B) He used artistic license to suggest a heroic quality, similar to the ancient past.
C) He adhered to models for history painting set out by Joshua Reynolds in England.
D) All of the above.

Question 30

Lithography impacted art in the nineteenth century in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) Artists were able to make prints without the expense or delay of an engraver.
B) Prints made art affordable to all levels of society.
C) It allowed artists to capture the subtleties of drawing.
D) It diminished the traditional status of painting.

Question 31

Interested in finding new symbolic forms for the nation, Benjamin Latrobe used ______________ in his design for the U.S. Capitol.

A) a new "American" order
B) Native American patterns to decorate carved entablatures
C) tobacco and corn instead of acanthus leaves on Corinthian columns
D) brick made from local clay

Question 32

Walpole used crenellations, tracery, windows, and turrets to convert Strawberry Hill into a __________ castle.

A) Rococo
B) Renaissance
C) Austrian
D) Gothic

Question 33

Which artist was admired by Denis Diderot, an Enlightenment philosopher who felt art's function was to "inspire virtue and purify manners"?

A) Fragonard
B) Blake
C) Boucher
D) Chardin

Question 34

William Blake designed and printed his ___________ in the mid 1790s, which brought together painting and poetry.

A) portraits of British aristocracies
B) mythologies
C) black paintings
D) Prophetic books

Question 35

How does Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe illustrate the artist's radical approach to the academic tradition of Neoclassical history painting?

A) It shows the death of the hero.
B) Its popularity led it to be reproduced as a print.
C) It rejects Reynold's notion of the Grand Manner.
D) It depicts a contemporary subject.

Question 36

Jean-Antoine Houdon made a well-regarded __________ of George Washington.

A) vase painting
B) sculpture
C) stamp
D) cross

Question 37

In England, __________ played a significant role in the production of silver during the Georgian period.

A) aristocrats
B) slaves
C) women
D) Josiah Wedgewood

Question 38

What about Goya's Third of May, 1808 epitomize Romanticism in art?

A) It is not factual
B) It glorifies the victors
C) It is an image of terror
D) It is a mythological subject

Question 39

British painters Fuseli and Blake both worked in a __________ style.

A) Rococo
B) Romantic
C) Neoclassical
D) Spanish

Question 40

The Swiss artist John Henry Fuseli specialized in depicting dramatic subjects drawn from literary sources including ___________.

A) the Bible
B) Erasmus
C) Chaucer
D) Shakespeare

Question 41

According to the text, the beginnings of Romanticism can be traced to a combination of Neoclassical ideas of civic virtue with the emotional notion of patriotism first seen in _______.

A) England
B) Rome
C) France
D) the United States

Question 42

Becoming one of the most important stops on the Grand Tour, Cardinal Albani built the Villa Albani to _____________.

A) find an artistic style to reflect Enlightenment ideals
B) display his vast collection of antique artifacts
C) promote the industrial revolution
D) support Romantic ideals

Question 43

__________ were really only honorary members of the academies.

A) Sculptors
B) Foreigners
C) Women
D) Architects

Question 44

Which artist did NOT produce prints emphasizing themes of social critique and political activism?

A) Hogarth
B) Blake
C) Goya
D) Daumier

Question 45

How do the landscape paintings of John Constable evoke themes of Romanticism in art?

A) the heightened drama of the scene
B) the nostalgic emphasis on nature as idyllic and untouched
C) the reference to the philosophical "sublime"
D) the inclusion of exotic details

Question 46

What about Ingres's work in the early nineteenth century demonstrates the ongoing interest in Neoclassicism?

A) his subject matter
B) his attention to color and surface textures
C) his academic line and formal structure
D) his emphasis on moral virtue and reason

Question 47

Romantic landscape painting of the early nineteenth century involved all of the following EXCEPT ____________.

A) nationalistic interests
B) spiritual revelation
C) accurate renderings of nature
D) social and political concerns

Question 48

This neoclassical sculptor, __________, specialized in grand public monuments and erotic mythological subjects.

A) Canova
B) Goya
C) Ingres
D) David

Question 49

Wedgwood asked the sculptor Hackwood to design an emblem for the British Committee to abolish the __________ .

A) Romantic movement
B) Industrial Revolution
C) French Revolution
D) slave trade

Question 50

Thomas Gainsborough's style of portraiture reflects the influence of ____________.

A) Flemish artists such as Van Dyck
B) Reynold's concept of the Grand Manner
C) realism found in Dutch genre painting
D) Romantic ideas about nature

Question 51

How was the career of Angelica Kauffmann distinctive among female painters of the eighteenth century?

A) She was trained by her father
B) She painted history paintings.
C) She was restricted to still life subjects.
D) She quit painting after having children.

Question 52

When she moved to London, Angelica Kauffmann was welcomed into the inner circle of artist __________.

A) Benjamin West
B) Joshua Reynolds
C) John Constable
D) Thomas Cole

Question 53

Goya hoped to connect his Family of Charles IV to _____________?

A) his own artistic skill
B) representations of Roman emperors
C) the king's prowess as a ruler
D) an earlier Spanish royal portrait

Question 54

Features of the Salon de la Princesse embody the decorative spirit of the __________ style.

A) Romantic
B) Mannerist
C) Baroque
D) Rococo

Question 55

Théodore Géricault's The Raft of the "Medusa" demonstrates _______________ in Romantic history painting.

A) principles of the Grand Manner
B) the emphasis on emotion and drama
C) the political potential of art
D) all of the above

Question 56

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of English picturesque gardens, such as the Park at Stourhead ?

A) architectural "follies"
B) an artificial unkempt appearance
C) parterres
D) a mix of different styles and cultures

Question 57

Which country embraced Gothic Revival architecture in the early nineteenth century as symbolic of its national tradition?

A) the United States
B) France
C) England
D) Germany

Question 58

What feature of the Atrial Cross , is a symbol of both Christianity and Native American traditions?

A) the image of Christ's face
B) the atrial cross
C) the holy shroud
D) pomegranates

Question 59

__________ painting was the most important form of pictorial art, according to the academy.

A) Portrait
B) History
C) Contemporary
D) Still life

Question 60

Enlightenment thinking is marked by the conviction that _________________.

A) all developments should have church support
B) the aristocracy is best able to rule
C) all should have equal rights
D) women should have the right to vote

Question 61

_______________ painted a series of entertaining scenes of scientific experiments.

A) Richard Boyle
B) Joseph Wright of Derby
C) Thomas Cole
D) Joseph Mallord William Turner

Question 62

What was the role of art academies in the eighteenth century and how did they influence artistic development of the period?

Question 63

Géricault painted __________ to expose incompetence, an aim that deviated from typical history paintings.

A) The Death of Benjamin West
B) An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump
C) The Signboard of Gersaint
D) The Raft of the Medusa

Question 64

How did Wright glorify science?

Question 65

How did Hogarth and Greuze criticize culture in hopes of improving it?

Question 66

Vigée-Lebrun was elected to one of the four places in the French __________ available to women.

A) Parliament
B) Aristocracy
C) Guild
D) Academy

Question 67

Turner sought to capture the _____________ or a mixture of fascination and fear in his art.

A) vedute
B) salons
C) sublime
D) fête galante

Question 68

In what ways is Rococo architecture related to Baroque architecture?

Question 69

How does Rococo art differ from art based on Classical tradition?

Question 70

Why did Diderot encourage artists to work for the common good?

Question 71

Often considered the beginning of art-historical study _____________ published The History of Ancient Art (1764), which analyzed art history as a succession of styles.

A) Johann Winckelmann
B) Alessandro Alberti
C) Horace Walpole
D) Edmund Burke

Question 72

Caspar David Friedrich conceived landscape as a vehicle through which to achieve ______________.

A) spiritual revelation
B) power over nature
C) communion with spirits
D) fame in the academy

Question 73

How do scientific discoveries impact on art during the eighteenth century?

Question 74

English artist William Hogarth believed that art should contribute to ______________.

A) status of its patron
B) the moral improvement of society
C) the pleasure of the aristocrats
D) the French revolution

Question 75

How did Neoclassical artists rebel against Rococo art?

Question 76

Rococo ended because of Enlightenment ideas, the rising popularity of the __________ style, and imminent revolution.

A) Gothic
B) Realist
C) Neoclassical
D) Grand Tour

Question 77

The academicians were so impressed with Watteau's Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera that they created a new category of painting for it called ___________.

A) capriccio
B) veduta
C) fête galante
D) Rome Prize

Question 78

How does Rococo art reflect the lifestyle of French aristocracy in the eighteenth century?

Question 79

What is the relationship between Neoclassical architecture and Renaissance architecture?

Question 80

______________ encouraged Caspar David Friedrich to make landscape the principal subject of his art.

A) Johann Winckelmann
B) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
C) Joseph Wright of Derby
D) Cardinal Albani