Deck 21: The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Question 1

A significant contribution to the mass manufacture of cheap metal items - such as Eli Whitney's production of firearms - was the development of

A) interchangeable parts.
B) lost wax casting of iron.
C) individual fitting together of parts by hand.
D) molded metal.
E) amalgamations of metal known as pig iron.

Answer 1

interchangeable parts.

Question 2

Iron production was transformed by Abraham Darby's discovery that it was much cheaper if

A) machines could do the work of hammering iron better than humans.
B) mills operated with hydroelectric power produced stronger iron.
C) coke was used in the place of charcoal in the smelting process.
D) taconite was a more valuable byproduct than the iron itself.
E) people worked better for higher wages.

Answer 2

coke was used in the place of charcoal in the smelting process.

Question 3

New forms of energy were important for industrialization, such as

A) horse power.
B) wind and water energy.
C) the steam engine and electricity.
D) hydroelectric power.
E) gas turbine engines.

Answer 3

the steam engine and electricity.

Question 4

The pottery industry in England became successful by utilizing the method of

A) mass production
B) mechanization.
C) gendered labor practices.
D) the factory system
E) the putting out system.

Question 5

Among the new inventions developed to weave cotton textiles was (were)

A) the steam engine.
B) the spinning jenny and the water frame.
C) the power loom and the thread "genie."
D) the fulling press and the iron "foot."
E) the rotary weaving engine.

Question 6

In rural areas manufacture was carried out through cottage industries referred to as proto-industries, where

A) a factory owner "put out" his workers to work in other factories.
B) merchants delivered raw materials to craftspeople and picked up the finished product.
C) merchants and factory owners collaborated to "cottage" a lower wage.
D) silk and cotton textiles were manufactured together.
E) workers led an idyllic working life.

Question 7

Why was industrialization of continental Europe more difficult than in Britain?

A) Ongoing wars slowed the diffusion of British technologies and discouraged investment in industrial production.
B) Nationalism prohibited trade with other countries.
C) Tariffs (taxes on goods between countries) made transportation very expensive.
D) Europe lacked rivers.
E) Continental Europe had no colonies from which to get raw goods.

Question 8

Mechanization offered which major advantages?

A) increased job opportunities for labor forces, and higher wages than the cottage industry.
B) lower prices for consumers.
C) increased productivity for the manufacturer.
D) a and b: increased job opportunities for labor forces, higher wages than the cottage industry, and lower prices for consumers.
E) b and c: lower prices for consumers and increased productivity for the manufacturer.

Question 9

"Division of labor" in mass production manufacturing means

A) dividing the work force into capitalists and communists.
B) dividing work into specialized and repetitive tasks.
C) using "division" as well as other mathematical functions.
D) having the worker make the entire product.
E) dividing the labor unions in order to weaken them.

Question 10

The most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution was James Watt's

A) cotton gin.
B) steam engine.
C) saddle.
D) bicycle.
E) light bulb.

Question 11

The agricultural revolution was a change in farming methods and crops that resulted in

A) the creation of a large class of landless farm laborers.
B) wealthy landowners taking over communal lands.
C) European population growth as a result of new crops such as potatoes and corn.
D) the introduction of better livestock, soil improvement, and crop rotation.
E) all of these.

Question 12

Enclosure was

A) closing factory doors at working time and not opening them again until closing.
B) a closed emigration policy.
C) restriction of common agricultural land.
D) maintaining private garden plots for personal use.
E) a process of closing off rivers for waterpower in factories.

Question 13

As a result of industrialization of Britain, the most valuable crop in America was:

A) coal
B) lumbar
C) steel
D) cotton
E) potatoes

Question 14

England began importing raw cotton and making cloth domestically

A) because the English Parliament banned importation of cotton cloth.
B) because there was no other source of cheap clothing.
C) because it badly needed the raw material for its mills.
D) because its export was stopped by other countries.
E) in order to support the southern states during the American Civil War.

Question 15

The most profitable item in international trade in the 18th century was:

A) Cotton
B) Corn
C) Coal
D) Sugar
E) Slaves

Question 16

In the cool and humid regions of Europe, what new crop contributed to the agricultural revolution?

A) The potato
B) Wheat
C) Rice
D) The soybean
E) The tomato

Question 17

Which of the following were efforts that European governments made to stimulate their economies?

A) opening of technical schools.
B) promotion of private investment in industry building.
C) elimination of internal tariffs
D) encouraging joint stock companies
E) all of the above

Question 18

Britain's social structure is described as being "more fluid" than the rest of Europe. Which of the following is the most likely reason for that?

A) They had a reformed national church.
B) It had a less powerful aristocracy.
C) It did not have the three estate system of France.
D) It had a highly regimented government bureaucracy.
E) The lines between the classes were not as sharply drawn.

Question 19

Which of the following were factors that gave Britain a "head start" on the Industrial Revolution?

A) It was the world's leading exporter of tools, guns, hardware, and other crafts.
B) It had the largest merchant marine.
C) It was highly commercial, and many people were involved in production and trade.
D) It enjoyed a high standard of living and a "fluid" society.
E) all of the above

Question 20

According to the chapter, what was not one of the five major innovations that spurred industrialization?

A) Electricity
B) The steam engine
C) The division of labor
D) Increased production of iron
E) all of the above

Question 21

In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith proposes that the government should

A) refrain from interfering in business.
B) carefully regulate business.
C) leave business alone, except for enacting protective tariffs.
D) protect workers.
E) carefully allocate resources to ensure their best possible use.

Question 22

The United States was the first country to create commercially viable steamships. The first commercially successful steamboat was Robert Fulton's North River, which first sailed in this river.

A) St. Lawrence Seaway
B) Hudson River
C) Mississippi River
D) Ohio River
E) Erie Canal

Question 23

The cotton boom enriched planters, merchants, and manufacturers and also

A) led to the decline of American slavery.
B) encouraged the growth of a domestic textile industry in India.
C) made many sharecroppers rich.
D) created a high demand for mulch.
E) created an increasing demand for slaves.

Question 24

The most obvious change in rural life during the Industrial Revolution was

A) electrical power.
B) the appearance of new roads, canals, and railroads.
C) an increase in leisure time.
D) a population shift to rural areas.
E) the increase of political power of rural residents at the expense of industrial centers.

Question 25

Which of the following was true of poor urban neighborhoods?

A) They were often filled with overcrowded tenements.
B) There was an atmosphere of filth, pollution, and sewage.
C) The danger of typhus, smallpox, dysentery, and tuberculosis was very high.
D) Houses were often mixed in with factories
E) all of the above

Question 26

Women typically earned

A) as much as men.
B) one-third to one-half as much as men.
C) 10 percent of what men made.
D) twice as much as men.
E) nothing, as their service was "tenure" service to the owner.

Question 27

A significant technology that transformed the lives of factory workers and expanded the work day past sunset was:

A) gas lighting.
B) electricity
C) indoor plumbing
D) regulation of clocks
E) public transportation.

Question 28

In the United States, many factory owners opened their factories with a commitment to decent wages and housing

A) but soon converted to machine-driven looms.
B) but soon rejected female workers in favor of child laborers.
C) but eventually lowered wages and imposed longer hours.
D) and continued to improve the lot of workers.
E) but did none of these.

Question 29

Single women and married women both did factory work but for different reasons:

A) Married women worked if their husbands were unable to support their families.
B) Married women worked for themselves or to save their marriage
C) Married women worked to put their children through school.
D) Single women worked to make friends and be social.
E) Both A and B

Question 30

Industrial work had an enormous effect on the family because

A) it provided a steady income for families.
B) work was now removed from the home and family members were separated all day.
C) children were happier in factories than on farms.
D) factory work was safer than farm work.
E) the move to the city made families happier and more stable.

Question 31

One profound effect that industrialization had on the world was that

A) Western Europe and North America were empowered at the expense of the rest of the world.
B) the raw material of Africa made it the center of industrialization.
C) the availability of cheap labor in Asia caused its markets to expand rapidly.
D) Europe went into a slow decline due to worldwide competition.
E) workers' wages and quality of living rose quickly.

Question 32

The real beneficiaries of the early Industrial Revolution, according to your text, were

A) the factory owners.
B) recent immigrants who were able to obtain jobs in industry.
C) rural farmers and sharecroppers who were in demand for food supply.
D) the middle classes.
E) women who had greater social mobility and earning power.

Question 33

What invention, which was developed simultaneously in England and America, revolutionized communication during the Industrial Revolution?

A) The phonograph
B) Radar
C) The electric telegraph
D) The battery
E) The telephone

Question 34

With industrialization, the role of middle-class women became management of the home, children, and servants. This was known as

A) the "factory at home."
B) the "female world of home."
C) "home, sweet home."
D) "children, kitchen, and church."
E) the "cult of domesticity."

Question 35

Smith's argument challenged the prevailing economic model of the time, which was:

A) mercantilism
B) capitalism
C) communism.
D) industrialism.
E) anarchosyndicalism.

Question 36

When young women went on strike in New England factories,

A) children were required to be paid minimum wage.
B) children were required to go to school for a minimum of four years before they could work.
C) factories were subject to regular inspection for health and safety codes.
D) factory owners replaced them with Irish immigrants, who were cheaper.
E) factory owners refused to hire children or women.

Question 37

In continental Europe, industries such as iron, construction, and machinery were greatly stimulated by

A) railroads.
B) the Crimean War.
C) the use of slave labor.
D) the increase in literacy.
E) American banking advances.

Question 38

In the early years of industrialization, most women worked in

A) laundry and sewing.
B) coal mining.
C) textile factories.
D) nursing and teaching.
E) domestic servant positions.

Question 39

The engineering of canals was subsequently turned towards transforming lands for:

A) roads for carriages.
B) toll roads.
C) railroads.
D) electrical power.
E) telecommunications cables.

Question 40

Urbanization had the greatest impact on

A) the elite, who came to the cities to attend fashionable events.
B) the bourgeoisie, who developed a professional class.
C) the factory owners, who came to the cities to keep an eye on their businesses.
D) the poor, who came to increasingly overcrowded cities from rural areas for work.
E) children, who attended schools in cities.

Question 41

Friedrich List, the German economist, rejected laissez faire and free trade and argued that

A) England was unfairly oppressing religious minorities into serfdom.
B) Germany could only effectively compete with Britain by erecting tariffs against British imports.
C) capitalism was doomed to fail in the wake of violent revolution between the haves and have-nots.
D) laissez-faire economics could not work in continental Europe because of nationalist interests.
E) Adam Smith was wrong, and mercantilism was the correct and best economic model.

Question 42

The Factory Act of 1833

A) prohibited textile mills from employing workers under the age of nine.
B) increased wages for all workers of Great Britain and Scotland.
C) granted women equal pay for equal work.
D) created separate guilds for male and female workers.
E) enacted safety laws.

Question 43

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Richard Arkwright

Question 44

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
agricultural revolution

Question 45

Thomas Malthus's explanation of workers' misfortunes was that

A) the population was outgrowing the food supply and leading to falling wages.
B) workers were immoral and destined to fail.
C) the weak would perish and the strong would survive.
D) workers needed to work harder and longer hours.
E) the government was uncaring.

Question 46

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Industrial Revolution

Question 47

As a result of industrialization, the relationship between western Europe and the non-Western world

A) improved through increased communications.
B) worsened through the savagery of the slave trade.
C) remained the same.
D) became based on Western dominance.
E) became dominated by the non-Western world through their monopoly of raw materials.

Question 48

Which of the following best describes the appeal of Chartism in England?

A) universal male suffrage
B) the secret ballot
C) salaries for members of Parliament
D) annual elections
E) all of the above

Question 49

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
James Watt

Question 50

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
steam engine

Question 51

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
mass production

Question 52

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
mechanization

Question 53

How did industrialization change China's relationship with the West?

A) China's industrialization put it on an equal footing with the West.
B) Industrialization caused Chinese and Western workers to unite.
C) European steam-powered gunboats humiliated China's military.
D) European nations "shared the wealth" with China.
E) Europe demanded massive Chinese immigration for factory work.

Question 54

To address the misery of the poor, French socialists proposed that workers form communities under the protection of business leaders and that social and economic problems could be solved by application of the scientific method; their views were known as

A) totalitarianism.
B) humanism.
C) positivism.
D) Darwinism.
E) communism.

Question 55

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Josiah Wedgwood

Question 56

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Crystal Palace

Question 57

Why did Muhammad Ali's efforts run afoul of the British?

A) Britain didn't want Egypt to become powerful and interfere with Britain's empire.
B) To preserve Egypt's historical and cultural heritage
C) Egypt had become allied with Russia.
D) To prevent the spread of Islamic learning
E) Because many British citizens were trying to immigrate to Egypt

Question 58

Which of the following was a way in which workers resisted harsh treatment?

A) Changing their jobs frequently
B) Being absent on Mondays
C) Doing poor-quality work
D) Rioting and going on strike
E) all of the above

Question 59

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
division of labor

Question 60

Britain's main strategy to eliminate competition in trade especially in India was to

A) flood the market with cheap goods and drive competitors out of business.
B) start a war, which Britain could win because of its superior navy.
C) suppress all unionist activity that might cause an interruption of productivity.
D) send all the Chartist reformers to Australia.
E) send in saboteurs to destroy other countries' factories.

Question 61

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
laissez faire

Question 62

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
mercantilism

Question 63

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Great Exhibition of 1851

Question 64

What five revolutionary innovations made possible the Industrial Revolution? Give one example of each of these innovations, and describe how each was adapted.

Question 65

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Mines Act of 1842

Question 66

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
positivism

Question 67

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
electric telegraph

Question 68

How were colonialism and European imperialism related to industrialization?

Question 69

How do you account for the spread of industrialization outside of England in the nineteenth century?

Question 70

Describe the working conditions encountered by women and men during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 71

Why did the Industrial Revolution take place first in Britain rather than in another country?

Question 72

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Muhammad Ali

Question 73

Explain the effects of the agricultural revolution and the Industrial Revolution.

Question 74

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Adam Smith

Question 75

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
rickets

Question 76

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Benjamin Disraeli

Question 77

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
proletariat

Question 78

Why was transportation such a critical feature of the Industrial Revolution?

Question 79

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
turnpike trusts

Question 80

What were the environmental effects of the Industrial Revolution?