Deck 19: The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie

Question 1

French art in the Age of the Bourgeoisie was

A) dominated by an avant garde.
B) subject to pressures from official state institutions.
C) under the influence of the Roman Catholic Church.
D) a product of what the aristocrats dictated at the royal courts.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

John Stuart Mill advocated

A) voting rights for eighteen-year-olds.
B) gay rights.
C) voting rights for women.
D) a state-supported church.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Édouard Manet updated a sixteenth-century painting of a nude woman in his work Olympia by

A) depicting the subject with extreme abstraction and symbolism.
B) romanticizing the subject's profession as a prostitute.
C) depicting the subject as divine.
D) presenting the subject with complete realism.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Higher criticism refers to a nineteenth-century intellectual movement in which scholars

A) focused exclusively on literary texts while ignoring their historical settings.
B) studied the Bible not as a divinely inspired book incapable of error but simply as a set of writings susceptible to varied interpretations.
C) analyzed all writings, secular and sacred, in accordance with Marxist theory.
D) applied linguistic theory to literature to show that all texts are the same.

Question 5

Who, with his personal army of "Red Shirts", invaded and liberated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies?

A) Giuseppe Mazzini
B) Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
C) Otto von Bismarck
D) Giuseppe Garibaldi

Question 6

At the heart of nineteenth-century liberalism was a belief in

A) government control.
B) freedom for the individual.
C) state-funded welfare.
D) government-operated schools.

Question 7

The basic principle of nineteenth-century liberalism was that

A) the individual should be free from external control.
B) wealth and power should be distributed fairly in society.
C) the state is a divine institution.
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 8

The seeds of World War I were sown in part by

A) the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.
B) Britain's introduction of free trade in 1846.
C) Prussia's humiliating defeat of France in 1870-1871.
D) the unification of Italy in 1871.

Question 9

Which of the following scientific advancements did NOT occur between 1830 and 1871?

A) Data were collected showing that modern plants and animals had evolved from simpler forms through a process of natural selection.
B) The germ theory of disease was established.
C) The interior structure of the atom was fully mapped out.
D) Chloroform and other anesthetics were introduced.

Question 10

The American Civil War had the immediate consequence of

A) ending regional tensions.
B) abolishing slavery.
C) industrializing the national economy.
D) resolving racial problems.

Question 11

Realpolitik, between 1850 and 1871, had a powerful impact on the

A) unification campaign in Germany.
B) electoral changes in Great Britain.
C) economic policies of Napoleon III in France.
D) liberalization of Russia's domestic policies.

Question 12

Marx theorized that history is propelled by

A) individual greed.
B) class conflict.
C) God.
D) chance events.

Question 13

In science, Pasteur

A) established the germ theory of disease.
B) marshaled data to support the theory of evolution.
C) introduced the anesthetic called chloroform.
D) formulated the periodic table of the elements.

Question 14

How did the force of nationalism change after 1848?

A) It shifted from eastern and southern Europe to northern and western Europe.
B) It became increasingly militant and ethnocentric.
C) It began to more strongly exhibit humanitarian values.
D) It began to be associated more strongly with liberalism.

Question 15

In science, Charles Darwin

A) established the germ theory of disease.
B) marshaled data to support the theory of evolution.
C) introduced the anesthetic called chloroform.
D) formulated the periodic table of the elements.

Question 16

In nineteenth-century Europe, the most successful liberal revolution occurred in which of the following countries?

A) Italy
B) Russia
C) France
D) Germany

Question 17

Who engineered the unification of Germany?

A) Cavour
B) Disraeli
C) Bismarck
D) Metternich

Question 18

Utopian socialists generally

A) supported the bourgeois values of thrift and hard work as ways for workers to improve their condition.
B) urged reform of the ills of industrial society based on discoveries about society made in communal associations.
C) advocated the violent overthrow of existing governments.
D) agreed with liberal principles.

Question 19

Bentham believed that society should be based on "utility", meaning

A) natural rights.
B) "the greatest happiness for the greatest number".
C) God's law.
D) tradition.

Question 20

What set evangelicals apart from liberal Protestants?

A) their insistence on the paramount authority of the Holy Scriptures
B) their adoption of many Deist ideas
C) their emphasis on ritual and sacraments
D) their opposition to the holiness movement

Question 21

________ emerged in the period immediately before the American Civil War.

A) Science fiction
B) The utopian novel
C) The slave narrative
D) The thriller

Question 22

What neoclassical painter controlled French academic art until his death in 1867?

A) Delacroix
B) Ingres
C) Courbet
D) Manet

Question 23

All of these are products of the romantic style EXCEPT

A) Ingres's The Turkish Bath.
B) Delacroix's Hamlet and Horatio in the Graveyard.
C) Barry and Pugin's Houses of Parliament, London.
D) Verdi's Rigoletto.

Question 24

Flaubert, in his Madame Bovary, made his heroine a(n)

A) ideal wife for other women to emulate.
B) woman caught up in her unrealistic dreams.
C) symbol of the corruption of French politics.
D) innocent victim of a cruel class-conscious society.

Question 25

Which nineteenth-century writer helped inspire Martin Luther King Jr.'s protest marches?

A) Emily Dickinson
B) Walt Whitman
C) Henry David Thoreau
D) George Sand

Question 26

One leading French romantic writer was

A) Honoré de Balzac.
B) Victor Hugo.
C) Gustave Flaubert.
D) Jean Valjean.

Question 27

Rosa Bonheur was

A) a romantic landscape artist who offered escapism for the French middle class.
B) an artist whose neoclassical style was favored by Napoleon III.
C) the daughter of a famous French painter who capitalized on her father's name.
D) a member of the realist school who was influenced by science.

Question 28

In what sense could Manet be called the first modern painter?

A) He opened the door to abstraction.
B) He originated the tradition of "art for art's sake".
C) He paved the way for expressionism.
D) He pioneered the cubist style.

Question 29

Who delivered the famous "Ain't I a Woman"? speech?

A) Sojourner Truth
B) Emily Dickinson
C) George Sand
D) Charlotte Brontë

Question 30

Which nineteenth-century writer has been called "the first, modern liberated woman"?

A) George Sand
B) George Eliot
C) Emily Dickinson
D) Mrs. Gaskell

Question 31

Which painter was a leading figure in the Barbizon school?

A) Delacroix
B) Manet
C) Millet
D) Constable

Question 32

The artist most identified with militant realism in painting is

A) Delacroix.
B) Ingres.
C) Courbet.
D) Manet.

Question 33

Courbet's painting called Interior of My Studio

A) uses images taken from Greek mythology.
B) romanticizes the figures in the painting.
C) summarizes his approach to art up to this time.
D) shows the influence of neoclassicism.

Question 34

War and Peace is the masterpiece written by

A) Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
B) Anton Chekhov.
C) Leo Tolstoy.
D) Balzac.

Question 35

The key element in Daumier's approach to painting was

A) a love of exotic scenes.
B) a fascination with fiery action.
C) his satirical eye.
D) a feeling for the geometry underlying nature.

Question 36

Romantic novelists concentrated on

A) scientific accuracy.
B) ordinary people without idealizing them.
C) the emotions of their characters.
D) the social and economic forces that determined the lives of their characters.

Question 37

One innovation of Dostoyevsky, the Russian realist, was

A) a first-person narrative style.
B) stream-of-consciousness writing.
C) the antihero type.
D) the socialist novel.

Question 38

Which nineteenth-century philosophical movement taught that divinity manifests itself in many forms, including the physical universe?

A) New Age
B) realpolitik
C) positivism
D) transcendentalism

Question 39

Which of the following was one of the first great modern books in the West to be written by a person of color?

A) On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
B) Crime and Punishment
C) North and South
D) Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Question 40

England's most popular writer of realist fiction was

A) Charlotte Brontë.
B) Charles Dickens.
C) George Eliot.
D) Elizabeth Gaskell.

Question 41

Why were the 1830 and1848 revolutions significant? Did they represent a turning point in nineteenth-century culture and politics? Explain.

Question 42

Romantic music was in part characterized by the

A) movement toward abstract composition.
B) abandonment of classical forms of music.
C) use of folk songs and ethnic dance rhythms.
D) trend toward atonality.

Question 43

Define the terms liberalism and nationalism as understood in Europe before 1848, and note examples of their impact on European affairs.

Question 44

Discuss the achievements of Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman and their contributions to American poetry.

Question 45

Who wrote under the pen name George Eliot?

A) Elizabeth Gaskell
B) Mary Ann Evans
C) George Sand
D) Emily Dickinson

Question 46

Which nineteenth-century photographer made a famous photograph of Abraham Lincoln during Lincoln's run for the U.S. presidency?

A) William Henry Fox Talbot
B) Julia Margaret Cameron
C) Eadweard Muybridge
D) Mathew Brady

Question 47

How did romantic music change during this Age of the Bourgeoisie? What forces were operating on music and causing its change?

Question 48

Which composer was the hero of the traditionalists who opposed the music of Wagner?

A) Verdi
B) Schubert
C) Brahms
D) Chopin
Essay Questions

Question 49

Explain the rise of realism in relation to the prevailing styles of neoclassicism and romanticism.

Question 50

What were the causes and the outcome of the American Civil War? Explain this war within the context of general trends in the West during the nineteenth century.

Question 51

What scientific advances were made between 1830 and 1871? What impact did these advances have on the development of cultural styles?

Question 52

Was the 1851 Great Exhibition in the Crystal Palace, London, a fitting symbol of the "Age of the Bourgeoisie"? Explain.

Question 53

The composer of the opera Rigoletto is

A) Verdi.
B) Puccini.
C) Wagner.
D) Brahms.

Question 54

Discuss the philosophies of Mill and Bentham. How were they representative of bourgeois liberalism?

Question 55

What was realpolitik? Who were its chief proponents? How did it influence politics after 1848?

Question 56

Compare and contrast realism in English and Russian literature with reference to the works of Charles Dickens and Fyodor Dostoyevsky.