Deck 18: Revolution, Reaction, and Cultural Response

Question 1

Europe by 1830 can be described as a continent that

A) was controlled by one power, France.
B) had enjoyed almost fifty years of peace and prosperity.
C) was divided into the progressive west and the conservative east.
D) was about to enter into a period of long decline.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

France's revolutionary leaders favored neoclassicism because

A) they liked its elaborately decorated architectural styles for the home.
B) they admired its association with the Middle Ages.
C) they thought the style morally uplifting.
D) it reminded them of France's past glory under Louis XIV.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The major accomplishment of the French Revolution's first phase was the

A) end of the class system in France.
B) triumph of the workers.
C) creation of a limited constitutional monarchy.
D) right to vote being given to women citizens.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen included the guarantee of

A) a job and base wage scale.
B) natural and civil rights.
C) freedom of travel throughout the French Empire.
D) the right to 20 acres of land given by the state to each farmer.

Question 5

France under Louis XVI can be described as a

A) country with a uniformly high standard of living.
B) nation with a large national debt.
C) people united under a well-beloved king.
D) country with an equitable tax system.

Question 6

Ricardo's "iron law of wages" held that wages for workers

A) are at the mercy of supply and demand.
B) always hover around the subsistence level.
C) reflect the economy's natural justice.
D) are tied to the cost of living.

Question 7

One major change in Europe between 1789 and 1815 was the

A) spread of French-style revolutions to many countries.
B) reorganization of conquered portions of Europe along the lines of France.
C) creation of government-sponsored industrial centers in western Europe.
D) rise of working-class rebellion across the continent.

Question 8

After the American Revolution, the new nation's leaders realized their democratic goals by

A) establishing universal voting rights for the entire population.
B) creating a written constitution with specific and enforceable laws.
C) placing political power in the hands of one branch of the government.
D) redistributing the land so that the poor would have a source of income.

Question 9

The economic conclusions reached by Malthus and Ricardo

A) indicated that farmers were prospering under industrialism.
B) forecast a rise in the working-class standard of living.
C) asserted that the economy operated by chance.
D) offered rationales to justify the consequences of industrialization for the poor.

Question 10

The second phase of the French Revolution can be described as

A) a time of absorbing the radical changes of the first phase.
B) an era of good feeling among the revolutionaries.
C) a period of extreme and violent changes.
D) an age of restoration.

Question 11

One immediate outcome of the American Revolution was that

A) all inhabitants were granted the right to vote.
B) the new country closed its borders to immigrants.
C) the new country became the most democratic government since ancient Athens.
D) the new country abolished slavery within its borders.

Question 12

The Industrial Revolution began in England in part because its

A) peasants were clamoring for new jobs.
B) feudal system had collapsed.
C) government was willing to fund industrial growth.
D) colonial empire was a source for raw materials.

Question 13

One of Napoleon's major domestic reforms was a

A) new law code.
B) state religion based on Deism.
C) state-run farm system.
D) free press.

Question 14

The period between 1760 and 1830 can be described as a time when

A) rural values were paramount.
B) there were few artistic achievements.
C) the middle class began to win power from the aristocracy.
D) peace reigned on the continent.

Question 15

Neoclassicism in literature continued in England after 1800 in the works of

A) John Constable.
B) William Wordsworth.
C) Lord Byron.
D) Jane Austen.

Question 16

What was the major issue dividing England and her American colonies in 1776?

A) cultural differences
B) class conflicts
C) taxes and the cost of upkeep of the colonies
D) the slave trade

Question 17

One of the major events that occurred at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the English cloth-making industry was

A) the creation of unions to protect the workers.
B) when Parliament passed laws to ensure minimum wages.
C) when factories were built in the villages near the workers.
D) the invention of the steam engine by James Watt.

Question 18

Adam Smith in his Wealth of Nations

A) dealt with manufacturing, not with agriculture and commerce.
B) emphasized the concept of enlightened self-interest.
C) called for the intervention of governments to control their economies.
D) praised mercantilism as the best economic policy.

Question 19

Malthus's argument about population held that

A) the future is inevitably brighter than the past.
B) wages inevitably fall behind prices.
C) population growth will inevitably outstrip food production, leading to natural calamities such as famines, plagues, and wars.
D) populations remain fairly stable in industrial states because of the widespread use of birth control measures.

Question 20

In the period from 1815 to 1830, Europe

A) embraced the changes brought about during the French Revolution and Empire.
B) continued the reforms and changes started by the French Revolution.
C) accepted some changes and rejected other changes caused by the French Revolution.
D) turned the political and social conditions back to where they were in 1789.

Question 21

In his paintings, Constable

A) tended to emphasize the human form.
B) painted "night scenes" in the manner of Caravaggio.
C) relied on Greek and Roman myths for subjects.
D) emphasized the play of sunlight.

Question 22

Which painter's treatment of color anticipated that of the impressionists?

A) Turner
B) Ingres
C) Goya
D) Friedrich

Question 23

Goya's series of etchings entitled Caprichos

A) expresses his personal feelings.
B) has optimistic themes.
C) portrays idealized subjects.
D) celebrates the Spanish aristocracy.

Question 24

The French painter Ingres is best remembered as

A) an interpreter of the French countryside.
B) a portrait painter who caught his subject's distinctive appearance and social class markers.
C) the first of the romantic painters.
D) an artist outside of the mainstream of the French neoclassical style.

Question 25

Romantic writers and artists expressed

A) an admiration for creative nonconformity.
B) a deep respect for the middle class.
C) a yearning to be part of the aristocracy.
D) a preference for the classical world.

Question 26

Goethe's novel entitled The Sorrows of Young Werther

A) opened an early phase of the romantic movement.
B) showed the working class realistically.
C) defended society's rules and values.
D) showed how the mind can overcome the heart.

Question 27

The Sturm und Drang movement

A) started in Russia.
B) supported the values of classicism.
C) voiced support for organized religion.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 28

English literary romanticism was launched by the writings of

A) Mary and Percy Shelley.
B) Lord Byron and Jane Austen.
C) Turner and Constable.
D) Wordsworth and Coleridge.

Question 29

Romanticism viewed nature as

A) a resource to be exploited.
B) the fount of all evil.
C) a well-ordered system run by mathematical laws.
D) a spiritualized, divine force.

Question 30

Which is a true statement about John Constable?

A) He worked exclusively in his studio.
B) He studied and recorded the movement of the clouds.
C) He painted portraits of famous Englishmen.
D) He went unnoticed in his own lifetime.

Question 31

The major ways in which nature was represented in romantic painting were the

A) realistic and the abstract.
B) impression and the study.
C) exotic and the classical.
D) pastoral and the sublime.

Question 32

The country that could best claim to be the heart of romanticism was

A) England.
B) France.
C) Germany.
D) Italy.

Question 33

The most profound influence on America's classical heritage in architecture was exercised by

A) George Washington
B) Benjamin Franklin
C) Thomas Jefferson
D) James Madison

Question 34

In his paintings, Goya expressed

A) a nightmarish vision of the world.
B) a growing despair over the fate of his beloved Spanish homeland.
C) psychological insight into the subjects of his portraits.
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 35

Romantic nationalism was at first

A) an attempt to reduce the influence of folk culture.
B) a rejection of aristocratic culture.
C) little more than a reaction against foreign influences.
D) an aggressive attitude that insisted on the moral superiority of one people over all others.

Question 36

Which of the following was a theme or subject found in romantic paintings?

A) kings and aristocrats at play
B) scenes of the middle class enjoying the countryside
C) landscapes
D) classical Greeks and Romans in set poses

Question 37

The painter who launched the sublime theme in Germany was

A) Millet.
B) Delacroix.
C) Friedrich.
D) Géricault.

Question 38

Which composer is most famous for perfecting the art song, or lied?

A) Ludwig van Beethoven
B) Franz Schubert
C) Hector Berlioz
D) Carl Linnaeus

Question 39

Which of the following exemplifies the romantic reaction against Enlightenment rationalism?

A) Pride and Prejudice
B) Lyrical Ballads
C) Frankenstein
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 40

Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads

A) were written in a neoclassical style.
B) celebrate the joys and pleasures of ordinary life.
C) illustrate the alienation between humans and nature.
D) praise the benefits of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 41

What was the Sturm und Drang movement? How was it related to romanticism?

Question 42

How did conservative Europeans respond to the ideals and goals of the French Revolution in the years between 1815 and 1830?

Question 43

The painting Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix

A) conveys a sense of profound sadness.
B) became a rallying cry for France's bourgeois establishment.
C) offers an optimistic nationalist symbolism.
D) was the product of Delacroix's wishes that an uprising would occur.

Question 44

Discuss Napoleon's successes and failures as a military leader and as a diplomat.

Question 45

Immanuel Kant's idealism distinguished between

A) the ideal and the spiritual.
B) the world that can be understood by science and the world that can be understood by intuition.
C) art and religion.
D) materialism and determinism.

Question 46

Hegel's ideas influenced which of the following groups?

A) democrats, who shared his views on the role of people in history
B) monarchists, who believed in the divine right of kings
C) atheists, who agreed with him that spiritual forces do not exist
D) Marxists, who borrowed his concept of the dialectic operating in history
Essay Questions

Question 47

Géricault's painting of The Raft of the Medusa portrayed the theme of the

A) breakdown of civilization.
B) calmness of nature.
C) strength of sailing ships.
D) forgiveness of God.

Question 48

How does Goya fit into romanticism?

Question 49

What were the causes of the French Revolution? What changed in the first year of revolution (1789)?

Question 50

What contributions did English poets make to romantic literature? Discuss two of the following: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Keats.

Question 51

Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People was inspired by the

A) Revolution of 1789.
B) defeat of Napoleon in 1815.
C) July Revolution of 1830.
D) restoration of the Bourbons in 1815.

Question 52

Which groups welcomed the social and political revolutions of the late eighteenth century? What were their reasons for doing so?

Question 53

Contrast the differing impact made by the French Revolution and Napoleon's reforms on women.

Question 54

How were the writings of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo used to justify the Industrial Revolution?

Question 55

What is meant by German idealism, and how was it expressed in the philosophy of Kant?