Deck 19: International Environmental Agreements

Question 1

The Montreal Protocol is considered successful because

A)it has found wide agreement among the nations of the world.
B)it created conditions that satisfied both developed and developing nations
C)it provides a model for future international agreements
D)all of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has estimated that for every 1 percent increase in UV_B radiation, basal-cell and squamous-cell cancer cases increase by 1 and 2 percent respectively.This is called

A)sensitivity analysis
B)a dose-response relationship
C)ecosystem response
D)vigorous response

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Cost effectiveness in International Agreements
Refer to the figure above.Suppose that both Countries A and B receive the same benefit from a decrease in emissions.Both are currently emitting at the uncontrolled level.A uniform reduction of 50 percent would

A)cost society area (b + c + d + e)
B)not represent efficiency since because there are differences in abatement costs
C)be equivalent to the results from a transferable discharge program
D)cost Country B more than Country A

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Often countries are negotiating many international issues at the same time that they are considering agreements regarding environmental issues.If they are trying to establish a reputation as ________, their position on an environmental issue may seem inconsistent with self interest.

A)free riders
B)hard bargainers
C)command and control advocates
D)protectors of the public good

Question 5

In order for multinational agreements to be socially efficient, they need to

A)apply the same emission reduction goals to each country
B)apply emission reduction goals according to energy efficiency
C)apply emission reduction goals according to the equimarginal principle
D)apply emission reduction goals according to per capital emissions

Question 6

Government Imposed Production Limitations on the CFC Market
Refer to the figure above.Without government intervention, the market depicted would produce ______ units of CFCs at a price of ______.

A)q₁; p₁
B)q₁; p₂
C)q₂;p₁
D)q₂;p₂

Question 7

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form.One such form is a treaty, which is

A)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, without specifying what actions will take place
B)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, and detail some of the specific actions that will be undertaken
C)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, and detail all of the specific actions that will be undertaken including the signatories and institutions that are responsible for that action
D)an agreement entered into by only two countries.

Question 8

For countries engaging in multilateral agreements regarding pollutants that affect all of them (i.e.acid rain pollution resulting from SO₂ emissions), they should understand that the agreements supply

A)global private goods with no opportunity for free riders.
B)global public goods and the possibility of free riders.
C)like benefits to all countries.
D)side payments.

Question 9

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is

A)a unilateral agreement requiring phase out and consumption freezes of ozone depleting substances.
B)a bilateral agreement requiring phase out and consumption freezes of ozone depleting substances.
C)a multilateral agreement requiring phase out and consumption freezes of ozone depleting substances.
D)none of the above.

Question 10

Initially, in order to reduce the damages associated with CFCs, manufacturers began using

A)hydroflourocarbons, which do not cause environmental damage.
B)hydroflourocarbons, which cause less environmental damage.
C)hydrofourocarbons, which cause more environmental damage.
D)equipment that limited the environmental impacts of CFCs.

Question 11

When two countries engage in a voluntary international agreement, they often invoke some element of ___________, which encourages compensation to a polluter who suffers a net financial loss when it limits its omissions to a socially efficient level that considers other damaged parties.

A)technology transfer
B)the victim pays principle (VPP)
C)the polluter pays principle (PPP)
D)the Conference on the Human Environment ("earth summit")

Question 12

The available enforcement mechanisms are ________ at the international level compared to national level.

A)much stronger
B)much weaker
C)essentially the same
D)absent

Question 13

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form.One such form is a protocol, which is

A)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, without specifying what actions will take place
B)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, and detail some of the specific actions that will be undertaken
C)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, and detail all of the specific actions that will be undertaken including the signatories and institutions that are responsible for that action
D)an agreement entered into by only two countries.

Question 14

With government imposing restrictions on total production of CFC, the industries that produce products affected by the restriction will experience

A)higher marginal costs
B)reduced prices for their products
C)steeper demand curves
D)excess profits

Question 15

One of the main provisions of the Montreal Protocol is

A)requirements for individual countries to phase out the production and consumption of designated substances
B)a multilateral fund where contributions from industrialized countries are used to support the activities from developing countries toward achieving controls assigned in the agreement
C)A provision for trade restrictions, banning trade in the designated substances between signatories and nonsignatories
D)all of the above

Question 16

As a partial result of the Montreal Protocol, scientists predict that the hole in the ozone will be substantially_____ by _________.

A)increased; 2070
B)diminished; 2070
C)increased; 2030
D)diminished; 2030

Question 17

International agreements come in several forms and environmental agreements have made use of each form.One such form is a convention, which is

A)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, without specifying what actions will take place
B)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, and detail some of the specific actions that will be undertaken
C)an agreement where countries define a problem and agree to address it, and detail all of the specific actions that will be undertaken including the signatories and institutions that are responsible for that action
D)an agreement entered into by only two countries.

Question 18

The Trail Smelter case of 1935 was an important case involving a British Columbian metal refinery that damaged farmlands in the United States.This case set an important international precedent referred to as

A)side payments
B)the victim pays principle (VPP)
C)the polluter pays principle (PPP)
D)the Conference on the Human Environment ("earth summit")

Question 19

Government Imposed Production Limitations on the CFC Market
Refer to the figure above.With government imposing restrictions on total production of q₂ , the market depicted would produce ______ units of CFCs at a price of ______.

A)q₁; p₁
B)q₁; p₂
C)q₂;p₁
D)q₂;p₂

Question 20

The Montreal Protocol has been _______ and ozone-depleting substances have _______.

A)unsuccessful; remained stable
B)unsuccessful; increased
C)successful; remained stable
D)successful; declined