Deck 12: Social Psychology

Question 1

Researchers have found that Native Americans tend to ________ eye contact when interacting with the elderly because looking at their eyes conveys ________.

A) seek; respect
B) seek; truthfulness
C) avoid; disrespect
D) avoid; inferiority

Answer 1

avoid; disrespect

Question 2

The main reason that people make attributions that reflect the just world hypothesis is that these explanations

A) increase their self-esteem.
B) make them feel safer.
C) reduce discrimination.
D) make them feel empathy.

Answer 2

make them feel safer.

Question 3

In a study, participants are shown two soundless 30-second clips of unfamiliar political candidates and asked to determine which candidate had won a recent election. Based on
Prior research on thin slices of behavior, how accurate would you predict the participants'
Judgments to be?

A) very accurate because nonverbal behavior provides sufficient information
B) not accurate because 30 seconds would not provide enough information
C) very accurate because of discrimination against certain political parties
D) not accurate because the clip did not show background information on the election

Answer 3

very accurate because nonverbal behavior provides sufficient information

Question 4

When you encounter a person who does not fit into a stereotype, you may create a special category for that person instead of revising your stereotype. This practice is called

A) modern racism.
B) prejudice.
C) subtyping.
D) stereotyping.

Question 5

When starting a new job, Carl's wife suggests he make quick observations of his coworkers and trust his judgments. The research on thin slices of behavior would support this suggestion
Because

A) opinions usually change as you learn more information about someone.
B) quick judgments can lead to stereotypes.
C) first impressions lead to appropriate personal attributions.
D) relatively accurate judgments can be made based on little information.

Question 6

It is not uncommon for us to hold stereotypes toward people. The main advantage of forming a stereotype is that it ________. The main disadvantage is that it ________.

A) is a mental shortcut; can be changed easily
B) identifies critical information accurately; is a mental shortcut
C) is often an accurate judgment; is not very comprehensive
D) allows for rapid mental processing; can potentially lead to errors

Question 7

Gamiel and Aliyah go out to eat and Gamiel does not leave a tip for the waiter. If Aliyah explains his behavior by saying that he is frugal, she is making a(n) ________ attribution.
If Aliyah explains his behavior by saying the service was terrible, she is making a ________
Attribution.

A) temporary; permanent
B) personal; situational
C) unstable; stable
D) uncontrollable; controllable

Question 8

Brent blames his poor performance in a recent marathon race on his poorly fitting shoes instead of on him being a slower runner. Brent's reasoning illustrates the

A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) actor/observer bias.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) ingroup/outgroup bias.

Question 9

Mandy has a stereotype that engineers are dull. When she meets Matt, an engineer who writes exciting stories, she will most likely

A) create a subtype that Matt is the exception to the rule about engineers.
B) revise her stereotype by thinking that engineers can be interesting and creative.
C) experience cognitive dissonance by suspecting that Matt has not always been an engineer.
D) encounter insufficient justification effect by arguing that creativity should be measured differently in engineers.

Question 10

Inga is participating in a debate. According to the actor/observer bias, in reviewing her performance, Inga will most likely attribute her own errors to ________ and her opponent's
Errors to ________.

A) lack of preparation; having the flu
B) lack of preparation; noise from the crowd
C) noise from the crowd; having the flu
D) noise from the crowd; lack of preparation

Question 11

Attributions about other people's behavior can vary in each of the following dimensions EXCEPT

A) personal or situational.
B) stable/permanent or unstable/temporary.
C) controllable or uncontrollable.
D) primary or secondary.

Question 12

When Larry forgets to buy milk at the grocery store, he says, "I forgot milk because I was thinking about picking my daughter up from school." When Larry's wife forgets to buy milk,
Larry says, "She forgot milk at the store because she's an airhead." This is an example of

A) actor/observer bias.
B) deindividualization.
C) ingroup/outgroup bias.
D) just world hypothesis.

Question 13

Behaving in a way that confirms your own or other people's expectations is referred to as

A) stereotyping.
B) discrimination.
C) prejudice.
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 14

Franklin sees that Sarah often goes to her math professor's office hours. Franklin thinks that Sarah must be terrible at math. This is an example of the

A) actor/observer bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) ingroup/outgroup bias.

Question 15

While driving, a car pulls out in front of you and forces you to slam on the brakes. You think to yourself that the driver of that car cannot drive. You have just made a(n) ________
Attribution for the other driver's behavior.

A) unstable
B) uncontrollable
C) personal
D) situational

Question 16

Which of the following information is LEAST likely to be communicated by the face?

A) thin slices of behavior
B) interest
C) trustworthiness
D) personal attributions

Question 17

When explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situation factors is referred to as the

A) actor/observer bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) ingroup/outgroup bias.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 18

Julia is a non-Western international student studying in the United States. When her American teacher tries to make eye contact with her, Julia always looks away. The best explanation for
Julia's reaction is that she

A) is frightened of her teacher.
B) has very low self-esteem and is embarrassed.
C) has different norms from her teacher for having eye contact.
D) avoids showing thin slices of behavior.

Question 19

Dirk just failed the driving portion of his driver's license exam. According to the actor/observer bias, Dirk will most likely explain his failure by saying that he

A) did not practice driving enough.
B) did not study the driver's manual very well.
C) does not have good spatial or navigational skills.
D) could not see well because it was raining.

Question 20

Paul was recently attacked when he was walking home from a bar. Jenna believes that Paul must have done something to deserve or provoke the attack. Jenna's explanation is an
Example of the

A) actor/observer bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) just world hypothesis.

Question 21

Ted heard that the general psychology class offered at his school was very difficult. When he took the class, he decided to put in minimal effort and didn't pay enough attention. At the end
Of the semester, Ted failed the class and said to himself, "I knew this class was difficult all
Along!" This is an example of

A) postdecisional dissonance.
B) insufficient justification effect.
C) self-fulfilling prophecy.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 22

Mr. Powell, a white man who does not believe that racial discrimination is a problem in his community, feels most comfortable crossing the street to avoid a black man wearing a hooded sweatshirt. Mr. Powell is displaying

A) subtyping.
B) a minimal group paradigm.
C) modern racism.
D) ingroup favoritism.

Question 23

The more that Edward sees Bella on campus, the more positive his attitude becomes toward her. Edward's attitude is becoming more positive with every encounter because of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) attitude accessibility.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) the elaboration likelihood model.

Question 24

Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs based on a generalized set of ideas about a group of people are known as

A) discrimination.
B) prejudice.
C) the ingroup/outgroup bias.
D) stereotypes.

Question 25

Jane believes that all student athletes are poor in academic achievement. One of her classmates, Patrick, has the highest GPA in her class and is also the star of the track team.
How is Jane's stereotype for student athletes most likely to change given her knowledge
Of Patrick?

A) She will no longer stereotype student athletes as low academic achievers.
B) She will alter her stereotype so that it only applies to professional athletes.
C) She will not change her stereotype and she will ignore Patrick's behavior.
D) She will not change her stereotype and she will categorize Patrick as a subtype.

Question 26

Selena thinks that all computer programmers are antisocial and boring. Even before meeting Mark, a computer programmer, Selena decides that she will not like him. Selena's beliefs
Are ________, and not liking Mark is ________.

A) a stereotype; prejudice
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy; discrimination
C) discrimination; prejudice
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy; a stereotype

Question 27

Baily saw a bright orange sweater while shopping and thought it was ugly. Then Baily started to see more and more people wearing similar orange sweaters, which makes her
Like the sweater more and she eventually buys one herself. This situation is an example of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) socialization.
C) classical conditioning.
D) postdecisional dissonance.

Question 28

On the advice of social psychologists, a technology company decides to pay an unreasonable amount of money to a well-liked celebrity to promote a new product. The company is taking
The ________ route of persuasion and using ________ conditioning to make potential
Customers develop a positive attitude about the product.

A) central; classical
B) central; operant
C) peripheral; classical
D) peripheral; operant

Question 29

Which of the following does NOT increase the likelihood that an attitude predicts behavior?

A) the personal relevance of the attitude
B) the ease with which the attitude can be accessed from memory
C) the values associated with the attitude
D) the specificity of the attitude

Question 30

In Sherif and his colleagues' study on ingroup and outgroup social behavior, they found that by simply dividing boys into two groups and having the groups compete against each other,
They could

A) increase hostility and prejudice between groups.
B) increase cooperation and friendship between groups.
C) reduce hostility and isolation between groups.
D) reduce prosocial behavior within groups.

Question 31

Miriam believes she is not attractive, so she typically wears ugly clothing. As a result, men rarely show interest in her, which confirms to her that she is not attractive. Miriam's behavior
Is an example of a(n)

A) actor/observer bias.
B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) ingroup/outgroup bias.

Question 32

Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs is called

A) modern racism.
B) discrimination.
C) subtyping.
D) stereotyping.

Question 33

Ms. Parsons teaches in a jigsaw classroom. Based on social psychologist Eliot Aronson's study, students are most likely to

A) form new groups with classmates from within and outside their group.
B) compete with classmates within their group.
C) cooperate with classmates both within and outside their group.
D) be prejudiced against classmates from outside their group.

Question 34

When attitudes influence feelings and behavior on an unconscious level they are called________ attitudes.

A) explicit
B) implicit
C) simple
D) complex

Question 35

Lucia is an engineering student. According to ingroup/outgroup bias she most likely believes other ingroup engineering students are ________ and outgroup nonengineering students
Are ________.

A) unique individuals; very similar to each other
B) unique individuals; unique individuals
C) very similar to each other; very similar to each other
D) very similar to each other; unique individuals

Question 36

When Tyronne first heard a new song on a music streaming website, he disliked it. However, after hearing it played many times on the website, he is surprised that he has grown to like it.
Tyronne's positive attitude toward the song after listening to it multiple times is best
Explained by

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) explicit attitudes.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the elaboration likelihood model.

Question 37

You believe that smoking is bad for you, so you do not smoke and avoid places where people are likely to be smoking. In this case, you have a(n) ________ attitude about smoking.

A) simple
B) complex
C) accessible
D) conditioned

Question 38

Hal is a police officer who believes that all elderly people are bad drivers. He issues tickets to a lot of elderly drivers. The way that Hal unfairly targets and punishes elderly drivers is best
Described as

A) modern racism.
B) prejudice.
C) stereotyping.
D) discrimination.

Question 39

You believe that eating fried food is bad for your health, but you eat fried chicken often. In this case, you have a(n) ________ attitude about eating fried food.

A) accessible
B) conditioned
C) simple
D) complex

Question 40

John and Nolan are huge fans of the New York Knicks basketball team, whereas Brad is a fan of the Brooklyn Nets. Which of the following is John most likely to do?

A) He will favor Nolan because Nolan belongs to the ingroup.
B) He will favor Brad because Brad belongs to the outgroup.
C) He will be hostile to Brad because of discrimination.
D) He will like Nolan and Brad equally because of stereotypes.

Question 41

Two women, Jackie and Roberta, ask Katie out. Although she likes both of them, Katie decides to go out with Jackie. Afterward, she starts to notice more positive
Qualities about Jackie and more negative qualities about Roberta. Katie's new attitude is
Most likely a result of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) postdecisional dissonance.
C) justification of effort.
D) attitude accessibility.

Question 42

Lisa believes that drinking alcohol is wrong. However, her boyfriend, Mike, likes to drink beer after work. Instead of breaking up with Mike, she decides that drinking alcohol is not
So bad after all. Lisa's attitude most likely changed because of

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the actor/observer bias.
C) the insufficient justification effect.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 43

An active and conscious effort to change an attitude by sending a message is referred to as

A) stereotyping.
B) persuasion.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) attitude accessibility.

Question 44

Susan is looking at a photograph of herself taken by a friend and deciding whether she should use the true photographic image or the mirror image as the wallpaper on her smartphone.
According to social psychology research, Susan will most likely prefer the ________ image
Because of ________.

A) true photographic; the mere exposure effect
B) mirror; the mere exposure effect
C) true photographic; cognitive dissonance
D) mirror; cognitive dissonance

Question 45

If someone wants to create an attitude that will last a long time, he or she should use the________ route of persuasion. If someone wants to create an attitude that will last only a short time, he or she should use the ________ route of persuasion.

A) peripheral; central
B) central; peripheral
C) implicit; explicit
D) explicit; implicit

Question 46

Bob has a negative attitude toward healthy eating. Bob's doctor describes research showing that healthy eating can help him live longer. Bob does not pay attention to what the doctor is
Saying, but he is impressed by his doctor's confidence and intelligence, so he changes his
Attitude toward healthy eating. Bob has changed his attitude based on

A) the central route to persuasion.
B) the peripheral route to persuasion.
C) postdecisional dissonance.
D) insufficient justification effect.

Question 47

Observations on how attitudes about African Americans would affect people's willingness to vote for Barack Obama in 2008 revealed that people who reported low levels of prejudice but
Whose scores on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) indicated negative attitudes about blacks
Were ________ likely to vote for Obama because ________ attitudes were better predictors
Of behavior than ________ attitudes.

A) less; implicit; explicit
B) less; explicit; implicit
C) more; implicit; explicit
D) more; explicit; implicit

Question 48

Social psychologists used to think that the Implicit Association Test (IAT) was a better predictor of behavior than self-reports where, whereas researchers have recently argued that the use of the IAT may not effectively predict

A) modern racism.
B) conformity.
C) prosocial behavior.
D) racial and ethnic discrimination.

Question 49

You are trying to decide which of two horses in a race to bet on. After you make your decision, you are likely to be ________ sure about the horse you bet on because
Of ________.

A) more; postdecisional dissonance
B) less; postdecisional dissonance
C) more; cognitive dissonance
D) less; cognitive dissonance

Question 50

A political candidate wants to create a long-lasting positive image. According to the elaboration likelihood model, the candidate would use commercials

A) that feature attractive celebrities.
B) with short emotional attacks on the opponent.
C) with catchy slogans and attention-grabbing graphics.
D) that clearly explain campaign issues.

Question 51

Which of the following questions would NOT be investigated in social psychology?

A) Why do people change attitudes when they realize their behavior is not in line
With their beliefs?
B) Why do fraternities use hazing on new members?
C) Why does the quality of episodic memory degrade over time?
D) Why does advertising work?

Question 52

Casey eats a lot of junk food. She knows the negative consequences of her diet, but she rationalizes her behavior by saying the junk food helps her deal with her anxiety. Casey is
Using this explanation because she is uncomfortable with the inconsistency between
Her behavior and her beliefs. Which of the following principles explains Casey's explanation
The best?

A) implicit attitudes
B) simple attitudes
C) cognitive dissonance
D) attitude accessibility

Question 53

You are recruiting part-time tutors for an elementary school. According to research findings about the insufficient justification effect, a successful strategy to increase the commitment of
These tutors would be to pay them a

A) salary that increases over time.
B) small amount of money.
C) large bonus after a semester.
D) large salary as soon as they start.

Question 54

New Smoke wants to market its e-cigarettes to young adults, so it decides to create an ad using an attractive celebrity couple. By using well-known, high-status people to
Influence its audience and deliver its message, the company is using the ________ route
Of persuasion to increase e-cigarette sales.

A) implicit
B) explicit
C) central
D) peripheral

Question 55

If a drug company wants to persuade skeptical customers to buy a new medicine, the company should consider all of the following strategies EXCEPT

A) hiring a spokesperson who is both attractive and an actual doctor.
B) delivering a one-sided argument that the medicine is superior.
C) repeating the commercial again and again to induce mere exposure effect.
D) sending strong arguments that appeal to emotions.

Question 56

Even though Brendan does not like psychology, he is still taking an introductory psychology class because it's a prerequisite for his intended major and he doesn't want to drop the
Course. According to cognitive dissonance theory, Brendan will probably have a(n) ________
Attitude toward psychology by the end of the semester.

A) more positive
B) more negative
C) neutral
D) unchanged

Question 57

After trying new foods, Roger comes to a conclusion that he dislikes oysters but enjoys brussels sprouts because he has always believed that vegetables are healthier foods to eat
Than oysters. Which of the following statements can best explain his preferences?

A) He came to dislike oysters because he has a simple attitude.
B) He came to like brussels sprouts because he has a complex attitude.
C) He came to dislike oysters through mere exposure.
D) He came to like brussels sprouts through low attitude accessibility.

Question 58

Jim has a negative attitude toward healthy eating. Jim's doctor describes research showing that healthy eating can help him live longer. Jim pays very close attention and
Thinks very carefully about his doctor's statements and then changes his attitude toward
Healthy eating. Jim has changed his attitude based on the ________ route to persuasion.

A) central
B) peripheral
C) emotional
D) rational

Question 59

Chris believes that anyone who listens to pop music has bad taste in music. One day, Chris realizes that the song he is dancing and singing along with on the radio is the newest
Pop music hit. Chris now decides that listening to pop music is not so bad after all.
Chris's attitude change is best explained by

A) attitude accessibility.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) implicit attitudes.
D) elaboration likelihood.

Question 60

According to the elaboration likelihood model, persuasion occurs through the ________ routes.

A) central and peripheral
B) implicit and explicit
C) emotional and rational
D) dissonant and consonant

Question 61

Carol received no points on an exam question but thinks she deserves some points back. Carol initially asked the teacher for all of the points for the question. The teacher refused
But gave Carol a few more points. To get more points Carol used the ________ strategy
To induce ________.

A) foot-in-the-door; compliance
B) foot-in-the-door; obedience
C) door-in-the-face; obedience
D) door-in-the-face; compliance

Question 62

Alan's friends all vape. Alan has never wanted to vape and his friends have never asked him to vape. However, Alan still feels compelled to start vaping. The force pushing Alan to start
Vaping is known as

A) obedience.
B) compliance.
C) cooperation.
D) conformity.

Question 63

When all participants in her class said they liked to dance, Jill reported liking to dance, too, even though she dislikes dancing. The way Jill reported an opinion that differed from
Her private preferences about dancing so that her opinion matched that of her classmates
Is an example of

A) conformity.
B) compliance.
C) obedience.
D) bystander intervention effect.

Question 64

Which of the following social psychology principles is illustrated in the Stanford prison study?

A) People will behave according to their social roles in a situation.
B) People are innately, or naturally, violent, unless limited by society.
C) People will not obey orders when the orders violate their principles.
D) People placed in all-male groups will establish a social hierarchy.

Question 65

Victor has not started his paper, which is due tomorrow. He asks his friend Christy if she will write just the first sentence, and she agrees. Then he asks her to write the next sentence.
Next, he asks if she will write the next paragraph. Finally, he asks her to outline the
Whole paper and she agrees. Victor has just used the ________ technique to get Christy
To help him.

A) foot-in-the-door
B) door-in-the-face
C) lowballing
D) obedience

Question 66

When the presence of others leads to enhanced performance, it is an example of

A) social loafing.
B) social facilitation.
C) conformity.
D) deindividuation.

Question 67

Mr. Lahore hired four college students to paint his house. Given what you know about social loafing, which set of conditions is likely to produce the best work by the group of students?

A) Each student paints one room by himself or herself.
B) All the students work together on each room.
C) The students work in two-person teams.
D) The students should all wear the same uniform and paint the rooms together.

Question 68

Elena is working on a team project for her computer science class. Although the entire team is responsible for the project, some people do not feel personally responsible for
Contributing to it. Because of this, some team members do not complete their assigned
Tasks. This is most likely due to

A) group polarization.
B) groupthink.
C) social facilitation.
D) social loafing.

Question 69

Payton and his friends wear matching jerseys at the football game. When his friends start yelling curses at the players, Payton starts cursing, too, even though normally Payton rarely
Yells or curses at anyone. Payton's yelling in this case is best explained by

A) obedience.
B) deindividuation.
C) social loafing.
D) social facilitation.

Question 70

Kat wants a new laptop. She asks her parents to buy a $2,500 laptop. When they refuse, she suggests that they buy her a used laptop for $500, which they do. By starting out with
A higher-priced item, knowing her parents will think the lower-priced item is a more
Reasonable request, Kat is using the ________ strategy to get her parents to buy her a laptop.

A) lowballing
B) informational influence
C) door-in-the-face
D) foot-in-the-door

Question 71

Expected standards of conduct, which influence behaviors, are known as

A) social loafing.
B) deindividuation.
C) social facilitation.
D) social norms.

Question 72

After an earthquake in one city, people were caught up in an overwhelming situation and were not paying attention to their personal standards. As a result, mobs of people looted
The damaged shops and homes. This behavior is most likely a result of

A) social facilitation.
B) group polarization.
C) deindividuation.
D) groupthink.

Question 73

When we conform or go along with what the group does because we want to be liked, it is often due to ________ influence.

A) informational
B) normative
C) groupthink
D) deindividuation

Question 74

Jay has been preparing for a presentation in his public speech course. Jay performs much better in class when his classmates are present than when he practices the speech alone.
Jay's better performance in class is likely due to

A) social loafing.
B) group polarization.
C) social facilitation.
D) normative influence.

Question 75

Cade is driving with his three roommates across the country. Each person individually believes that it is extremely dangerous to drive straight for 48 hours without resting. However, as a
Group, they decide to drive straight for 48 hours without resting. When the group makes
This poor decision, it is most likely demonstrating all of the following psychological principles
EXCEPT

A) deindividuation.
B) groupthink.
C) informational influence.
D) the risky-shift effect.

Question 76

When people are more likely to agree with a small request after refusing a large request, it is an example of the ________ strategy.

A) door-in-the-face
B) foot-in-the-door
C) lowballing
D) risky-shift

Question 77

A fraternity is planning on having a hazing event in a room with a wall of mirrors. If the mirrors make the participants more self-aware, this will ________ hazing by ________.

A) decrease; making the participants pay attention to their personal standards
B) increase; providing a sense of an audience
C) decrease; making participants feel watched
D) increase; posing a challenge to self-esteem

Question 78

As you walk into class, you notice that everyone is sitting on the floor. You consequently sit on the floor, too. In this situation, the fact that you choose to act in a way that matches
The people around you is an example of

A) compliance.
B) obedience.
C) conformity.
D) group polarization.

Question 79

After a riot, several people were arrested. One asked, "How can you single me out of the crowd?" Another said, "Wow, I didn't think I would get caught!" These comments reveal that
The rioters had most likely been experiencing

A) groupthink.
B) deindividuation.
C) social loafing.
D) group polarization.

Question 80

Darius tutors school children for two hours every week. Each month, his boss asks him to tutor one additional hour. By the end of the year, he is tutoring 12 hours a week. To increase
Darius's tutoring hours, his boss has used the ________ strategy.

A) door-in-the-face
B) foot-in-the-door
C) lowballing
D) normative influence