Deck 10: Sentences and Dispositions

Question 1

What is deterrence?

A)the treatment of offenders
B)the protection of society through the prevention of criminal acts
C)a long sentence given to a person who poses a significant risk to society
D)short and alternative sentences in the community

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What type of sentencing is an effective way to achieve crime prevention?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)restoration

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which model is not concerned with treatment success or reduction in the crime rate?

A)rehabilitation
B)healing
C)the justice model
D)selective incapacitation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Estefania is thinking about committing an armed robbery but decides against it because her friend tells her how terrible a period of incarceration is. What type of deterrence has influenced Estefania not to commit a crime?

A)general
B)specific
C)special
D)generic

Question 5

Which type of sentencing focuses upon the social and psychological problems of offenders?

A)rehabilitation
B)selective incapacitation
C)deterrence
D)justice

Question 6

Which type of sentencing focuses upon the crime committed rather than any individual aspects of an offender?

A)the justice model
B)rehabilitation
C)restoration
D)healing

Question 7

According to Zedlewski (1987), what amount of savings would society see in terms of social costs for every $1 spent on incarcerating an offender?

A)$13
B)$15
C)$17
D)$19

Question 8

What type of deterrence involves punishing offenders in the hope that they are deterred from committing crimes in the future?

A)symbolic
B)general
C)specific
D)marginal

Question 9

According to the justice model, what should sentences be based on?

A)the crime committed
B)the protection of the community
C)the social and psychological needs of the offender
D)the possibility of future criminality

Question 10

Which type of sentencing is predicated on reform in the future rather than on the criminal act?

A)rehabilitation
B)selective incapacitation
C)justice model
D)deterrence

Question 11

What element of the restoration approach focuses on placing the offenders in positions where they can experience community disapproval?

A)parsimony
B)control
C)reprobation
D)reintegration

Question 12

What type of deterrence involves a sentence that is severe enough to stop other people from committing crimes?

A)Individual
B)special
C)general
D)specific

Question 13

Which model involves a process of negotiation and agreement between parties to a conflict?

A)the justice model
B)healing
C)rehabilitation
D)selective incapacitation

Question 14

What type of sentencing focuses upon incarcerating chronic offenders?

A)deterrence
B)selective incapacitation
C)rehabilitation
D)restoration

Question 15

Matthew is a Black man who is being sentenced for a crime. Which model holds that extralegal factors such as Matthew's race should not be considered?

A)rehabilitation
B)the justice model
C)healing
D)selective incapacitation

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an option available to sentencing circles?

A)peer counselling
B)mediation
C)employment counselling
D)powwows

Question 17

Which term refers to a process of negotiation and agreement between parties to a conflict?

A)lived experience
B)deterrence
C)rehabilitation
D)selective incapacitation

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a rationale for punishment imposed by the courts?

A)deterrence
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)selective incapacitation

Question 19

What element of the restoration approach focuses upon criminal justice officials justifying their sentences?

A)parsimony
B)control
C)reprobation
D)reintegration

Question 20

Which model favours a sentencing approach with shorter periods of punishment?

A)the justice model
B)healing
C)rehabilitation
D)selective incapacitation

Question 21

In 2014-2015, what was the median length for a period of custody across Canada?

A)15 days
B)30 days
C)45 days
D)60 days

Question 22

By law, what is the maximum limit of intermittent sentences?

A)45 days
B)90 days
C)180 days
D)225 days

Question 23

Which of the following allows offenders to serve their sentences on weekends in order to allow them to keep their jobs?

A)intermittent sentences
B)partial imprisonment
C)restorative sentences
D)flexible sentences

Question 24

During 2014-2015, what percentage of cases involved an outcome of guilt for being unlawfully at large?

A)27 percent
B)47 percent
C)67 percent
D)87 percent

Question 25

During 2014-2015, what percentage of guilty cases resulted in a sentence to federal custody of two years or more?

A)3 percent
B)13 percent
C)23 percent
D)33 percent

Question 26

What was the median length of a probation order in 2014-2015?

A)45 days
B)91 days
C)182 days
D)365 days

Question 27

During 2014-2015, what percentage of cases involving violent crimes resulted in a finding of guilt?

A)9 percent
B)19 percent
C)39 percent
D)49 percent

Question 28

In 2014-2015, for crimes against property, the highest "guilty" percentage was for what type of crime?

A)"other property offences"
B)break and enter
C)fraud
D)shoplifting

Question 29

According to many Indigenous people, what is the objective of justice?

A)deterrence
B)healing
C)selective incapacitation
D)rehabilitation

Question 30

James has been accused of a crime and expects his trial to be completed in a timely manner as per his fundamental Charter right. Within what length of time should James expect to have his trial completed?

A)10 months
B)12 months
C)14 months
D)18 months

Question 31

Which of the following refers to an offender who is not considered to have been convicted of an offence?

A)absolute discharge
B)probation
C)fines
D)restitution

Question 32

What type of punishment is also referred to as a reparation?

A)restorative justice
B)probation
C)absolute discharge
D)community service

Question 33

During 2014-2015, in what percentage of cases disposed of in the adult criminal courts was the accused was found guilty?

A)13 percent
B)33 percent
C)63 percent
D)93 percent

Question 34

For which of the following crimes would Gurpreet see the greatest likelihood of a custodial sentence?

A)homicide
B)attempted murder
C)robbery
D)being unlawfully at large

Question 35

Brayden is convicted of a drug charge and the judge is suggesting she be referred to a substance abuse or behavioural modification program as her sentence. What sentencing option does this exemplify?

A)community-based sanctions
B)conditional discharge
C)community service
D)conditional sentence

Question 36

What was the median length for a period of custody across Canada in 2014-2015?

A)15 days
B)30 days
C)45 days
D)60 days

Question 37

What was the median length of all probation orders during 2014-2015?

A)90 days
B)180 days
C)365 days
D)730 days

Question 38

Of the cases completed in the adult criminal courts 2014-2015, what percentage were for Criminal Code offences?

A)17 percent
B)37 percent
C)57 percent
D)87 percent

Question 39

During 2014-2015, what percentage of cases disposed of in the adult criminal courts resulted in an acquittal?

A)4 percent
B)14 percent
C)24 percent
D)34 percent

Question 40

In 2014-2015, approximately 378,000 cases involving almost 992,000 Criminal Code and other federal statute offences were completed in the adult criminal courts. By what percentage was this a decrease from the previous year?

A)3 percent
B)6 percent
C)9 percent
D)12 percent

Question 41

What section of the Criminal Code was at issue in R. v. Gladue?

A)s. 621(a)
B)s. 718.1(f)
C)s. 718.2(e)
D)s. 721(a)

Question 42

In 2014-2015, what was the median prison sentence for attempted murder?

A)365 days
B)638 days
C)1,277 days
D)2,555 days

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental purpose of sentencing under Bill C-41?

A)to assist in rehabilitating offenders
B)to deter the offender but no other persons from committing offences
C)to denounce unlawful conduct
D)to provide reparations for harm done to victims or the community

Question 44

On appeal, what sentence did the Supreme Court of Canada impose on Mrs. Gladue?

A)a five-year prison term
B)life imprisonment
C)probation
D)a conditional sentence

Question 45

Which of the following is a fundamental principle of Bill C-41 (the Sentencing Reform Bill)?

A)a sentence must be proportionate to the seriousness of the offence
B)a sentence must recognize the harm done to victims and the community
C)a sentence must take into account all of the extralegal factors involved in the case
D)a sentence for a violent crime does not have to be proportionate to the degree of responsibility of the offender

Question 46

What is considered to be a mitigating circumstance at the time of sentencing?

A)the remorse of the offender
B)the organization of the offence
C)the number of criminal incidents
D)the lack of vulnerability of the victim

Question 47

In R. v. Morin, under what circumstance did the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal state that judges should accept the decisions of sentencing circles?

A)when the Elders are willing to support the offender
B)when the victim did not agree to participate
C)when the victim has deep roots in the community
D)when the community and the police are divided on the appropriate sanction

Question 48

In which case in March 2012 did the Supreme Court revisit its decision in Gladue?

A)R. v. Ipeelee
B)R. v. Balgowle
C)R. v. Daygorra
D)R. v. Damper

Question 49

Studies by Hagan (1975) and Boldt et al. (1983) found that judges in Canada followed the recommendations by probation officers in what percentage of cases?

A)75 percent
B)80 percent
C)85 percent
D)90 percent

Question 50

In 2014-2015, what was the median fine for violent crimes?

A)$20
B)$40
C)$60
D)$80

Question 51

Cameron is before the judge to hear what his sentence will be. Before reaching her decision, the judge takes into consideration that Cameron has affiliation and activity with a gang. What type of circumstance does this exemplify?

A)mitigating
B)aggravating
C)moderating
D)diminishing

Question 52

Romario is before the judge to hear what his sentence will be. Before reaching his decision, the judge takes into consideration that Romario was raised in a disadvantaged setting. What type of circumstance does this exemplify?

A)mitigating
B)aggravating
C)moderating
D)diminishing

Question 53

In 2014-2015, what was the median period of incarceration for violent crimes?

A)70 days
B)121 days
C)182 days
D)365 days

Question 54

In 2014-2015, what was the median period of incarceration for property offenses?

A)30 days
B)60 days
C)90 days
D)120 days

Question 55

Which of the following is an aggravating circumstance at the time of sentencing?

A)the prior record of the offender
B)the employment of the offender
C)the guilty plea
D)the disadvantaged background of the offender

Question 56

Which case set out the criteria for sentencing circles?

A)R v. Moses
B)R. v. Williams
C)R v. Morin
D)R v. Joseyounen

Question 57

How many years with no chance of parole did Justin Bourque receive for killing three members of the RCMP and wounding two others?

A)50 years
B)58 years
C)63 years
D)75 years

Question 58

Which of the following was an objective of Bill C-41 (the Sentencing Reform Bill)?

A)to provide a consistent framework of policy and process in sentencing matters
B)to decrease public accessibility to the law relating to sentencing
C)to denounce unlawful conduct
D)to create a system of sentencing policy and process approved by the province

Question 59

In 2014-2015, what was the median fine for violent crimes?

A)$50
B)$100
C)$150
D)$200

Question 60

In 2014-2015, what was the median prison sentence for break and enter?

A)60 days
B)120 days
C)190 days
D)250 days

Question 61

Which type of sentencing approach responds to public concerns that offenders have to be held accountable for their convictions through imprisonment?

A)mandatory maximum sentences
B)restrictive sentences
C)alternative sanctions
D)mandatory minimum sentences

Question 62

The sentencing decision is the least crucial component of our criminal justice system.

Question 63

What is considered to be the main cause of wrongful convictions?

A)unethical prosecutors
B)eyewitness errors
C)overzealous police officers
D)forensic errors

Question 64

You have just been apprehended for breaking and entering to steal a firearm, and this is your second offence. How much time did Bill C-10 propose for your mandatory minimum penalty?

A)one year
B)two years
C)three years
D)four years

Question 65

The crime reduction strategy of mandatory minimum sentences is a method for achieving which of the following?

A)incapacitation
B)deterrence
C)justice
D)recognition of differences among offenders

Question 66

If any specific purpose of sentencing can be said to exist, it is closest to specific deterrence.

Question 67

Specific deterrence refers to reducing "the crime rate by stopping the criminal activities of apprehended offenders and deterring others from committing crimes."

Question 68

By 2015, how many exonerations of individuals had occurred across Canada?

A)17
B)23
C)32
D)48

Question 69

On average, how many years did people serve in prison prior to being exonerated by DNA evidence according to the research by Conway?

A)4 years
B)8 years
C)12 years
D)15 years

Question 70

You witness a crime and are asked to take part in an eyewitness lineup. You are aware of how unreliable they can be, but you hope to help the police apprehend the correct person. Which statement is one of the recommendations you have read about regarding eyewitness lineups?

A)They should be conducted "double-blind."
B)They should always include the person who committed the crime.
C)They should be conducted without instruction to not bias you.
D)They should not be videotaped.

Question 71

Which of the following invites victims to detail the effects the crime has had upon them?

A)victim impact statements
B)victim-offender guidelines
C)victim facilitative statements
D)judicial allowance procedures

Question 72

You have been picked up and are being questioned for a crime you did not commit. However, you are not certain you can convince the justice system that you are innocent. Which of the following might be the main cause if you are wrongfully convicted?

A)forensic error
B)eyewitness error
C)community pressure to convict
D)ineffective legal counsel

Question 73

What percentage of cases in the Scheck (2000) study of post-conviction DNA exonerations of the wrongfully convicted involved either police or prosecutorial misconduct?

A)42 percent
B)55 percent
C)63 percent
D)75 percent

Question 74

Sentencing has been defined as "the judicial determination of a legal sanction to be imposed on a person found guilty of an offence."

Question 75

When a judge combines certain punishments, such as a fine and probation, this is known as a split sentence.

Question 76

In what year were mandatory minimum sentences first introduced into the Criminal Code?

A)1892
B)1926
C)1976
D)1995

Question 77

As a victim of a sexual assault, Robin has the right to present a victim impact statement. This is an example of victim statutory rights under which of the following?

A)An Act to Enact the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act
B)An Act to Endorse the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act
C)An Act to Ensure the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act
D)An Act to Certify the Canadian Victims Bill of Rights Act

Question 78

In the Yukon case R. v. Moses, what was noted as a potential benefit of sentencing circles?

A)a reduced sense of responsibility
B)increased monopoly of professionals
C)increased information flow
D)low participation is encouraged

Question 79

According to Visher, what occurred in the rate of offences after there was a doubling of the prison population in the United States?

A)remained almost the same
B)a 2 to 4 percent reduction
C)a 6 to 9 percent reduction
D)a 12 to 15 percent reduction

Question 80

When a judge combines certain punishments, such as a fine and probation, this is known as a dual sentence.