Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

According to the diathesis-stress model,and based solely on the information provided,which person is most likely to experience a depressed state?

A) Jane,who experienced neglect as a child and has low levels of stress at work
B) Jaleesa,who had a pleasant childhood but now has high levels of stress at work
C) Janice,who has a family history of mental illness and was recently laid off from her job
D) Jennifer,who has no family history of mental illness and was recently laid off from her job

Answer 1

Janice,who has a family history of mental illness and was recently laid off from her job

Question 2

Because there are several factors in addition to vulnerability and stress that can lead to psychological disorders,many psychologists today rely on

A) a biopsychosocial approach.
B) criteria in DSM-5.
C) the diathesis-stress model.
D) a dimensional approach.

Answer 2

the diathesis-stress model.

Question 3

When Marcus rides the elevator at work,he always stands facing the back of the elevator car.Although this goes against standard social practice and makes his coworkers uncomfortable,it is more likely to be psychopathology if it is

A) impairing good daily functioning.
B) odd,but not maladaptive.
C) caused by a stressor.
D) acceptable in different cultures.

Answer 3

impairing good daily functioning.

Question 4

Dr.Janus is seeing a client diagnosed with depression who experienced trauma as a child.Dr.Janus believes this trauma predisposed the client to overreact to life's difficult circumstances.As a result,her recent breakup resulted in a depressed state.Dr.Janus's perspective on his client's problems seems to be most consistent with the

A) biopsychosocial approach.
B) criteria in DSM-5.
C) diathesis-stress model.
D) dimensional approach.

Question 5

According to the biopsychosocial model,which of the following is a psychological factor that could influence the development of a mental disorder?

A) imbalances in neurotransmitters
B) abnormal thoughts
C) living in poverty
D) getting divorced

Question 6

Germaine has a nervous personality.This semester,he is enrolled in 18 credit hours while also studying for his medical school exam.Although he never had them before,Germaine starts having panic attacks during exams.In this situation,the diathesis is ________,and the stressor is ________.

A) the medical school exam;his personality
B) his personality;the medical school exam
C) the first panic attack;his course load
D) his course load;the first panic attack

Question 7

Willie is on the bus with his classmates.Who is most likely to be diagnosed with psychopathology based on the criteria that his or her behavior impairs good daily functioning?

A) Jemima,who plays loud music on her cell phone even though it is against the rules
B) Marvin,who gets sad if he cannot sit behind the bus driver
C) Elizabeth,who must walk up and down the bus steps 10 times before getting on
D) Bruce,who prefers to look out the window instead of talking to his seatmate

Question 8

Women experience eating disorders more often than men.This fact is evidence for the idea that ________ factors can influence psychopathology.

A) cognitive
B) dimensional
C) comorbidity
D) biological

Question 9

According to the diathesis-stress model,mental disorders are caused by both ________ and stress.

A) a predisposition to mental illness
B) unconscious conflicts
C) sociocultural factors
D) abnormal thought processes

Question 10

Arianna refuses to eat,has stopped bathing,has quit going to work and paying bills,and no longer talks to people.Should Arianna be diagnosed with a mental disorder?

A) No,her behavior may be odd,but it is adaptive for her.
B) No,but her behavior differs from the norms of her culture.
C) Yes,her behavior is clearly causing her personal distress.
D) Yes,her behavior is maladaptive.

Question 11

Dianne is convinced she has developed an anxiety disorder because she has an underlying biological condition that was brought out by living in a stressful environment.Dianne's belief about how she developed psychopathology is most consistent with

A) a biopsychosocial approach.
B) a dimensional approach.
C) comorbidity.
D) the diathesis-stress model.

Question 12

Dr.Clarkson is treating a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).He learns that the client's parents divorced and she has never felt loved because her father left the family.By looking for the issues that led to the development of her OCD,Dr.Clarkson is

A) making a diagnosis.
B) attempting to assess function.
C) attempting to determine etiology.
D) making a prognosis.

Question 13

Mellie has not been out of the house in three weeks because she is afraid that people are following her and planning on hurting her,which makes her very worried.Mellie's neighbors are worried about her.Which of the following statements does NOT characterize Mellie's experience?

A) Her behavior may be adaptive.
B) Her behavior is upsetting to others.
C) Her behavior deviates from social norms.
D) Her behavior is personally distressing.

Question 14

After meeting with Ramie for several sessions,Dr.Morris discusses her prognosis.Dr.Morris is most likely talking about

A) how Ramie's mental disorder is defined.
B) the likely cause of Ramie's disorder.
C) whether he has correctly diagnosed Ramie's disorder.
D) the future course and probable outcome of Ramie's disorder.

Question 15

Zarina is talking to spirits that no one else can see.She sometimes "channels" the spirits so they can talk with living people.Based on this information,Zarina

A) should be diagnosed with schizophrenia.
B) definitely has a mental health disorder.
C) may be acting normally,depending on her cultural background and beliefs.
D) is showing behavior that is personally distressing and maladaptive.

Question 16

Family relationships,personality,and genetic factors that might contribute to psychological disorders would be elements that psychologists who follow ________ would consider.

A) a biopsychosocial approach
B) criteria in DSM-5
C) the diathesis-stress model
D) a dimensional approach

Question 17

Many psychologists have noticed that certain mental disorders are more common among people living in lower socioeconomic groups.The approach to psychopathology that best accounts for this observation is the

A) general adaptation syndrome.
B) criteria in DSM-5.
C) dimensional approach.
D) biopsychosocial approach.

Question 18

Peter is a clinical psychologist.When determining whether a client's behavior shows psychopathology,he should use all of the following criteria EXCEPT whether the

A) behavior is maladaptive.
B) client recognizes that he or she has a disorder.
C) behavior deviates from cultural norms.
D) person is experiencing distress.

Question 19

Carlson notices that a friend is acting different than usual and the friend does not seem to realize that her behavior is odd.This concerns Carlson that her friend may be experiencing

A) psychopathology.
B) diathesis-stress.
C) etiology.
D) prognosis.

Question 20

When studying psychological disorders,Ernesto learns that the diathesis-stress model suggests that

A) certain biological or environmental factors make us vulnerable to mental illness,but do not directly cause it.
B) people with a genetic propensity for a disorder will always develop it.
C) mental disorders are common in families experiencing a high level of stress.
D) an individual's ability to cope with stress is the best predictor of mental disorders.

Question 21

Gloria sometimes finds herself experiencing episodes of sudden overpowering terror and worry that come out of nowhere and make her short of breath.Based on this,Gloria might be diagnosed with

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) agoraphobia.
C) panic disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 22

Research has found that a consequence of experiencing persistent panic attacks is a(n)

A) increased risk of suicide.
B) decrease in having other anxiety disorders.
C) decrease in amygdala functioning.
D) increased risk of developing a disorder of thought.

Question 23

Emil Kraepelin is well known in the field of psychology because he noticed that not all people with psychopathology were experiencing the same disorder.Further,he could identify different types of psychopathology by grouping clients' symptoms.Because of this classification system,Kraepelin's work is the basis for the

A) study of the etiology of mental disorders.
B) biopsychosocial approach.
C) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
D) diathesis-stress model.

Question 24

A woman is sitting on a bench.She is sweating profusely,is short of breath,has numbness in her feet and hands,and feels as though she is dying.The woman is most likely experiencing

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) a panic attack.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) a specific phobia.

Question 25

Because Simone works with clients who have anxiety disorders,she knows that the key characteristic of this group of mental disorder is

A) changing moods that are not related to events in the environment.
B) disorganized thoughts and high physical activation.
C) feelings of increasing nervousness in the absence of threat.
D) ongoing problems with interpersonal relationships.

Question 26

Stephanie has social phobia.The more social fears she has,the more likely she is to

A) respond poorly to treatment.
B) develop depression.
C) develop a specific phobia.
D) avoid drugs and alcohol.

Question 27

Dr.Leung gives all of her clients a questionnaire about sleeping and eating habits,daily activities,and emotional states.Based on this information,Dr.Leung can determine whether depressive symptoms are present.Dr.Leung is using ________ to assess psychopathology.

A) self-reports
B) DSM-5
C) psychological testing
D) observations

Question 28

Lillian is experiencing an anxiety disorder in which she is afraid of not being able to escape what she perceives to be a threatening situation.Based on this,Lillian is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) a specific phobia.
B) agoraphobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) social phobia.

Question 29

Johann and Elias are participants in a research study.One task involves reading an ambiguous story,which participants can interpret in different ways.Johann interprets the story as threatening.Elias,however,interprets the story as comical.What conclusions can you draw about Johann and Elias?

A) Johann is more likely than Elias to experience excessive anxiety.
B) Elias tends to disregard others' feelings,whereas Johann is highly sensitive to others' feelings.
C) Johann and Elias are likely to have different disorders of emotion.
D) Elias probably experiences mood dysfunction,but Johann does not.

Question 30

When a person experiences two or more disorders at the same time it is called

A) the dimensional approach.
B) bimodal distribution.
C) diathesis-stress.
D) comorbidity.

Question 31

Nicole frequently has panic attacks.She knows that she is having an attack when she experiences all of the following EXCEPT

A) sweating.
B) feelings of going crazy or dying.
C) a fast heart rate.
D) chest pain lasting for hours.

Question 32

Lisa has a normal response to stress when she is worried about losing her job.Lisa's reaction may become an anxiety disorder if it

A) is paired with under-arousal of her autonomic nervous system.
B) lasts for more than a few weeks.
C) is excessive in the absence of a true threat.
D) goes undiagnosed.

Question 33

What are the four methods mentioned in your text for assessing psychological problems?

A) physiological tests,parent/spouse/other-report,psychological testing,and observation
B) interview,self-report,observation,and psychological testing
C) brain scan imaging,interview,physiological tests,and self-report
D) behavioral assessment,interview,physiological tests,brain scan imaging

Question 34

The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) describes disorders in terms of

A) historical significance.
B) treatment outcomes.
C) observable symptoms.
D) prevalence in the population.

Question 35

Jonah experiences nearly constant anxiety that is not associated with a specific thing.Jonah is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) panic disorder.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) agoraphobia.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 36

Dr.Vissage accurately describes the relationship between panic attacks and agoraphobia in which of the following statements?

A) Having panic attacks has little to do with the development of agoraphobia.
B) Agoraphobia rarely occurs without panic attacks.
C) Panic attacks and agoraphobia have different biological causes.
D) Both panic attacks and agoraphobia result from having specific phobias in childhood.

Question 37

Jared had to quit his job because while he was at work,he constantly worried about a wide variety of things,including what his wife and children were doing at home.In addition,he is easily distracted,often irritable,and sleep deprived.Jared is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) agoraphobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) panic attacks.

Question 38

Dr.Arrigan treats many clients with schizophrenia.Some of them function very well and are able to hold jobs and maintain social relationships.Others are mostly confined to their houses and rely on the care of others.Which approach to diagnosing mental disorders allows Dr.Arrigan to classify all of these clients as having schizophrenia based on the different degree of severity of their symptoms?

A) the diathesis-stress model
B) the biopsychosocial approach
C) the dimensional approach
D) the psychological testing approach

Question 39

Which of the following two disorders are most similar in that they always involve worry over a certain situation or object?

A) phobias and generalized anxiety disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
C) panic attacks and social anxiety disorder
D) social anxiety disorder and specific phobias

Question 40

The psychological disorder that is probably LEAST disruptive to daily life is ________ because ________.

A) panic disorder;one's daily life is only minimally affected
B) generalized anxiety disorder;the fearful feelings are usually mild and last only a short time
C) a specific phobia;the feared object or situation can often be avoided
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder;this disorder involves thoughts that are often easy to ignore

Question 41

Some people experience significant depressive symptoms only during the winter months,a disorder informally called

A) winter blues syndrome (WBS).
B) affective personality disorder (APD).
C) cyclical depressive pattern (CDP).
D) seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

Question 42

Depression is sometimes referred to as "the common cold of psychological disorders" because

A) it is the most prevalent psychological disorder,affecting millions of people.
B) it is easily transmitted from person to person,like the common cold.
C) there is no effective treatment for it.
D) even if a person gets over it,he or she can expect to get it again.

Question 43

Research has found that the cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder may be linked to all of the following EXCEPT

A) genetics.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 44

Tommy has obsessions about cleanliness and is a compulsive handwasher.Which of the following pieces of evidence would support the view that his obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to operant conditioning?

A) Although his parents have punished Tommy many times for handwashing,he continues to engage in the behavior.
B) Tommy sees his brother engage in compulsive handwashing,so he also engages in the behavior.
C) Tommy experiences a large reduction in anxiety whenever he washes his hands,so he continues the behavior whenever he becomes anxious.
D) Tommy read a sign saying that handwashing helps prevent illness.

Question 45

You are worried because you have been feeling very down lately.Which of the following would most likely DECREASE your risk of developing major depressive disorder?

A) damaging your left prefrontal cortex
B) attributing positive events in your life to your own hard work
C) entering REM sleep more often and staying in REM sleep longer
D) feeling that you are not capable of changing your life's course

Question 46

According to the learned helplessness model of depression,some people with depression

A) think they have no control over the outcomes of events they experience.
B) attribute outcomes to situational factors that are specific and temporary.
C) explain negative events as a result of their own negative personality traits.
D) make errors in logic when explaining outcomes they have experienced.

Question 47

In some cases,the mania in bipolar I is so severe it results in psychosis,which is

A) intense anxiety.
B) a personality disorder.
C) a comorbid disorder.
D) a failure to recognize reality.

Question 48

The two types of depressive disorders are

A) major depressive disorder and anxiety.
B) persistent depressive disorder and mania.
C) major and persistent depressive disorders.
D) persistent and dysthymic depressive disorders.

Question 49

Nearly everyone sometimes experiences periods of sadness or of feeling down or depressed.However,these feelings,although common,are not likely to be diagnosed as depression by psychologists.This is because

A) periods of sadness must also include a component of anxiety or worry to qualify for a diagnosis of depression.
B) only lasting episodes of depressed mood that interfere with a person's life and cause significant distress would require a diagnosis and treatment of depression.
C) psychologists do not diagnose or treat depression;the diagnosis can only be made by a medical doctor.
D) people who suffer from "the blues" often don't realize that they are depressed and so they don't seek treatment.

Question 50

A mood disorder characterized by mildly or moderately depressed moods that persists for two years or more is called

A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) ordinary periodic sadness.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

Question 51

When Valerie leaves her house,she experiences unwelcome thoughts that make her nervous,so she engages in repetitive behaviors that make her feel calmer so she can get into her car.Based on this,Valerie is most likely to be diagnosed with

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) generalized anxiety disorder.
C) social phobia.
D) panic attacks.

Question 52

Individuals diagnosed with depression tend to attribute negative outcomes to ________ and positive outcomes to ________.

A) others;themselves
B) personal shortcomings;luck
C) chance;chance
D) errors in logic;their unconscious selves

Question 53

Fernando cannot stop worrying that a thief is going to break into his apartment,so he keeps checking the doors to make sure they are locked.Fernando's worrisome thoughts about a break-in are a(n) ________.The fact that Fernando checks the locks over and over is a(n) ________.

A) compulsion;obsession
B) obsession;compulsion
C) phobia;ritual
D) ritual;phobia

Question 54

Women in developing countries,such as India,Brazil,and Chile,experience more ________ than women in developed countries.

A) mania
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) specific phobias
D) depression

Question 55

Sarah is a practicing clinical psychologist.She should expect to see

A) roughly equal numbers of clients with bipolar disorder and clients with depression.
B) many more clients with depression than clients with bipolar disorder.
C) more females than males with bipolar disorder.
D) more males than females with depression.

Question 56

Lithium has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of ________ disorders.However,clients frequently refuse to take this drug because it ________.

A) bipolar;reduces their positive feelings
B) depressive;increases their appetite for food
C) bipolar;decreases their sexual motivation
D) depressive;decreases the length of depressive episodes but makes them more severe

Question 57

Current genetic research has found that bipolar disorder has a strong and complex genetic component.Perhaps one reason that the genetic component of bipolar disorder is so strong is that

A) it is probably linked to more than one gene.
B) the gene that triggers bipolar is inherently recessive.
C) one single gene that is common to many people seems to be responsible.
D) bipolar disorder is more common in the population than depression.

Question 58

According to Aaron Beck,a person who is experiencing depression is most likely to have which of the following thoughts after failing an exam?

A) "I did not have enough time to study;I will do better next time."
B) "Oh well,it was a hard test.Most of the class probably did poorly,too."
C) "This professor is out to get me."
D) "I am so stupid.There is no way I can pass this course."

Question 59

Malcolm worries that shaking hands with strangers will infect him with germs.Therefore,he washes his hands after every time he meets someone new.Malcolm is displaying signs of

A) panic attacks.
B) social phobia.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 60

Obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder are both characterized by

A) compulsive behaviors.
B) overarousal of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C) damage to the prefrontal cortex.
D) fear in the absence of real danger.

Question 61

In clients with schizophrenia,men are more likely than women to experience

A) positive symptoms.
B) disorganized behavior.
C) delusions.
D) negative symptoms.

Question 62

Dr.Clark is treating clients with schizophrenia who have disorganized speech.She notices that their speech

A) is similar to that of people with depressive disorders.
B) is always very simple,like that of a child.
C) shifts rapidly between topics with no obvious logic.
D) is delayed in its development by several years.

Question 63

Compared with people who do not develop schizophrenia,people who develop schizophrenia

A) show more negative emotions and motor disturbances as children.
B) seek treatment at a younger age.
C) are more likely to take their medications.
D) tend to be higher functioning intellectually as children.

Question 64

Mary experiences long periods of time when she feels very depressed.However,she occasionally goes through phases where she is highly focused on her painting and she creates beautiful works that provide a rewarding experience to her.It is most likely that Mary would be diagnosed with ________ disorder.

A) major depressive
B) bipolar II
C) persistent depressive
D) bipolar I

Question 65

Which psychological disorder literally means "splitting of the mind" and is characterized by a split between thoughts and emotions?

A) bipolar disorder
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) depressive disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 66

One of your roommates comes from a small rural town and the other is from a large city.Does this factor affect their probability of experiencing a schizophrenic episode?

A) No,genetic factors override environmental factors in schizophrenia.
B) Maybe,depending on how stressful each person's environment is.
C) Yes,the person from the urban area may be at higher risk for developing schizophrenia.
D) Yes,the person from the rural area may be at higher risk for developing schizophrenia.

Question 67

In order to meet the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5,people with bipolar I disorder must experience

A) either mania or a major depressive episode.
B) a major depressive episode.
C) both mania and a major depressive episode.
D) mania only.

Question 68

Phoenix hears voices in his head that tell him to punch holes in the walls of his room.Because Phoenix perceives the voices without an external auditory stimulus,he is experiencing

A) a delusion.
B) a hallucination.
C) apathy.
D) loosening of associations.

Question 69

Carrie recently quit her job,packed up her car,and drove to Las Vegas,where she gambled away her entire life savings in 24 hours.Based on this,Carrie may be experiencing

A) a manic episode.
B) depression.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) a panic attack.

Question 70

Klaus has schizophrenia and believes that the ketchup dispenser at McDonalds sends him messages every Tuesday.Klaus's belief about this object being particularly special to him is an example of which type of delusion?

A) control
B) referential
C) grandiose
D) identity

Question 71

Carmen believes that she has the amazing power to control the thoughts of her classmates and make them do what she wants.Mandy believes that all her classmates are trying to manipulate her thoughts.Carmen is experiencing ________ delusions,while Mandy is experiencing ________ delusions.

A) grandiose;control
B) control;grandiose
C) persecution;control
D) grandiose;persecution

Question 72

Caroline acts strangely and it interferes with her life.She uses an old grocery cart to collect trash from the street.She wears multiple layers of clothing even when it is hot outside.She frequently seems to be talking to someone,though no one is nearby.Caroline is most likely

A) experiencing severe bipolar disorder.
B) going to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
C) showing both obsessions and compulsions.
D) displaying the disorganized behavior that is associated with schizophrenia.

Question 73

A woman says the following illogical sentences: "The eagle takes flight at three o'clock and flies here from General Electric.I get my check from the eagle;he goes from the mailbox to make a payment.He is a secret spy for my husband and makes a shotgun sound." Based on what she says,this woman is most likely experiencing ________ and is displaying a ________ symptom.

A) schizophrenia;negative
B) bipolar I;negative
C) schizophrenia;positive
D) bipolar I;positive

Question 74

John was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia.He frequently makes statements that are not logical and contain repeating rhyming words,such as "The train brain rained on me." In this example,John is displaying

A) disorganized speech.
B) hallucinations.
C) delusions.
D) negative symptoms.

Question 75

Research has shown that schizophrenia is influenced by biological factors.Specifically,brain-imaging studies have shown that in people with schizophrenia

A) the brain's ventricles become smaller over time.
B) the frontal and occipital lobes show a dramatic increase in activity.
C) the amount of overall brain tissue is reduced.
D) both the amygdala and the hippocampus are not very active.

Question 76

Nash believes he is a part of a secret spy organization that sends coded messages to its informants through television commercials.Based on this,Nash is most likely experiencing

A) hallucinations.
B) delusions.
C) negative symptoms.
D) disorganized behavior.

Question 77

Dwight is very apathetic toward others.He does not show much outward emotion,his speech is slow,and he speaks in a monotone.If Dwight has been diagnosed with schizophrenia,then what he is displaying are ________ symptoms.

A) positive
B) disorganized
C) negative
D) delusional

Question 78

Which of the following conditions would place you at the greatest risk of developing schizophrenia during your lifetime?

A) Both of your parents have the disorder.
B) Your fraternal twin has the disorder.
C) Your spouse has the disorder.
D) There are generally higher rates of schizophrenia in your culture.

Question 79

Dr.Black is interviewing a client.The client displays only the following symptoms: he rarely responds to the doctor's questions,shows no emotions,and does not make eye contact.Is Dr.Black able to make a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A) Yes,because he is displaying negative symptoms.
B) No,because he is not displaying any hallucinations.
C) Yes,because he is displaying at least two of the five major symptoms.
D) No,because he is only displaying one of the five major symptoms.

Question 80

Simon is certain that every time he unlocks his front door,he is actually being tricked into opening up his mind to allow aliens to spy on his thoughts.Simon is most likely experiencing which type of delusion?

A) control
B) referential
C) guilt
D) persecution