Deck 12: Stress, coping, and Health

Question 1

According to which physician is stress viewed as a specific set of responses to demands?

A) Carl Rogers
B) Hans Selye
C) Frederick Perls
D) Patrick Cooper

Answer 1

Hans Selye

Question 2

What are the three stages identified by Hans Selye in the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Alarm,fight,and escape
B) Alarm,resistance,and retorting
C) Alarm,resistance,and exhaustion
D) Awareness,acceptance,and solution

Answer 2

Alarm,resistance,and exhaustion

Question 3

In his experiment with rats,Hans Selye noticed that exposing the animals to a wide range of physical stressors (cold,heat,swimming,injections)caused their bodies to respond in two ways.The second response was not specific to any particular stressor but was a general response geared toward energizing and protecting the body from harm.What was the term that Selye used for this response,which occurred in reaction to any significant demand on the body?

A) Reflex action
B) Stress response
C) Voluntary reactions
D) Survival tactics

Answer 3

Stress response

Question 4

Major cataclysmic events and personal major events are two forms of ____.

A) stressors
B) losses
C) Malthusian laws
D) natural disasters

Question 5

What type of psychologist studies the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness?

A) Behavioral psychologist
B) Health psychologist
C) Physiotherapist
D) General psychologist

Question 6

The September 11th terrorist attacks are an example of what form of stressor?

A) A daily hassle
B) A major cataclysmic event
C) A general stress response
D) Biogenic fear event

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a major cataclysmic event?

A) Death of a child
B) Being robbed at gunpoint
C) Experiencing a hurricane
D) All of the above

Question 8

What interdisciplinary model assumes that health and overall wellness are influenced by a complex interaction of biological,psychological,and sociocultural factors?

A) Model of health and wellness
B) Bioenergetic model of health
C) Holistic health model
D) Biopsychosocial model

Question 9

If something angers or frightens an individual,which is the system that will prepare him or her for "fight or flight" by slowing digestion,accelerating heart rate,raising blood sugar,and cooling the body with perspiration?

A) Sympathetic nervous system
B) Central nervous system as a whole
C) Parasympathetic nervous system
D) Immune system

Question 10

What did Selye call his "model of stress" in which an event that threatens an organism's well-being leads to a three-stage bodily response?

A) Biopsychosocial perspective
B) General response syndrome
C) Model of general adaptation
D) General adaptation syndrome

Question 11

Which response in the general adaptation syndrome is essentially the "fight-or-fight" response?

A) Resistance
B) Alarm
C) Exhaustion
D) Retaliation

Question 12

What field of science integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and then applies that knowledge to health and illness?

A) Biomedicine
B) Behavioral medicine
C) Medical psychology
D) Behavioral health

Question 13

____ activates the body's energy resources to deal with threatening situations.

A) Parasympathetic nervous system
B) Sympathetic nervous system
C) Central nervous system
D) Food consumption

Question 14

What do we call our response to events that disturb,or threaten to disturb,our physical or psychological equilibrium?

A) Fear
B) Arousal
C) Irritability
D) Stress

Question 15

What is the term used for events that disrupt our equilibrium?

A) Imbalance
B) Stressors
C) Impact
D) Decider

Question 16

In which of the following situations would you most likely experience the "fight or flight" syndrome?

A) You come around the corner in an unfamiliar house,see a glimpse of a person and you're startled.It's you in the mirror.
B) You are driving down the highway going about 10 miles over the speed limit and you see a police car out of the corner of your eye.
C) You are walking down a dark alley and you hear a noise.A man is coming toward you with a knife in his hand.
D) You are walking your dog down the sidewalk when suddenly he's out of his collar and running across the busy street.

Question 17

Which scientist is most known for his work concerning "how our body reacts to stress"?

A) Hans Selye
B) Thomas Young
C) Cyril Burt
D) Francis Galton

Question 18

The death of a spouse can be categorized as which form of stressor?

A) Major cataclysmic event
B) Loss event
C) Personal major event
D) Proximity-affecting event

Question 19

The ____ reaction produces an initial shock phase during which the sympathetic nervous system is activated.

A) retaliation
B) alarm
C) resistance
D) exhaustion

Question 20

Symptoms of ____ include anxiety,social withdrawal,survivor guilt,and flashbacks of the event.

A) personality disorder
B) mood disorder
C) post-traumatic stress disorder
D) obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 21

While encountering a stressful event,instead of changing the stressors themselves,Mark decides to manage "how he feels" about the stressors.What best describes Mark's approach to this event?

A) Problem-focused coping
B) Emotion-focused coping
C) Emotional-reaction strategy
D) Situation-appraisal factor

Question 22

Who was one of the first researchers to examine how we interpret and evaluate stressors in our lives?

A) Hans Selye
B) Richard Lazarus
C) Philip Martin
D) Susan Folkman

Question 23

What is the relationship between perception of competency in terms of handling stressors and level of stress one experiences?

A) As one's perception of competence decreases,the level of stress experienced decreases.
B) As one's perception of competence increases,the level of stress experienced increases.
C) As one's perception of competence increases,the level of stress experienced decreases.
D) There is no relation between competency and stress.

Question 24

When faced with class problems,which coping strategy might involve trying not to cry when speaking to your professor,seeking sympathy from your friends,or immersing yourself in some other activity to take your mind off your academic troubles?

A) Action-reaction coping
B) Solution-focused coping
C) Problem-focused coping
D) Emotion-focused coping

Question 25

____ coping consists of efforts to manage your emotional reactions to stressors rather than trying to change the stressors themselves.

A) Problem-focused
B) Emotion-focused
C) Solution-focused
D) Nonreaction-focused

Question 26

Max is walking through the San Diego Zoo and hears an attendant whispering to another zoo employee that a lion may have escaped and may be loose in the zoo.According to Richard Lazarus,which part of the cognitive appraisal process most likely occurs in that instant in Max's mind?

A) Psychological awareness
B) Problem-focused coping
C) Secondary appraisal
D) Primary appraisal

Question 27

____ is essential in defining whether a situation is a threat,how big a threat it is,and what resources you have to deal with the threat.

A) Primary appraisal
B) Cognitive appraisal
C) Secondary appraisal
D) Context appraisal

Question 28

Which stage was Hans Selye describing when he said a "kind of premature aging due to wear and tear"?

A) Resistance
B) Alarm
C) Adaptation
D) Exhaustion

Question 29

In what stage does the parasympathetic nervous system return many functions to normal levels-even when the stressor persists?

A) Alarm
B) Exhaustion
C) Resistance
D) It doesn't.If the stressor persists,the system remains heightened.

Question 30

In which stage of the cognitive appraisal process does one assess whether he or she has the ability to cope with the stressor(s)?

A) Initial appraisal
B) Primary appraisal
C) Secondary appraisal
D) Action-reaction appraisal

Question 31

What type of a participant is an individual,according to Richard Lazarus,when he or she evaluates and responds to stressors?

A) Active
B) Passive
C) Bystander
D) Willing

Question 32

Gender differences suggest that instead of a "fight or flight" response,women tend to have a ____ response when they are exposed to stressors.

A) "tend and befriend"
B) "relax and sleep"
C) "intimidation or fight"
D) "flirt and pout"

Question 33

You witness a vehicle accident on Highway 10.You are driving the car right behind the vehicle that just went off the road and flipped over.You realize that you have to do something to help the accident victims and you begin quickly assessing in your mind what kind of assistance that you can and cannot offer.According to the cognitive appraisal process,what are you engaging in at this time?

A) Secondary appraisal
B) Primary appraisal
C) Primary-focused coping
D) Emotion-focused coping

Question 34

After failing your second psychology quiz,you make an appointment with the Learning Resource Center and surf an online study skills Web site.According to the text,what strategy are you engaging in?

A) Cognitive appraisal strategy
B) Emotion-focused coping strategy
C) Problem-reduction coping strategy
D) Problem-focused coping strategy

Question 35

What term did Richard Lazarus use to describe the process of interpreting and evaluating stressors in our lives?

A) Psychological awareness
B) Independent self-concept
C) Cognitive appraisal
D) Context appraisal

Question 36

Which strategy is aimed at reducing stress by overcoming the source of the problem?

A) Problem-involved coping
B) Source-reduction coping
C) Emotion-focused coping
D) Problem-focused coping

Question 37

In contrast to the purely biological view of stress in the 1950s,later research found that ____ was a necessary component in the stress response?

A) psychological awareness of the stressor
B) psychological irritation
C) a need for personal control over the stressor
D) achievement of homeostasis

Question 38

Hans Selye's model views a person as a(n)____ recipient of stressors,while Richard Lazarus' model conceives of the person as a(n)____ participant in evaluating and responding to stressors.

A) active;passive
B) passive;active
C) voluntary;involuntary
D) direct;indirect

Question 39

What are the two stages identified by Richard Lazarus in the cognitive appraisal process?

A) Primary and secondary appraisals
B) Initial and final appraisals
C) Initial and catalytic appraisals
D) Response and reactive appraisals

Question 40

Which of the two stages identified by Richard Lazarus in the cognitive appraisal process involves an initial evaluation of the situation?

A) Initial appraisal
B) Secondary appraisal
C) Primary appraisal
D) Catalytic appraisal

Question 41

Predictability of the stressor,perceptions of control,ones personality,and the availability of social support are some of the factors that moderate an individual's reactions to ____.

A) inhibitions
B) stress
C) unexpected observations
D) mental disorder

Question 42

Which system is strongly affected by the emotional responses related to stress and is also associated with the primary causes of death?

A) Immune system
B) Sympathetic nervous system
C) Cardiovascular system
D) Central nervous system

Question 43

B cells,T cells,and natural killer cells are three important types of cells in what system?

A) Parasympathetic
B) Autonomic
C) Immune
D) Central nervous

Question 44

Which are the immune system cells that are formed in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue,and attack cancer cells,viruses,and other antigens?

A) B cells
B) Natural killer cells
C) T cells
D) TOP cells

Question 45

According to the diathesis-stress model,what conditions are necessary for a disease to occur?

A) Stress
B) Environmental exposure to the disease
C) A predisposition for the disease
D) Both a and c

Question 46

____ cells of the immune system are formed in the bone marrow and produce antibodies,which are protein molecules that attach themselves to antigens and mark them for destruction.

A) T
B) B
C) Natural killer
D) Hypoglossal

Question 47

What is the relationship between stress and influenza?

A) The mosquito-borne virus is more likely to mutate and become more virulent when the host animal is under stress.
B) Stress strengthens the immune system's response during viral infection and helps the body fight influenza.
C) Stress diminishes the immune system's response during viral infection and thus reduces the body's ability to fight the virus.
D) There is no relationship.

Question 48

What are the foreign cells that are destroyed by the immune system cells?

A) Platelets
B) Antigens
C) Antibodies
D) Coagulants

Question 49

Chronic stress reduces the efficiency of the ____ system,making us ____ susceptible to disease.

A) immune;less
B) immune;more
C) central nervous;less
D) central nervous;more

Question 50

A condition called ____ occurs when the heart does not receive sufficient blood.It occurs during daily mental strain and also following anger-inducing stressors.

A) ischemia
B) myocardio infarction
C) angina
D) agraphia

Question 51

The ____ cells destroy foreign cells known as antigens and learns their ____ to better target them in the future.

A) immune system;characteristics
B) stem;propagation technique
C) red blood;destruction mechanisms
D) platelet;propagation systems

Question 52

The ____ system is made up of specialized cells,tissues,and organs that react to and destroy cells that are determined to not be part of the body.

A) immune
B) cardiovascular
C) central nervous
D) parasympathetic nervous

Question 53

Which system is the body's primary defense against disease?

A) Sensory
B) Cardiovascular
C) Autonomic
D) Immune

Question 54

Name the two bodily systems that have received the most attention by researchers studying stress-related diseases.

A) Cardiovascular system and immune system
B) Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
C) Autonomic nervous system and immune system
D) Cardiovascular system and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 55

Which approach is used most often when you feel you have the resources to overcome the problem?

A) Problem-focused coping
B) Resource-focused coping
C) Active-cognitive coping
D) Emotion-focused coping

Question 56

____ and diseases of the arteries that nourish the heart are primary risk factors behind heart attacks and sudden death.

A) Cancer
B) Hypertension
C) Overactive thyroid
D) All of the above

Question 57

____ cells of the immune system fight viruses and tumors.

A) T
B) Natural killer
C) B
D) TOP

Question 58

Individuals resort to a(n)____ when they believe that problems are beyond their control.

A) problem-focused strategy
B) action-focused strategy
C) emotion-focused strategy
D) reaction-focused strategy

Question 59

What term is given to stress-related physical illnesses?

A) Psychophysiological disorders
B) Psychosomatic disorders
C) Biopsychological disorders
D) Biosomatic disorders

Question 60

____ is the pathway through which the immune system and the brain communicate.

A) Somatosensory cortex
B) Primary sensory response
C) Stress response
D) Autonomic nervous system response

Question 61

People with which personality dimension explain uncontrollable negative events as due to external factors that are unstable or changeable and specific?

A) Pessimistic explanatory style
B) Optimistic explanatory style
C) Positive coping
D) Normative explanatory style

Question 62

What is the toxic component in the Type A behavior pattern?

A) Ambition
B) A hard-driving approach to life
C) Cynical hostility
D) Both a and b

Question 63

Whether an event will become a harmful stressor is often determined by its ____.

A) predictability
B) explanatory style
C) normativeness
D) stability

Question 64

Individuals with a ____ style explain uncontrollable negative events as being caused by internal factors that are stable and global.

A) optimistic explanatory
B) pessimistic explanatory
C) sadistic explanatory
D) secluded behavior

Question 65

Which behavior pattern is characterized by a patient,relaxed,easygoing approach to life,with little hurry or hostility?

A) Optimistic explanatory behavior pattern
B) Type A behavior pattern
C) Type B behavior pattern
D) Balanced behavior pattern

Question 66

The tendency to assume that outcomes occur because of our own efforts is referred to as ____.

A) external locus control
B) self-control locus
C) individualized locus control
D) internal locus of control

Question 67

Research suggests that people with an optimistic explanatory style have higher numbers of ____ that mediate immune reactions to infection than those with a pessimistic explanatory style.

A) natural killer cells
B) beta-blocking cells
C) helper T cells
D) B cells

Question 68

Which term describes what can occur when you repeatedly fail at eliminating stressors?

A) Fugue
B) Learned helplessness
C) Conversion disorder
D) Generalized anxiety

Question 69

Which of the following characteristics describes Type A behavior?

A) Hostility and ambition
B) Competitiveness and impatience
C) A hard-driving approach to life
D) All of the above

Question 70

A(n)____ reflects a belief that outcomes are outside our control.

A) external locus of control
B) internal locus of control
C) self-control locus
D) individualized locus control

Question 71

Which term involves delaying the start and completion of planful problem solving and is an example of an emotion-focused coping strategy of escape-avoidance?

A) Procrastination
B) Learned helplessness
C) Compulsion
D) Conversion reaction

Question 72

What personality dimension attempts to explain people's degree of pessimism or optimism regarding negative events in their lives?

A) Coping mechanisms
B) Expectation
C) Explanatory style
D) Confrontation

Question 73

All of your friends describe Bob as an easygoing,relaxed,person with a good attitude toward life.What type of behavior pattern does Bob exhibit?

A) Type A
B) Optimistic explanatory style
C) Positive coping
D) Type B

Question 74

Research suggests that locus of control emerges ____ and is a ____ personality trait.

A) early in life;fairly stable
B) early in life;fairly unstable
C) in early adulthood;fairly stable
D) in early adulthood;fairly unstable

Question 75

Identify the behavior pattern that has been successfully changed due to behavior modification and cognitive therapy.

A) An internal locus of control
B) Type H behavior
C) Type B behavior
D) Type A behavior

Question 76

Scott had a very important meeting with a potential client.On the way to the meeting,Scott's vehicle broke down.Although Scott could not reach the client to explain,while waiting for the tow truck,he thought,"This isn't my fault" and "I doubt this will ever happen again." What explanatory style is Scott most likely using?

A) Cognitive appraisal
B) Positive coping
C) Optimistic
D) Normative

Question 77

____ over a stressor is one of the most important factors moderating the relationship between stress and illness.

A) Physical management
B) Psychosocial regulation
C) Relaxation response
D) Perceived control

Question 78

What therapeutic technique is often used to help individuals change their pessimistic explanatory style?

A) Positive response therapy
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Resistance therapy
D) Aversion therapy

Question 79

What relatively new psychological perspective is an attempt to identify human strengths that contribute to physical health,happiness,and a positive social environment?

A) Holistic psychology
B) Positive psychology
C) Optimistic psychology
D) Gestalt psychology

Question 80

Susie is 24 years old.Her parents have just announced they have decided to divorce.Susie is sure that if she would have been a better daughter,child,and student this would not have happened.What personality dimension best fits this scenario?

A) Pessimistic explanatory style
B) Learned helplessness
C) Decompression
D) Personalization