Deck 36: Fetal Echocardiography: Congenital Heart Disease

Question 1

Pericardial effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid surrounding the _______________ of the heart.

A) pericardial layer
B) epicardial layer
C) myocardial layer
D) pleura

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The most common form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction is which one of the following?

A) Pulmonic stenosis
B) Tricuspid stenosis
C) Mitral valve stenosis
D) Ventricular septal defect

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The prognosis for a fetus with tetralogy of Fallot is __________________ surgical intervention.

A) poor without
B) good without
C) very good with
D) poor even with

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A large ventricular and atrial septal defect with a single, undivided, free-floating leaflet that stretches across both ventricles is called a _________________________.

A) partial atrioventricular septal defect
B) cleft mitral valve
C) complete atrioventricular septal defect
D) muscular septal defect

Question 5

A benign tumor of the heart associated with tuberous sclerosis is which one of the following?

A) Teratoma
B) Sarcoma
C) Rhabdomyoma
D) Myxoma

Question 6

In which of the following congenital heart lesions does only one great artery arise from the base of the heart?

A) A single ventricle
B) A single atrium
C) Transposition
D) Truncus arteriosus

Question 7

A discrete or long-segment narrowing in the aortic arch, usually at the level of the left subclavian artery near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus, is called which one of the following?

A) Coarctation of the aorta
B) Hypoplasia of the aorta
C) Aortic atresia
D) Hypoplastic left heart

Question 8

A condition in which the heart is located in the right side of the chest and the cardiac apex points medially is which one of the following?

A) Mesoposition
B) Levoposition
C) Dextroposition
D) Sinus inversus

Question 9

In which one of the following conditions do the atria beat more than 400 beats per minute (bpm), whereas the ventricular rate is 120 to 200 bpm?

A) Atrioventricular block
B) Ventricular fibrillation
C) Atrial flutter
D) Atrial fibrillation

Question 10

In which one of the following conditions does the inflow portion of the right ventricle fail to form?

A) Mitral atresia
B) Tricuspid atresia
C) Truncus arteriosus
D) Ebstein anomaly

Question 11

A(n) __________________ defect occurs when the endocardial cushion fails to fuse in the center of the heart.

A) atrioventricular septal
B) muscular
C) perimembranous
D) supracristal

Question 12

Which one of the following abnormalities is a fetal cardiac arrhythmia caused by extra systoles and ectopic beats?

A) Ventricular exstrophy
B) Premature atrial and ventricular contractions
C) Heart block
D) Bradycardia

Question 13

The most common form of cyanotic heart disease is which one of the following?

A) Pentalogy of Cantrell
B) Myocarditis
C) Single ventricle
D) Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 14

A disease of the myocardial muscle layer of the heart that causes the heart to dilate secondary to regurgitation and also affects cardiac function is which one of the following?

A) Critical aortic stenosis
B) Cardiomyopathy
C) Coarctation
D) Pericardial effusion

Question 15

Congenital mitral stenosis is also called mitral _________________.

A) regurgitation
B) inflammation
C) atresia
D) coarctation

Question 16

Which one of the following anomalies demonstrates an abnormal thickening and closure of the aortic leaflets, causing the left ventricle to "balloon" from increased pressure? It leads to heart failure and, if severe, fetal demise.

A) Critical aortic stenosis
B) Bicuspid aortic valve
C) Supravalvular aortic stenosis
D) Subvalvular aortic stenosis

Question 17

Which one of the following congenital lesions of the heart is the most common?

A) Pulmonary stenosis
B) Ventricular septal defect
C) Coarctation of the aorta
D) Secundum atrial septal defect

Question 18

Which one of the following conditions occurs when a membrane covers the left ventricular outflow tract?

A) Subvalvular aortic stenosis
B) Supravalvular aortic stenosis
C) Aortic stenosis
D) A bicuspid aortic valve

Question 19

The highest rate of associated cardiac abnormalities is shown in fetuses with which one of the following chromosome anomalies?

A) Trisomy 13
B) Trisomy 18
C) Trisomy 21
D) Turner syndrome

Question 20

Failure of the leaflets to close completely, allowing blood to leak backward into the left atrium, is called ___________ regurgitation.

A) tricuspid
B) aortic
C) pulmonic
D) mitral

Question 21

A congenital anomaly with two atria but only one ventricular chamber is known as ____________________.

A) Tetralogy of Fallot
B) single ventricle
C) cor triatriatum
D) ventricular septal defect

Question 22

If a rhabdomyoma is suspected, the sonographer should look for associated mass abnormalities in the fetal head and in which one of the following structure(s)?

A) Diaphragm
B) Carotid arteries
C) Kidneys
D) Liver

Question 23

A "parachute" deformity of the valve is demonstrated in the second variety of _______________________.

A) congenital tricuspid stenosis
B) congenital mitral stenosis
C) mitral atresia
D) pulmonic stenosis

Question 24

The aorta is connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle in which one of the following conditions?

A) Coarctation of the aorta
B) Interrupted aortic arch
C) Transposition of the great vessels
D) Ductal constriction