Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Frank Tong and colleagues superimposed a house onto a face and asked participants to make judgments about what they saw.What were the participants' brain responses?

A) The brain activity changed depending on whether participants reported seeing a house or a face.
B) The brain noticed both equally,meaning that eventually everything becomes conscious.
C) The unconscious brain became confused and thus the participants were unable to see either the house or the face.
D) The brain emitted large,slow-wave activity equally for both images.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In the technique known as shadowing,a research participant repeats back:

A) text they are reading.
B) words heard in one ear.
C) their internal monologue.
D) their current conversation.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

While driving to a store,your mind wanders,and you are surprised to find that you have arrived.This experience supports the idea that:

A) automatic processes need awareness.
B) automatic processes do not need awareness.
C) awareness needs automatic processes.
D) awareness does not need automatic processes.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body.Based on this belief,one could conclude that John is a:

A) monist.
B) qualist.
C) dualist.
D) clinical psychologist.

Question 5

A space-time irregularity catapults four early psychologists to this year's APA conference.While Freud seeks a conduit back to 1900,James,Titchener,and Watson discuss the conference's proceedings thus far.Recall the discussion of historical perspectives in psychology from Chapter 1 in your text.Which of the three psychologists would be comfortable with the current focus on consciousness in psychology?

A) James
B) Titchener
C) Watson
D) both A and B

Question 6

One example of an automatic process is:

A) walking.
B) taking a test.
C) driving in stormy weather.
D) threading a needle.

Question 7

Which of the following is usually NOT an example of consciousness?

A) moment-by-moment subjective experience
B) paying attention to your surroundings
C) reflecting on your thoughts
D) day-dreaming

Question 8

DeMarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state.Which of the following behaviors is DeMarco most likely to exhibit?

A) higher levels of consciousness,including the ability to identify his family members
B) deliberate movements,such as following a pencil with his eyes
C) opening and closing his eyes,but with no awareness of his surroundings
D) no EEG brain activity

Question 9

What do contemporary psychologists generally believe with respect to the relationship between the mind and the brain? How does the modern view relate to Descartes' position?

A) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain.This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.
B) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness exists in the brain.This view accords with Descartes' dualism.
C) Contemporary psychologists believe that consciousness is separate from the brain.This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.
D) Contemporary psychologists do not believe that consciousness exists.This view contrasts with Descartes' dualism.

Question 10

Which of the following actions is LEAST likely to occur unconsciously?

A) swinging your arms
B) chewing gum
C) walking to the store
D) following GPS directions

Question 11

The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether or not Terri was:

A) in a persistent vegetative state or a minimally conscious state.
B) able to make current medical decisions for herself.
C) more dependent on her parents or on her husband.
D) able to vocalize her choices.

Question 12

"Brain death" is said to occur when activity stops:

A) in the cortex.
B) in the brain stem.
C) anywhere in the brain.
D) everywhere in the brain.

Question 13

After a brain injury,a patient is considered to be in a persistent vegetative state if she does not regain consciousness after one:

A) day.
B) week.
C) month.
D) year.

Question 14

While a man is asking you for directions,a large framed picture is moved between the two of you.You are LEAST likely to notice that he has now been swapped with a different man if he is:

A) in a different group as you.
B) in the same group as you.
C) holding a bag.
D) empty-handed.

Question 15

Which of the following situations best describes locked-in syndrome?

A) During a stressful episode,an individual is unable to react to danger using voluntary movement,but otherwise he is locked into autonomic behaviors.
B) After a stroke or other brain trauma,voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost,but autonomic functions remain.
C) After a brain injury,an individual is locked into voluntary movements she made before,but she is unable to learn new movements.
D) An individual is locked into patterns of autonomic movements,but he can still make voluntary movements.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Consciousness is associated with brain activity.
B) Consciousness is synonymous with awareness.
C) Consciousness reflects subjective experience.
D) Consciousness is not always necessary for information processing.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT associated with receiving lower test scores?

A) taking notes on a laptop during class
B) surfing the Internet on a laptop during class
C) sitting next to someone who is taking notes on a laptop during class
D) sitting next to someone who is surfing the Internet on a laptop during class

Question 18

Consciousness is necessary for each of the following EXCEPT:

A) complex actions.
B) higher-level thinking.
C) automatic processing.
D) communicating with others.

Question 19

Owen and colleagues found that when a comatose woman imagined playing tennis,her brain activity was similar to that of normal individuals imagining the same activity.What does this finding say about the relationship between consciousness and awareness?

A) Consciousness is unrelated to awareness.
B) Consciousness is necessary for awareness.
C) Consciousness is not the same thing as awareness.
D) Consciousness is equivalent to awareness.

Question 20

While at a party,a friend tells you that he thinks his brain only processes one thing at a time.To demonstrate that he is wrong,you later stand nearby and,while he is engaged in another conversation,say out-loud:

A) the text from your psychology textbook.
B) something quietly.
C) his name.
D) a fact you learned that day.

Question 21

The unawareness of deficits shown by hemineglect patients suggests what about consciousness?

A) It arises from the brain processes that are currently active.
B) It can be easily neglected.
C) It operates independently of the brain.
D) Everyone is conscious all the time.

Question 22

Why are humans typically able to remain in the bed during sleep?

A) Your brain signals the body to become paralyzed during the night so you do not move off the bed.
B) The brain is still processing information about its surroundings,thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed.
C) You are consciously aware of the bed's boundaries at all times during sleep.
D) Most people typically fall out of bed,but because they are unaware of it they do not report it.

Question 23

The SLEEPLESS gene regulates a protein that reduces ________ in the brain.

A) dendritic spines
B) cell membrane thickness
C) myelination
D) action potentials

Question 24

Split-brain patients can walk,talk,think,and interact as though nothing major has happened.Why might this be?

A) Brain function remains normal for only a short time before the person lapses into a comatose state.
B) All brain functions are left intact.Since each hemisphere controls only half of the body,it does not matter much that the two hemispheres are not connected.
C) The brain hemispheres do not feel the separation for up to a week after the surgery.
D) Each part of the brain must realize what has happened; in the meantime,all functions behave normally until each hemisphere can regenerate the neurons.

Question 25

In order to most effectively alter behavior,subliminal messages should target a person's:

A) motivational state.
B) emotional state.
C) buying habits.
D) complex actions.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding consciousness?

A) Stimuli can influence our thoughts even if they are experienced unconsciously.
B) Unconscious dreams are the only form of the subconscious that is capable of influencing our thoughts and actions.
C) Unconscious stimuli are rarely able to influence thoughts and actions.
D) The study of the effects of unconscious stimuli on consciousness remains very mysterious to scientists and so far has been unable to be studied.

Question 27

After surgery,split-brain patients typically seem very normal.Why?

A) It takes time for the brain to realize what has happened; the patients soon become disorganized.
B) Neurogenesis occurs rapidly and repairs the brain after the surgery.
C) While the two hemispheres cannot talk to each other without external cues,the incoming perceptions provide sufficient cues for normal functioning.
D) The two hemispheres usually fight for control; once the surgery occurs,the brain relaxes as each hemisphere can control itself.

Question 28

A Freudian slip is presumed to be a(n):

A) conscious thought that was verbally misleading.
B) conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.
C) unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time.
D) unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later.

Question 29

Which of the following interferes with normal circadian rhythms?

A) melatonin
B) jet lag
C) naturally changing light levels
D) sleep

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding the brain during sleep is NOT correct?

A) Sleep is an altered state of consciousness.
B) The brain shuts down during sleep.
C) Complex thinking can occur during sleep.
D) Conscious experience of the outside world is largely turned off during sleep.

Question 31

Which of the following brain areas is responsible for secreting melatonin?

A) pineal gland
B) suprachiasmic nuclei
C) reticular formation
D) substantia nigra

Question 32

What part of the brain is known as the interpreter?

A) the right hemisphere,in that it likes to construct a world that makes sense
B) the parietal lobe,because it regulates all information and helps translate speech
C) the left hemisphere,because it is vital in constructing a world that makes sense
D) the frontal lobe,because it deals with higher-order thinking

Question 33

The shapes in an advertisement subtly spell-out a positive word.Most people do not notice the word.The advertisers are using:

A) change blindness.
B) the Stroop effect.
C) Freudian slips.
D) subliminal perception.

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?

A) pineal gland
B) hypothalamus
C) melatonin
D) frontal cortex

Question 35

Which of the following statements would be consistent with the global workspace model?

A) A person is blinded and seems acutely aware of his blindness.
B) A person with hemineglect searches for the affected body part.
C) If a person cannot see something,she does not believe it exists.
D) If a person cannot see something,he does not feel compelled to search for it.

Question 36

A split-brain patient is shown a frog in her right visual field.She is asked to identify what she sees.She would most likely be able to:

A) point to the frog with her left hand.
B) point to the frog with her right hand.
C) say what she saw.
D) say what she saw and then point with her right hand.

Question 37

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness is referred to as:

A) the smart unconscious.
B) subliminal perception.
C) split brain.
D) drifting off.

Question 38

According to the ________ model,consciousness should be a function of ________.

A) sensory neglect; the degree of damage to particular areas
B) blindsight; visual processing
C) global workspace; which brain circuits are active
D) consciousness; the level of arousal

Question 39

After split-brain surgery,a picture of a chair is shown to the right hemisphere of a patient.When asked what she saw,the patient states she saw ________,and when given a pencil she draws ________.

A) a chair; nothing
B) nothing; a chair
C) a chair; a chair
D) nothing; nothing

Question 40

Which of the following actions does NOT happen during sleep?

A) analyzing potential dangers
B) controlling body movements
C) experiencing conscious awareness
D) finding comfortable positions

Question 41

What brain region(s)have been linked to narcolepsy?

A) motor cortex
B) parietal lobe and spinal cord
C) temporal lobe and frontal lobe
D) hypothalamus

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of REM sleep?

A) increased brain activity
B) body paralysis
C) dreaming
D) delta waves

Question 43

Which of the following is true about REM and dreams?

A) Dreams only occur during REM sleep.
B) Dreams do not occur during REM sleep.
C) Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be mundane.
D) Dreams during REM sleep are likely to be bizarre.

Question 44

You find your friend sleeping and wake her up.She denies she was sleeping.Your friend was likely in which stage of sleep?

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) REM

Question 45

You have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes.What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter?

A) slow-wave sleep
B) theta wave sleep
C) K-complex sleep
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 46

According to modern research,which of the following influence(s)the content of dreams?

A) hidden conflicts
B) prefrontal cortex
C) motor cortex
D) daily experiences

Question 47

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A) REM
B) stage 4
C) stage 3
D) stage 2

Question 48

REM sleep is paradoxical because:

A) the brain is active,but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed.
B) the skeletal muscles remain active,but the brain is inactive.
C) the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages.
D) dreams occur more often during REM sleep than during other sleep stages.

Question 49

You want to test if some of your dreams are mundane.To check this,you should ask a friend to wake you during:

A) REM sleep.
B) non-REM sleep.
C) stage 1 sleep.
D) paradoxical sleep.

Question 50

A person whose EEG shows predominantly theta waves is most likely:

A) awake.
B) in stage 1 sleep.
C) in stage 4 sleep.
D) in stage 2 sleep.

Question 51

If you were relaxed with your eyes closed and were given an EEG,what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG?

A) beta waves
B) alpha waves
C) theta waves
D) sleep spindles

Question 52

As you get older,you have fewer (less)________ during sleep,suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.

A) sleep spindles
B) delta waves
C) K-complexes
D) synchronization

Question 53

The deactivation of ________ during sleep likely contributes to the delusional and illogical aspects of dreams.

A) REM
B) the amygdala
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) neural activity

Question 54

A person can be easily awakened in this stage of sleep.

A) stage 2
B) stage 3
C) stage 1
D) REM

Question 55

Which of the following is true about non-REM sleep and dreams?

A) Dreams only occur during non-REM sleep.
B) Dreams do not occur during non-REM sleep.
C) Dreams during non-REM sleep are likely to be mundane.
D) Dreams during non-REM sleep are likely to be bizarre.

Question 56

Sleep spindles are indicative of which stage of sleep?

A) stage 2
B) stage 1
C) REM
D) stage 4

Question 57

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?

A) The person is not really asleep.
B) The person's body is asleep,but the person's brain is active.
C) The person has no awareness of being asleep.
D) The person is both awake and asleep at the same time.

Question 58

How do successive REM periods change as the night progresses?

A) Successive REM periods become shorter.
B) Successive REM periods become longer.
C) Successive REM periods are less likely to involve dreaming.
D) Successive REM periods are more likely to involve dreaming.

Question 59

If you were awake and alert,and were given an EEG,what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG?

A) beta waves
B) alpha waves
C) theta waves
D) sleep spindles

Question 60

After reading about sleep in your textbook,you ask a friend to wake you up and ask if you are dreaming.You hope they will wake you during REM sleep.To maximize the chance of this happening,your friend should wake you up:

A) at the beginning of a night's sleep.
B) in the middle of a night's sleep.
C) at the end of a night's sleep.
D) only during a day nap.

Question 61

Which sleep disorder is characterized by the inability to sleep?

A) insomnia
B) sleep apnea
C) narcolepsy
D) night terrors

Question 62

After a period of sleep deprivation,you would expect a person to exhibit:

A) microsleeps
B) macrosleeps
C) microwakes
D) macrowakes

Question 63

Circadian rhythms can best be described as:

A) special heartbeats that trigger the heart to increase or decrease the circular flow of blood.
B) the rise and fall of the sun each day.
C) biological clocks controlling hormone levels,temperature,and the sleep cycle.
D) the ancient art of star tracking,which is used today to figure out sleep patterns.

Question 64

Which of the following people is most likely to experience insomnia?

A) a younger woman
B) an older woman
C) a younger man
D) an older man

Question 65

Evan was born prematurely.Because he may stop breathing for temporary periods while asleep,he is given oxygen at night to compensate for his lowered oxygen levels and sleep disruption during these episodes.It is likely that Evan has:

A) sleep apnea.
B) sleep apraxia.
C) narcolepsy.
D) insomnia.

Question 66

Which animal has unihemispherical sleep patterns?

A) monkey
B) shark
C) human
D) dolphin

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT an adaptive function of sleep?

A) restoration
B) facilitation of learning
C) synchronizing eye movements
D) following of circadian rhythms

Question 68

Which of the following is the most effective treatment for insomnia?

A) drug therapy with CBT
B) drug therapy alone
C) CBT alone
D) there is no treatment for insomnia

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT likely a purpose of sleep?

A) strengthening of neuronal connections that serve as the basis for learning
B) consolidation of information
C) maintenance and strengthening of the immune system
D) reducing the likelihood of schizophrenia

Question 70

Which of the following is closest to being the opposite of narcolepsy?

A) insomnia
B) REM behavior disorder
C) sleep apnea
D) somnambulism

Question 71

Which of the following is a major cause of insomnia?

A) disrupted sleep cycles
B) altered theta waves
C) narcolepsy
D) worrying about sleep

Question 72

If your brain was a building,sleep would play the role of the:

A) manager.
B) janitor.
C) security guard.
D) decorator.

Question 73

Your friend has been complaining about her inability to concentrate and her irritability.She mentions that she has not been able to fall asleep.What condition might your friend have?

A) dementia
B) insomnia
C) melatonin
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 74

Your friend has a child who wakes up during the first hour of sleep and walks around with a glassy-eyed look.The little girl can be walked back to bed and does not remember the episode in the morning.Your friend is very worried that his child may have a severe sleep disorder.Based on your knowledge of sleep,you reply that the child:

A) has narcolepsy and should be seen immediately by a physician.
B) has an REM behavior disorder,and this could be very dangerous.
C) has insomnia,and the parent should implement a better sleep routine.
D) likely is sleepwalking,and this condition is typical for her age group.

Question 75

Your friend has been sleep deprived for two straight days.You expect them to be impaired on:

A) lifting heavy weights.
B) mundane tasks.
C) complex tasks.
D) athletic ability.

Question 76

Occasionally,Jon will fall asleep while working with a customer.Jon is experiencing which sleep disorder?

A) sleep apnea
B) insomnia
C) narcolepsy
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 77

The restorative theory is used to explain which of the following phenomena?

A) plasticity
B) sleep
C) hormone balance
D) exercise

Question 78

Which theory of sleep would explain why Jon slept an extra four hours after running a marathon?

A) circadian rhythms theory
B) facilitation of learning theory
C) restorative theory
D) paradoxical theory

Question 79

Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation?

A) chronic insomnia
B) depression
C) hypertension
D) ADHD

Question 80

Sleep deprivation can increase the activation of ________ receptors in the brain,which in turn can alleviate symptoms of ________.

A) serotonin; depression
B) dopamine; insomnia
C) norepinepherine; Alzheimer's
D) marijuana; stress