Deck 19: Ethics, Religion, and Sexuality

Question 1

_____ holds that there is more to life than its material aspects which must be transcended to achieve true humanity.

A)Asceticism
B)Legalism
C)Contextual ethics
D)Hedonism

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The view that one should avoid physical gratification and cultivate spiritual values is expressed by:

A)asceticism.
B)legalism.
C)situationism.
D)hedonism.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Ethics that are based on telling people to "do this" and to "don't do that" can be described as a(n) _____ system.

A)ascetic
B)hedonistic
C)utilitarian
D)legalistic

Answer 3

D

Question 4

As an approach to ethics, _____ is concerned with following a moral law, or set of principles, which comes from a source outside the individual, such as religion.

A)contextual ethics
B)hedonism
C)situationism
D)legalism

Question 5

In our everyday lives, we distinguish between categories of right or wrong, good or bad, appropriate or inappropriate, and moral or immoral.Therefore, we are all _____.

A)ascetics
B)hedonists
C)practical ethicists
D)contextual ethicists

Question 6

The word hedonism comes from the Greek word meaning _____.

A)"nature"
B)"morality"
C)"suffering"
D)"pleasure"

Question 7

_____ ethics are focused on the rightness or wrongness of specific acts and set forth a series of rules that persons are to follow.

A)Contextual
B)Legalistic
C)Situational
D)Hedonistic

Question 8

Situationism is defined as:

A)a moral system based on maximizing pleasure and avoiding pain.
B)an approach to life emphasizing discipline and impulse control.
C)ethics based on the assumption that there are rules for human conduct.
D)sexual ethics based on relationships rather than absolute rules.

Question 9

Ken subscribes to the philosophy exemplified by the expression "If it feels good, do it." He believes in dining at the best places, partying at the most happening clubs, and buying the latest gizmos that are in the market.However, Ken has had hardly any close friends or intimate partners because he does not like to take relationships too seriously.Ken's lifestyle is closest to the ethical system of:

A)asceticism.
B)utilitarianism.
C)hedonism.
D)collectivism.

Question 10

A person or group who would take a(n) _____ approach to life would say "Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die." As part of their philosophy, they would also place a high importance on the enjoyment of sex in life.

A)ascetic
B)stoic
C)hedonistic
D)sophomoric

Question 11

Marian leads a life of promiscuity, deriving pleasure from passionate flings that last only a few weeks at best.She has always been a strong believer of "doing what you want, when you feel like it." She avoids forming intimate relationships because she feels they would lead to pain and heartbreak.Which of the following moral systems can be ascribed to Marian?

A)Asceticism
B)Hedonism
C)Legalism
D)Stoicism

Question 12

"Contextual ethics" is another term for:

A)asceticism.
B)legalism.
C)situationism.
D)hedonism.

Question 13

Hedonism refers to a(n):

A)system of ethics based on the assumption that there are no absolute rules.
B)approach to life emphasizing discipline and impulse control.
C)system of ethics based on the assumption that there are rules for human conduct.
D)moral system based on maximizing pleasure and avoiding pain.

Question 14

Harold is a conservative Christian who believes that what is right and wrong has been determined by God in the Bible, and that all should follow these divine laws.Harold's ethical principles can be described as _____.

A)asceticism
B)subjectivism
C)legalism
D)situationism

Question 15

Identify the type of ethical decision making method which suggests that although there may be broad general guidelines for ethical behavior, each ethical decision should be made according to the individuals and situations involved.

A)Contextual ethics
B)Ethical absolutism
C)Legalistic ethics
D)Perceptual ethics

Question 16

In the field of ethical decision making, _____ deals in universal laws.

A)relativism
B)situationism
C)legalism
D)hedonism

Question 17

In ethical decision making, _____ decides matters on a case-by-case basis, informed by certain guiding principles, such as love.

A)absolutism
B)situationism
C)legalism
D)hedonism

Question 18

In their affirmations of celibacy, virginity, and poverty, orders of monks and nuns found in Eastern religions as well as in Christianity are good examples of institutionalized _____.

A)situationism
B)legalism
C)asceticism
D)hedonism

Question 19

Why is it important to study the relationship of religion to sexuality?

A)It allows us to identify and avoid amoral behavior as described in religious texts.
B)It helps us understand the manner in which religion exerts a powerful influence on our sexual behavior.
C)It allows us to overthrow strict moral standards and live simply for pleasure.
D)It encourages society to replace religious values, attitudes, and ethics with humanistic values of life.

Question 20

Thomas considers sex to be a "sin of the flesh." He believes that true spiritual purity can only be attained by denying the body's need for physical pleasures and he leads the life of a celibate.Which of the following moral systems can be ascribed to Thomas?

A)Situationism
B)Hedonism
C)Legalism
D)Asceticism

Question 21

Which of the following describes the view of sexuality in the Hebrew scriptures?

A)It is viewed as a sin.
B)It is viewed as fundamentally positive.
C)It is viewed as positive in same-gender relations.
D)It is viewed as a barrier to spiritual purity.

Question 22

Which of the following is true about the meaning of the term "platonic love"?

A)It refers to a passionate love between an older man and a younger one.
B)In ancient Greece, it was synonymous with violent and passionate sex.
C)This term has come to refer to an intellectual and sexless form of affection.
D)It refers to sexual interactions between an adult and a child.

Question 23

In the practice of _____, the older man served as the younger one's teacher and model of courage and virtue.

A)pederasty
B)pedagogy
C)polygyny
D)dualism

Question 24

Which of the following is the central feature of situationism?

A)Focus on universal rules
B)Focus on the right or wrong nature of an act
C)Focus on morality being based on principles arising from outside the individual
D)Focus on the human experience

Question 25

Ethical systems found in Orthodox Judaism, Roman Catholicism, and fundamentalist Protestantism can be described as _____ ethical systems.

A)contextual
B)relativist
C)legalistic
D)hedonistic

Question 26

Which of the following statements describes the view of sexuality in the Hebrew scriptures?

A)True spiritual purity can be achieved through celibacy.
B)Ritual sexual intercourse performed in temples encourages soil fertility.
C)Sex is permissible only in the interest of procreation.
D)Sexuality cannot be separated from its social consequences.

Question 27

_____ refers to a tranquil state between pleasure and pain in which the mind is unaffected by emotion.

A)Dualism
B)Pederasty
C)Ataraxia
D)Ataxia

Question 28

Hebrew religious leaders viewed fertility cults as:

A)being congruent with the teachings of Israel's God.
B)a threat to their religion because these were practiced by Canaanites.
C)acceptable form of religious worship to enhance fertility of land.
D)a means of guaranteeing the propagation of the Israelites.

Question 29

According to Leviticus, which of the following sexual activities would NOT lead to death?

A)A man committing adultery with his neighbor's wife
B)A man having sexual intercourse with his father's wife
C)A man having sexual intercourse with an animal
D)A man having sex with a woman during her menses

Question 30

Plato believed that _____ led toward immortality and was therefore a good thing.

A)love
B)sex
C)marriage
D)homosexuality

Question 31

The practice of ritual sexual intercourse to encourage the growth of crops was observed in the _____.

A)Canaanite fertility cult
B)Golden Age of Greek culture
C)Hebrew Bible
D)New Testament

Question 32

According to the Greek philosophers of the Golden Age, which of the following leads one to achieve wisdom and cultivate virtue?

A)Living a hermitic existence of extreme asceticism
B)Avoiding all violent passions
C)Pursuing sexual pleasure in a hedonistic manner
D)Cultivating total indifference toward life or death

Question 33

According to ancient Greek culture, why do people fail to live morally?

A)The moral powers were distracted by the powers of the evil.
B)Morality was subjective and no uniform standards existed to regulate moral behavior.
C)People could not achieve morality because of ignorance.
D)The extreme poverty demanded unethical means to earn one's bread.

Question 34

Traditionally, Judaism's view of sex could be summarized by stating that:

A)sex was a biological relationship that was a part of life, just as eating was a part of life.
B)sexuality could often be separated from its social consequences, as seen in the covert support of prostitution.
C)sexuality was a matter of an individual's concern and was independent of national and religious loyalties.
D)sex was part of a deep and intimate relationship between two people-a man and a woman.

Question 35

According to Leviticus, which of the following activities would lead to punishment by death?

A)A man having intercourse with a woman during her menses
B)A man having intercourse with his biological sister
C)A man viewing the naked body of his father's daughter
D)A man having intercourse with his father's wife

Question 36

The Hebrew scriptures regulated sexual behavior of Jews by:

A)prohibiting polygyny and concubinage.
B)promoting many of the Canaanite practices.
C)encouraging Jews to join the fertility cult of the Canaanites.
D)prohibiting adultery, incest, and bestiality.

Question 37

Greek philosophy after the Golden Age taught that:

A)sexual union was the goal of life.
B)sex was seen as the highest form of evil.
C)sexual pleasure was an ideal similar to wisdom and virtue.
D)sex was to be transcended to achieve the beautiful and good.

Question 38

The great philosophers of ancient Greece believed that virtue resulted from _____.

A)sexual freedom
B)wisdom
C)hedonism
D)love

Question 39

Dualism refers to:

A)the concept that the mind and the body are inseparable.
B)the belief that everyone has body, but not a soul.
C)the idea that body and spirit are separate and opposed.
D)the belief that the mind and the body are united.

Question 40

The practice of pederasty refers to a:

A)set of ritualistic sexual activities that were performed in the Canaanite fertility cult.
B)sexual relationship between brothers and sisters.
C)form of sexless affection between two people who connected at an intellectual level.
D)sexual relationship between an older man and a younger man.

Question 41

Protestantism differs from Catholicism in that Protestantism has:

A)greater emphasis on freedom and individual responsibility.
B)more acceptance of sex outside of marriage.
C)acceptance of marital infidelity.
D)emphasis on celibacy over matrimony.

Question 42

The historical-critical method of St.Paul's teachings reveals that:

A)he anticipated that human sexuality has profound interpersonal implications.
B)he recommended marriage only for the purpose of having children.
C)he insisted that sex belongs only to heterosexual marriage.
D)he placed sex in the category of moral evils when it was pursued for aims other than procreation.

Question 43

In terms of sexual values of Islam, Prophet Muhammad's view was that:

A)sexual tendencies originate out of the "forces of evil."
B)consenting individuals may engage in sexual acts for pleasure even outside marriage.
C)intercourse in marriage is the highest good of human life.
D)sex for pleasure is a grievous sin not tolerated by the scripture.

Question 44

Celibacy was opposed by:

A)Jesus.
B)St.Paul.
C)St.Augustine.
D)the Prophet Muhammad.

Question 45

The negativity toward sex in the Christian tradition is rooted in:

A)the Bible.
B)philosophies like Stoicism and Neo-Platonism.
C)the teachings of St.Paul.
D)the teachings of Martin Luther.

Question 46

What was St.Thomas Aquinas' ethical approach to sex?

A)Each one unto oneself.
B)Whatever is natural is good.
C)The celibate will inherit the earth.
D)Sex for pleasure is good.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is true concerning Jesus' teachings about sex?

A)He spoke as much about sex as about the evils of pride, hypocrisy, injustice, and the misuse of wealth.
B)He did not put any particular emphasis upon sexual conduct.
C)He regarded sex as separate from an individual's moral life.
D)Jesus' teaching gave detailed instructions for acceptable sexual conduct.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of Islam's view on sexual values?

A)Concubinage and polygyny are sanctioned under Islam.
B)Intercourse is solely for the purpose of procreation.
C)Fornication is permitted as a ritual to adulthood.
D)Masturbation and homosexuality are viewed quite liberally.

Question 49

In terms of its roots, _____ is the closest faith to the Judeo-Christian heritage.

A)Islam
B)Hinduism
C)Buddhism
D)Humanism

Question 50

The religion of the world that is unique in insisting on monogamy in marriage is:

A)Hinduism.
B)Islam.
C)ancient Judaism.
D)Christianity.

Question 51

Which of the following is a feature of Islam laws regulating sexual behavior of Muslims?

A)A large section of the Muslims follow the ascetic tradition and lead a life of celibacy.
B)A double standard exists with regard to sexual behaviors of women, when compared to men.
C)The Koran prohibits sexual intercourse merely for the pursuit of pleasure.
D)As progeny is held in high regard in Islam, the use of contraception is considered unacceptable.

Question 52

Which of the following is true of Islamic values?

A)Humans are tainted by original sin.
B)Sexuality is primarily a source of pleasure.
C)Sexuality is primarily a means of reproduction.
D)Contraception is not permitted.

Question 53

A significant contribution of Reformation Protestantism to Christianity was its strong emphasis on:

A)clerical celibacy.
B)individual conscience.
C)lifelong asceticism.
D)legalist ethics.

Question 54

Which of the following is characterized by a depreciation of the material world and the physical aspect of humanity?

A)Dualism
B)Hedonism
C)Legalism
D)Situationism

Question 55

During the Middle Ages, his great accomplishment was the Summa Theologica-a synthesis of Christian theology with Aristotelian philosophy-which answered Christians' questions about nocturnal emissions and homosexuality.This person was _____.

A)St.Paul
B)Martin Luther
C)Constantinople
D)St.Thomas Aquinas

Question 56

As the Church became the official religion of the Roman Empire, much of its original fervor was lost and it began to grow corrupt and worldly.In which of the following ways did serious Christians revolt against this situation?

A)By promoting the practice of polygyny
B)By engaging in pederasty to move higher in the Church
C)By choosing sex within marriage over virginity
D)By taking up the practice of celibacy

Question 57

_____ ethics represent a nonreligious form of ethics which proposes that the basic goals of life are self-awareness, the avoidance of pain and suffering, and the fulfillment of needs.

A)Humanistic
B)Islamic
C)Hindu
D)Puritanical

Question 58

The source of much of Catholic moral theology and the Church's position on sex and related issues was formed in the Middle Ages in the writings of St.Thomas Aquinas, who believed that sex:

A)in all its forms was basically evil.
B)could be central in the lives of a husband and wife.
C)was approved outside marriage for the husband, but not the wife.
D)was intended for procreation, which reflected the "natural law."

Question 59

A _____ is a person who remains unmarried, usually for religious reasons.

A)celibate
B)pluralist
C)moralist
D)hedonist

Question 60

Survey research regarding views on abortion has shown that:

A)almost all American Catholics support the official position of the Catholic Church.
B)American Catholics are nearly evenly split on this issue.
C)the Catholic Church has changed its position on abortion a great deal during the last 25 years.
D)American Catholics unanimously oppose the official position of the Catholic Church.

Question 61

In this religious tradition, we can find complete devotion to erotic hedonism and also find the other extreme of ascetic celibacy.This is the religion of:

A)Islam.
B)Christianity.
C)Buddhism.
D)Hinduism.

Question 62

In Hinduism, four possible approaches to life are acceptable._____ refers to the pursuit of the moral life.

A)Kama
B)Dharma
C)Moksha
D)Artha

Question 63

Which of the following is true of the teachings of Gautama, the Buddha?

A)Buddha's teachings focused on extreme asceticism as he believed that there was no middle path between hedonism and asceticism.
B)He sanctioned polygyny and concubinage.
C)His teachings emphasized escaping the suffering of this world.
D)His discourses on tantric Buddhism are considered the summation of his views on sexuality.

Question 64

In Hinduism, _____ refers to the pursuit of liberation through the negation of the self in a state of being that is known as nirvana.

A)Kama
B)Dharma
C)Moksha
D)Artha

Question 65

In the Hindu religion, brahmacharya refers to:

A)orgasm.
B)sexual intercourse.
C)passion.
D)celibacy.

Question 66

Julia and Mervin were dating for eight months.Recently, they engaged in sex.Their act of sexual activity before marriage is termed as _____.

A)bigamy
B)fornication
C)coitus interruptus
D)adultery

Question 67

Which of the following is true of the "pro-family" activism?

A)Their position is essentially that of the New Religious Right.
B)Their position is directly opposed to the views of the moralists.
C)They fight to liberalize the laws and attitudes concerning sexuality.
D)Members of this movement are largely Catholic.

Question 68

Buddhism most closely follows the _____ ethics.

A)hedonistic
B)legalistic
C)ascetic
D)situationistic

Question 69

Which of the following describes Jesus' view on adultery?

A)It is permitted for men, while it is sinful for women.
B)It is the only grounds for divorce in Christianity.
C)It is allowed in circumstances of a dysfunctional relationship.
D)It is understood as an act of unfaithfulness to God, and not to one's spouse.

Question 70

The religious belief that sexual union epitomizes the essential unity of all things by joining female energy and male energy is a part of the faith called:

A)Roman Catholicism.
B)tantric Buddhism.
C)moksha Hinduism.
D)Protestantism.

Question 71

In Hinduism, four possible approaches to life are acceptable._____ refers to the pursuit of pleasure.

A)Artha
B)Dharma
C)Moksha
D)Kama

Question 72

In Hinduism, four possible approaches to life are acceptable._____ refers to the pursuit of success and material wealth.

A)Kama
B)Dharma
C)Moksha
D)Artha

Question 73

Which of the following statements represents the view of moralism?

A)Moralists allow freedom to individuals, even if society loses order and uniformity by their actions.
B)Moralists affirm the value of many different and competing opinions.
C)Moralists believe that the truth is discovered in the clash of diverse perspectives.
D)Moralists favor strict regulation of human conduct to make people conform to moral standards.

Question 74

Brahmacharya is to be cultivated by followers of Hinduism:

A)once in the lifetime when entering adulthood.
B)during the course of married life.
C)in order to achieve sexual pleasure.
D)both at the beginning and at the end of life.

Question 75

Which of the following statements describes the views of pluralists?

A)Pluralists appeal to law to enforce their views.
B)Pluralists appeal to religion to enforce their views.
C)Pluralists allow freedom to individuals, even if society loses order by their actions.
D)Pluralists favor strict regulation of human conduct to help make people conform to the existing moral standards.

Question 76

If you believe that abortion is permissible in some circumstances, and that it is fine for people to live together as partners but not as married couples, then you are probably a:

A)member of the New Religious Right.
B)pluralist.
C)"mainline" Roman Catholic.
D)member of the Old Morality approach.

Question 77

In the Hebrew Bible, the penalty for adultery was:

A)castration.
B)exile.
C)fines.
D)death.

Question 78

The religious tradition underlying Western ethics has almost always seen sexual intercourse as:

A)primarily a means of pleasure.
B)the acceptable outcome of an individual's sense of autonomy.
C)legitimate only in marriage.
D)a legal right of the individual.

Question 79

Pro-family activists typically favor:

A)legalization of abortion.
B)non-discrimination against homosexuals.
C)religious conservatism.
D)cohabitation of consenting unmarried individuals.

Question 80

The masterpiece of erotic hedonism found in Hindu literature is the:

A)Kautilyashastra.
B)Ayurveda.
C)Pranayama.
D)Kama Sutra.