Deck 15: Authority and the State

Question 1

Rationalization means that all steps to a process are decided with ____________ in mind.

A) efficiency
B) routinization
C) flexibility
D) rigidity

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Legal-rational authority allows a governor to make laws,but a police officer cannot.What is the difference between the individuals?

A) their incomes
B) their political parties
C) their roles
D) their parents' incomes

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Promotions to higher levels within an idealized bureaucratic hierarchy based on achievement rather than personal attributes or favoritism refers to:

A) charisma.
B) Taylorism.
C) meritocracy.
D) specialization.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a legal-rational institution?

A) a family
B) a prison
C) a group of sports fans
D) a local church

Question 5

Weber described bureaucracies as the ____________ of modern life.

A) prison
B) monotony
C) meritocracy
D) iron cage

Question 6

How do rulers prove their authority?

A) by overthrowing current governments
B) by building up the largest armies
C) by persuading subordinates that their claims to power are valid
D) by establishing their own government systems

Question 7

Most modern societies would be classified as having which type of authority?

A) rational
B) legal-rational
C) authoritative
D) a supreme ruler

Question 8

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

A) individualistic and flexible
B) usually unfair
C) has positions that are highly specialized
D) affected by social differences

Question 9

Weber used the term charisma to describe a person's:

A) good looks.
B) superhuman aura.
C) legitimization.
D) character.

Question 10

In the 1970s,a man by the name of Jim Jones persuaded 900 people to commit suicide in Guyana.He was the leader of the Peoples Temple,and his personal appeal allowed him to have this power over his followers.We would call this ____________ authority.

A) political
B) charismatic
C) traditional
D) rational

Question 11

Organizations ruled by traditional authority run into problems when a situation occurs:

A) for which the first leader did not set a precedent.
B) in which the leader disagrees with his or her followers.
C) that could result in the leader making an irrational decision.
D) where the new leader disagrees with former leaders.

Question 12

An employee manual that outlines the proper way to build a hamburger at a fast-food restaurant is an example of:

A) Taylorism.
B) traditional red tape.
C) Fordism.
D) coercion.

Question 13

A person who is always the center of attention and comfortable with being a leader probably has what kind of authority?

A) charismatic
B) spiritual
C) supernatural
D) natural

Question 14

Authority most explicitly refers to:

A) rules and regulations of society.
B) the enforcement of societal folkways.
C) the justifiable right to exercise power.
D) the process of commanding.

Question 15

Hereditary monarchies,whereby the crown passes down through a single family,are examples of:

A) non-hierarchical tradition.
B) self-managed authority.
C) charismatic authority.
D) traditional authority.

Question 16

Legal-rational authority is pervasive in modern society today.This is probably because it:

A) means everyone is theoretically treated the same, based on clear and consistent procedures.
B) takes individual cases into consideration.
C) guarantees efficiency and fairness.
D) relies on tradition.

Question 17

In a legal-rational society,personality and tradition are less important than:

A) multiple leaders.
B) a supreme ruler.
C) formal rules.
D) justification for legal decisions.

Question 18

In Freakonomics,Levitt and Dubner found that a political candidate can't win an election unless:

A) he or she has the most money.
B) he or she has the same beliefs as the person currently in office.
C) the electorate likes him or her.
D) his or her party has the majority.

Question 19

Which term refers to a legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules?

A) meritocracy
B) bureaucracy
C) routinization
D) rationalization

Question 20

In the context of authority,____________ refers to the clear,rule-governed procedures used over and over again for decision making.

A) rationalization
B) specialization
C) politics
D) routinization

Question 21

The paradox of authority means that as soon as a state uses force to enforce its rules,legitimate authority is lost because:

A) people aren't listening.
B) people are living in fear.
C) people lose faith.
D) the force becomes more important than the state.

Question 22

Weber broke down domination into two types.What are they?

A) control and authority
B) authority and economic power
C) economic power and political power
D) control and economic power

Question 23

After the period of rapid industrialization that began in the late eighteenth century and culminated at the beginning of the twentieth century,many states began adopting various policies developed to meet social needs.This is referred to as:

A) welfare.
B) social policy.
C) social insurance.
D) social security.

Question 24

The Milgram experiment helped explain the actions of Nazis during the Holocaust because it showed that people:

A) would obey authority figures without hesitation.
B) reacted differently to chaos.
C) reacted the same way to feeling threatened.
D) had previously committed war crimes like those committed during the Holocaust.

Question 25

Robert volunteers at the local animal shelter.After ten days,abandoned animals are put to death.This distresses Robert and goes against his ethical beliefs,but because the manager of the shelter says he must,Robert participates in the euthanasia.This is an example of:

A) charismatic authority.
B) the paradox of authority.
C) Taylorism.
D) the findings in Milgram's authority experiment.

Question 26

The principle of ____________ means that each state tacitly agrees to mind its own business when it comes to the internal affairs of other sovereign countries as long as borders are respected.

A) interdependence
B) noninterference
C) respect
D) independence

Question 27

In 1961,Stanley Milgram devised an experiment to measure:

A) people's individual biological characteristics.
B) how far ordinary people would go in obeying an authority figure.
C) intelligence.
D) social acceptance of people from different races.

Question 28

Weber believed that hidden under any system of domination by authority is the threat of:

A) government.
B) laws.
C) violence.
D) power.

Question 29

____________ is defined by Weber as the probability that a command with a given specific content will be obeyed by a particular group of people.

A) Domination
B) Power
C) Authority
D) Control

Question 30

The relations among European states,such as Britain and France,led to the development of a system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states.This is referred to as the international:

A) state system.
B) continent system.
C) country system.
D) individuality.

Question 31

Until places like Somalia are recognized by other states and international institutions such as the United Nations,they will remain:

A) integrated into the world.
B) in poverty.
C) without economic help from the United Nations.
D) self-proclaimed nation-states.

Question 32

Within the international community,an unwritten rule exists that neighboring states must first recognize a new state's autonomy before:

A) more distant ones will do so.
B) it will be allowed trade.
C) it receives economic assistance.
D) it will be able to have health care.

Question 33

What term,as defined by the textbook,refers to the ability to carry out one's own will despite resistance?

A) domination
B) control
C) authority
D) power

Question 34

Domination by authority means that the ruled believe their ideas are ____________ the ideas of the ruler.

A) the same as
B) less important than
C) more important than
D) different from

Question 35

When a company dominates because it has a monopoly on the industry,this is called domination by:

A) authority.
B) power.
C) government.
D) economic power.

Question 36

The president vetoes a bill although there is disharmony among supporters.This is an example of:

A) domination.
B) control.
C) power.
D) authority.

Question 37

Your deference to your parents and professors and to the laws of the U.S.government is best seen as an example of domination by:

A) authority.
B) power.
C) government.
D) economic power.

Question 38

Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company was in a position to issue commands and dictate the price of oil to oil producers by virtue of its monopoly on oil refining.This is an example of domination by:

A) authority.
B) power.
C) government.
D) economic power.

Question 39

Although the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force,when the state resorts to physical coercion to enforce its will,all legitimate authority,or authority that does not use force to secure compliance,is lost.This would be an example of:

A) legal coercion.
B) the paradox of authority.
C) government coercion.
D) domination.

Question 40

In the grocery store one day you spy a mother and her two unruly children.She consistently threatens that she is going to spank them when she gets them home.They ignore her threats.Finally,she swats one of them on the butt,making the other child laugh,suggesting that she has lost control of the situation.This could be called:

A) coercion.
B) idle threat.
C) the paradox of authority.
D) Keynesian authority.

Question 41

The theory of logic of industrialism states that ____________ cause(s)the needs provided for by social welfare systems.

A) liberal policies
B) industrialization
C) contributory programs
D) extravagant wages

Question 42

Social Security benefits in the United States are an example of:

A) state-centered rights.
B) the right to means-tested programs.
C) the right to contributory programs.
D) poverty-centered rights.

Question 43

Social rights to public assistance,such as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF),are contingent on proof of insufficient financial resources.This is referred to as:

A) opposition to rights.
B) rights to means-tested programs.
C) rights to contributory programs.
D) individual rights.

Question 44

A prominent British economist postulated that government intervention,in the form of social expenditures,could pull the economy out of a recession by stimulating demand for products and services.This is referred to as:

A) Keynesian economics.
B) welfare.
C) social services.
D) economic recession.

Question 45

According to the state-centered approach,a politician from West Virginia who pushes a bill to improve health benefits for miners would do so to improve his or her own:

A) popularity.
B) community service record.
C) power.
D) electoral votes.

Question 46

According to political theorist T.H.Marshall,a group of protestors picketing a political speech is exercising ____________ rights.

A) civil
B) political
C) social
D) individual

Question 47

The logic of industrialism thesis argues that:

A) social welfare benefits emerged to satisfy the social needs created by capitalism.
B) industrialization will eventually undermine the welfare state.
C) the welfare state mediates class conflict by "buying off " workers with a degree of security.
D) the state acts autonomously to enact welfare policies.

Question 48

Sociologist T.H.Marshall discussed three types of citizenship rights.Which of the following is one of these rights?

A) private rights
B) human rights
C) political rights
D) individual rights

Question 49

A system in which the state provides a number of key necessities such as food,health care,and housing outside the economic marketplace is referred to as:

A) social policies.
B) non-assistance.
C) a welfare state.
D) a mutual aid society.

Question 50

Which kind of rights give the state the responsibility to interfere in its citizens' lives?

A) civil
B) political
C) social
D) individual

Question 51

You believe that you have received an unfair grade on a paper,but you know that arguing with your professor would do little good.You leave the classroom and angrily throw the paper into the nearest trash can.Steven Lukes would call this the ____________ dimension of power.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) conflict

Question 52

During a presidential election,we ultimately end up with two choices.If we were to be presented with more choices,we would not end up with the top choice of most voters.This is known as Kenneth Arrow's:

A) impossibility theorem.
B) state-centered political power.
C) inherent contradiction between civil rights and political power.
D) three dimensions of power.

Question 53

According to Lukes's first dimension of power,when is power most visible?

A) during cultural displays, such as military parades
B) during everyday conversation
C) during movies
D) when different agendas clash and conflict results

Question 54

____________ theory asks how democracy and capitalism can coexist and is concerned with explaining the contradictions between formal legal equality and social class inequality.

A) Weber's authority
B) Neo-classical
C) Weber's welfare
D) Neo-Marxist

Question 55

With industrialization,families were less able to rely on extended networks to help take care of children,the elderly,and those who were disabled.As a result the government intervened to take care of these people,creating a(n):

A) international state.
B) social state.
C) welfare state.
D) socialist help system.

Question 56

____________ rights guarantee a citizen's rights to participate in politics,including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office.

A) Civil
B) Political
C) Social
D) Individual

Question 57

People living within a state have certain citizenship rights.For example,if you were to look for an apartment,you would be free to live in any neighborhood that you chose.These are a person's ____________ rights.

A) civil
B) political
C) social
D) welfare

Question 58

Soft power,or co-optive power,is getting others to:

A) do what you want by deception.
B) do what you want by compromise.
C) do what you want by bribing them.
D) want what you want through attraction rather than coercion.

Question 59

Most people living within a state have certain rights as citizens of that nation,called ____________ rights.

A) public
B) private
C) citizenship
D) social

Question 60

During the Cold War,the United States tended to use hard power with regard to international relations.Joseph Nye,former assistant secretary of defense,concludes that use of hard power in international politics today is:

A) needed more than ever.
B) encouraged only in situations where there is a large difference in military power between states.
C) no longer needed, especially because countries are economically dependent on each other.
D) now outlawed by the Geneva Conventions.

Question 61

According to John Locke,money is the reason individuals submit to:

A) the law.
B) the church.
C) centralized authority.
D) government figures.

Question 62

Since the 1960s,the United States has experienced what kind of shift in political participation?

A) a decline
B) a steady decline, then a sharp increase
C) no shift
D) an increase

Question 63

A modern model to explain the variations in forms of government is the study of the strategic decisions actors make by taking stock of the options available to them and the other players in a "game." This is referred to as:

A) strategic warfare.
B) chess.
C) game theory.
D) government poker.

Question 64

Why does Puerto Rico have higher voting rates than the United States?

A) There is more incentive for Puerto Ricans to vote.
B) Nonvoters are socially ostracized.
C) Election Day is a holiday.
D) Voting is mandatory.

Question 65

Barrington Moore hypothesized that some states end up as democracies and others become dictatorships because the fate of each nation is determined by the struggle:

A) over authority.
B) between social classes.
C) over economic resources.
D) between religious powers.

Question 66

Which of these is a characteristic of dictatorships?

A) limited suffrage
B) property is inherited by the oldest son
C) universal but conformist political participation
D) a disappearance of submissive citizens

Question 67

Which of the following is an example of an interest group?

A) a presidential campaign
B) a corporation lobbying to win a government contract
C) a book club
D) an individual needing social services

Question 68

Define power,domination,domination by economic power,and domination by authority.Give examples of each.

Question 69

An organization that seeks to gain power in a government,generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe to the party platform,is referred to as:

A) Congress.
B) campaign managers.
C) an interest group.
D) a political party.

Question 70

Piven and Cloward hold who or what responsible for the precipitous drop in political participation?

A) the legislature
B) Congress
C) the president
D) political elites

Question 71

A trade union representing workers in particular job categories acts as a(n)____________ when it attempts to influence policy.

A) political action committee
B) trade group
C) lobbyist
D) interest group

Question 72

The citizens who have the most to lose by not being politically active are the group most vulnerable to changing political and policy definitions of what constitutes a social right.Who makes up this group?

A) the deserving poor
B) the middle class
C) elites
D) white males

Question 73

Hollywood films are often popular abroad and can be vehicles for some of the favored U.S.ideologies,such as free trade or democratic political institutions.In this case,attraction is used to influence external state actors.This is an example of:

A) hard power.
B) game theory.
C) soft power.
D) political deception.

Question 74

Even democracies tend to have authority figures.Thomas Hobbes suggests that without an agreed-upon authority figure,like a president,we would have:

A) a more democratic situation.
B) more minority members in the elitist positions.
C) chaos and violence.
D) a dictatorship.

Question 75

According to Mancur Olson's ideas on collective action,what groups are better equipped to get what they want?

A) small
B) coordinated
C) powerful
D) large

Question 76

The civic voluntarism model points to three components to explain political participation or nonparticipation.Which of the following is one of these components?

A) political apathy
B) race and ethnicity
C) exposure to political advertising
D) mobilization efforts

Question 77

A system of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people-and citizens are therefore allowed to vote in elections,speak freely,and participate as legal equals in social life-is referred to by the textbook as:

A) democracy.
B) socialism.
C) a dictatorship.
D) Communism.

Question 78

The essence of game theory is that:

A) the more people play, the more equal the outcome.
B) the outcome for an actor depends on the choices of other actors.
C) only the elite can play.
D) rules vary depending on the social class of the players.

Question 79

According to Hobbes,to achieve peace for ourselves and to avoid death,humans enter into a ____________ and submit to an overarching sovereign authority charged with ensuring peace for everyone.

A) social contract
B) contract with God
C) contract with a priest
D) contract with the government

Question 80

____________ groups gain power by trying to persuade elected officials to advocate for their agendas.

A) Legislative
B) Anarchist
C) Interest
D) Political