Deck 6: Social Control and Deviance

Question 1

Although deviant behavior can be bad for social cohesion,it is paradoxical because:

A) we tend to ignore most deviant behavior.
B) it is the deviants among us who hold society together.
C) most deviant behavior tends to disappear if it is too threatening to social cohesion.
D) definitions of deviance never change over time.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In a gathering society,most people do the same things.They gather food for their survival,so the members of a society are very similar.Durkheim would say that the type of solidarity in a gathering society would be:

A) controlling.
B) dependent.
C) organic.
D) mechanical.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance?

A) informal
B) formal
C) criminal
D) secondary

Answer 3

A

Question 4

As discussed in Chapter 6,the 2003 U.S.Supreme Court case of Lawrence v.Texas:

A) criminalized nose picking, punishable by a $500 fine.
B) applied the death penalty to the crime of selling illegal drugs.
C) affirmed Texas's criminality of homosexual sex.
D) struck down Texas's criminality of homosexual sex.

Question 5

Punishments that attempt to restore the status quo that existed prior to the offense are known as:

A) restitutive.
B) rehabilitative.
C) repressive.
D) recidivist.

Question 6

Which of Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterizes modern life?

A) mechanical
B) organic
C) anomic
D) egoistic

Question 7

Sociologists refer to the set of mechanisms that creates compliance to norms as which of the following?

A) law enforcement
B) big brother
C) social control
D) laws

Question 8

Why is the United States best described as having a mix of mechanical and organic sanctions?

A) The United States has not yet become a fully modern society.
B) Some states have a more organic division of labor than others.
C) It is not a mix; it is best described as fully organic.
D) The United States applies mechanical sanctions in some contexts and organic sanctions in other contexts.

Question 9

The functionalist perspective on deviance argues that deviance:

A) makes societies less functional.
B) is necessary for a society's survival.
C) is a symptom of other dysfunctions in society.
D) will disappear as societies evolve.

Question 10

Durkheim's theory and research on deviance fall within which of the main sociological theories?

A) functionalist
B) symbolic interactionist
C) conflict
D) feminist

Question 11

Violation of laws enacted by society is also known as:

A) informal deviance.
B) unofficial deviance.
C) crimes.
D) secondary deviance.

Question 12

A society characterized by a high degree of sameness among the individual participants,in which participants perform largely the same functions,has:

A) anomic solidarity.
B) egoistic solidarity.
C) mechanical solidarity.
D) organic solidarity.

Question 13

Sexual orientation was grounds for excluding immigrants from the United States until:

A) 1890.
B) 1940.
C) 1960.
D) 1990.

Question 14

Mark is a member of a small tribe in New Guinea.The majority of people in his group fish for sustenance and share their catch with all the other members.Most of the people in his culture are very similar in their values,norms,and outlook on life.Mark steals from another member of his tribe.He will probably receive which type of social realignment?

A) Mark will be shamed in front of the entire tribe.
B) Mark will have to complete 20 hours of community service work.
C) Mark will be put on probation for months.
D) Mark will be sent to juvenile hall to be rehabilitated.

Question 15

The common faith or set of social norms by which a society and its members abide is defined by Durkheim as:

A) collective conscience.
B) division of labor.
C) anomie.
D) organic solidarity.

Question 16

Which of Durkheim's types of social solidarity characterized premodern life?

A) mechanical
B) organic
C) anomic
D) egoistic

Question 17

When a prison offers educational opportunities,mental health treatment,and job training programs to inmates,which response to deviance is it engaging in?

A) restitutive
B) rehabilitative
C) repressive
D) recidivist

Question 18

Crime and deviance:

A) are always two entirely different concepts.
B) can be the same or entirely different phenomena.
C) are interchangeable; deviance is always a crime.
D) tend to be one and the same; if something is a crime, it is always deviant.

Question 19

A crime such as burglary is also known as which type of deviance?

A) informal
B) formal
C) secondary
D) social

Question 20

When people in a society form social bonds and relate meaningfully to others on a daily basis,the society is said to exhibit:

A) anomie.
B) social cohesion.
C) conformity.
D) conflict.

Question 21

Which of the following is Durkheim's primary explanation for why people commit suicide?

A) They lack social integration.
B) They lack anomie.
C) They lack ego.
D) They lack altruism.

Question 22

A person who desires a big mansion and the perfect "American Dream" lifestyle,but sells illegal drugs to achieve this,is known by Merton as a(n):

A) ritualist.
B) conformist.
C) rebel.
D) innovator.

Question 23

Which type of suicide occurs when a person experiences too much social regulation,according to Durkheim?

A) altruistic
B) egoistic
C) anomic
D) fatalistic

Question 24

In industrialized societies,social sanctions are most likely:

A) associated with "an eye for an eye," as mentioned in the Bible.
B) focused on the criminal's individual circumstances.
C) public punishment, as in public hangings.
D) ignored by the criminal justice systems.

Question 25

Tracy is a woman who rejects the goals defined by society to achieve a big house and lots of money,but she still follows the means and abides by the rules.Merton would classify Tracy as a(n):

A) innovator.
B) retreatist.
C) ritualist.
D) rebel.

Question 26

According to Merton,which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?

A) conformist
B) innovator
C) retreatist
D) ritualist

Question 27

Neighborhood watch groups are examples of what urban theorist Jane Jacobs called:

A) formal social sanctions.
B) the eyes and ears of the streets.
C) big brothers.
D) stigmas.

Question 28

A factory worker wins $10 million in the lottery.He doesn't know what to do with his good fortune,so he commits suicide.Durkheim would say he has committed ____________ type of suicide.

A) psychotic
B) fatalistic
C) egoistic
D) anomic

Question 29

The act of abiding by society's norms is known as which of the following?

A) normative compliance
B) anomie
C) crime
D) division of labor

Question 30

Punishments that are overt expressions of official group sentiments toward deviants are also known as:

A) restitutive.
B) rehabilitative.
C) formal social sanctions.
D) informal social sanctions.

Question 31

According to Becker,why do marijuana smokers enjoy using the drug?

A) They engage in a social process of learning to define the experience as fun and pleasurable.
B) They are covering up or trying to escape some other deviant tendencies.
C) They are genetically predisposed to enjoying its effects.
D) Because breaking the law is a pleasurable activity for deviants.

Question 32

According to Durkheim's research,what is the primary reason that Protestants are more likely to kill themselves than Catholics and Jews?

A) Protestantism is premised on the collective conscience.
B) Protestantism is premised on the individual, which creates less social integration.
C) Protestants are the poorest of religious groups.
D) Protestants are the most politically oppressed of religious groups.

Question 33

According to Merton,a person who completely stops participating in society's drive to achieve its defined goals is a(n):

A) ritualist.
B) retreatist.
C) innovator.
D) rebel.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a symbolic interactionist theory of deviance?

A) strain theory
B) normative theory
C) labeling theory
D) functionalist theory

Question 35

Using Durkheim's definitions,many early feminists (in the 1950s)would say that stay-at-home mothers were more likely to commit ____________ type of suicide.

A) fatalistic
B) anomic
C) organic
D) egoistic

Question 36

All of the following are types of suicide described by Durkheim EXCEPT:

A) altruistic.
B) egoistic.
C) recidivist.
D) anomic.

Question 37

David Rosenhan (1973)sent some of his students to a psychiatric hospital,saying they were "hearing voices." Each pseudo-patient was admitted and diagnosed with a mental disorder.He was illustrating ____________ theory.

A) functionalist
B) labeling
C) strain
D) differential association

Question 38

Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI)and functionalist perspectives on deviance?

A) SI sees deviance as negative, and functionalism sees it as positive.
B) SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals to explain deviance, and functionalism looks at macro-level social systems to explain it.
C) SI accepts that there is deviance in society, while functionalism argues that society functions without deviance.
D) SI argues that deviance plays an important symbolic role in society that helps reinforce cohesion, while functionalism argues that deviance threatens social cohesion.

Question 39

Punishments that are based on the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership are known as unspoken rules and as:

A) restitutive.
B) rehabilitative.
C) formal social sanctions.
D) informal social sanctions.

Question 40

Victor Rios wrote Punished: The Criminalization of Inner City Boys (2010),in which he questions whether:

A) increasing police in inner-city neighborhoods actually increases criminal records of the youth there.
B) replacing teachers in inner-city schools with police officers decreases crime.
C) installing cameras at every street corner decreases crime in inner cities.
D) replacing police officers with social workers decreases the amount of crime in inner cities.

Question 41

Jennifer goes into a local boutique and slips a bracelet into her purse.She successfully shoplifts for the first time.Labeling theorists would call this ____________ deviance.

A) undiscovered
B) stigmatized
C) primary
D) secondary

Question 42

How does the social context affect crime,according to the broken windows theory?

A) Evidence of disorder, such as broken windows, sends a signal that it's acceptable to engage in further deviant behaviors such as vandalism.
B) If the local economy doesn't provide enough jobs for residents, crime becomes the easiest way to get by.
C) Broken widows provide easy access to places in which to use drugs and engage in prostitution.
D) Criminals often start with petty vandalism in order to build their confidence. They then work their way up to more serious and dangerous crimes.

Question 43

When analyzing U.S.crime rates,your textbook author explains that the best indicator we have of crime is the:

A) drug use rate.
B) murder rate.
C) birthrate.
D) juvenile crime rate.

Question 44

After a student drops out of high school,she becomes labeled a "drop-out," and her subsequent actions and choices are explained in terms of this label.Those subsequent actions are called:

A) primary deviance.
B) secondary deviance.
C) unintended consequences.
D) anomie.

Question 45

Which theory developed by Cloward and Ohlin (1960)explains that street crime rises and falls in relation to the availability of legitimate economic opportunities?

A) differential opportunity theory
B) strain theory
C) deterrence theory
D) broken windows theory

Question 46

Labeling theory focuses on:

A) the ways in which society labels different kinds of activities as deviant.
B) the social process through which law enforcement learns to recognize the signs of deviance.
C) rehabilitation of deviants through appropriate intervention.
D) the social process through which people become deviants.

Question 47

Charles is a 41-year-old man who recently got caught committing a crime after serving a long prison sentence.This is an example of:

A) specific deterrence.
B) general deterrence.
C) anomie.
D) recidivism.

Question 48

The student guards in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment behaved the way they did because:

A) the "inmates" were unruly and demanded swift and strong action.
B) they experienced the Lucifer effect, in which they were affected by social surroundings and cultural expectations.
C) they were simply following orders from a legitimate authority figure, who in this case was their professor.
D) they were malnourished.

Question 49

What is one difference between street crime and white-collar crime?

A) Street crime is more costly to the public than white-collar crime.
B) Street crime usually occurs in public; white-collar crime usually occurs in private.
C) More people are victimized by white-collar crime than by street crime.
D) Those committing white-collar crimes are more likely to be punished than those committing street crimes.

Question 50

Which term best describes what happens when other people label a person and that label affects his or her actions?

A) rebellion
B) innovation
C) primary deviance
D) secondary deviance

Question 51

When an elementary school student is labeled as the "class clown" by his teacher,and then adopts the persona and lives up to others' expectations by acting silly,the class clown label has become a:

A) social role.
B) deviant behavior.
C) secondary label.
D) stigma.

Question 52

The first acts of deviance that people engage in before they ever get caught and labeled are known as:

A) rebellion.
B) innovation.
C) primary deviance.
D) secondary deviance.

Question 53

Which of the following crimes has the most financial impact in the United States today?

A) assault
B) robbery
C) white-collar crime
D) victimless crime

Question 54

Which theory explains how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act,specifically,whether or not local,informal norms allow acts such as vandalizing an abandoned car?

A) strain theory
B) symbolic interactionist theory
C) broken windows theory
D) differential opportunity theory

Question 55

Illegal drug dealing is an example of which of the following types of crimes,as defined by sociologists?

A) white-collar crimes
B) street crimes
C) violations
D) misdemeanors

Question 56

If a label is said to be "sticky" when referring to deviance,it means that:

A) the criminal justice system must get involved.
B) the Mafia is behind the deviance.
C) it is hard to lose that label.
D) only one person at a time can be labeled.

Question 57

Which of the following is a negative social label that alters a person's self-concept and identity,as well as how others treat the person?

A) primary deviance
B) strain
C) stigma
D) anomie

Question 58

Devah Pager (2001)found,in her study of job applications and criminal records,that a negative social label affects people's chances in life.This label is called a ____________ by sociologists.

A) crime
B) bias
C) stigma
D) primary deviance

Question 59

Why is it so difficult to track the crime rate over time?

A) Most crimes are unreported.
B) We lack good data on criminal activity prior to 1990.
C) The way particular crimes are defined changes over time.
D) It is not difficult to track the crime rate over time.

Question 60

Tax evasion is an example of which of the following types of crimes,as defined by sociologists?

A) white-collar crimes
B) street crimes
C) violent crimes
D) folkways

Question 61

Bentham's term for circular buildings in which prisoners are watched by guards or others at all times is:

A) prisons.
B) jails.
C) panopticons.
D) total institutions.

Question 62

What is social control? Distinguish between formal social sanctions and informal social sanctions.For what types of deviance are each sanction most effective,and why?

Question 63

Prisons and military boot camps are examples of what Goffman calls:

A) the Rockefeller drug laws.
B) specific deterrence.
C) total institutions.
D) panopticons.

Question 64

What percentage of the U.S.voting-age population is not allowed to vote because of prior crime convictions?

A) 0.5 percent
B) 1 percent
C) 2.5 percent
D) 10 percent

Question 65

A policy of imprisoning and monitoring criminal offenders for committing crimes in an effort to prevent them from committing more crimes is known as:

A) specific deterrence.
B) general deterrence.
C) anomie.
D) recidivism.

Question 66

An example of emerging resistance to public video surveillance is a project that allows users in New York City to access maps showing the locations of cameras.This project is called:

A) iSee.
B) community policing.
C) big brother.
D) primitive rebellion.

Question 67

Which theory suggests that "crime results from a rational calculation of the costs and benefits of criminal activity"?

A) broken windows theory
B) differential opportunity theory
C) labeling theory
D) deterrence theory

Question 68

A drug dealer stops selling drugs after learning on the street that another dealer was caught and punished.This is an example of which of the following?

A) specific deterrence
B) general deterrence
C) anomie
D) recidivism

Question 69

One of the major changes associated with the modern prison system is:

A) the shift from "violence against the body" to "reforming the soul."
B) the shift from private to public punishments.
C) reduced public spending on prisons.
D) the rise of the prison as a "total institution."

Question 70

Former Enron CEO Kenneth Lay committed crimes such as misappropriating funds,issuing false reports,and destroying evidence.These crimes are known as:

A) street crimes.
B) violent crimes.
C) corporate crimes.
D) violations.

Question 71

Distinguish between informal and formal social deviance.Be sure to give an example of each type.

Question 72

Using Durkheim's work on social cohesion,describe the ways in which punishments for deviance are administered within mechanical and organic solidarity.

Question 73

Modes of monitoring,examining,and regimenting individuals that are diffused throughout society,including standardized tests,are what Foucault called:

A) disciplinary techniques.
B) total institutions.
C) specific deterrence.
D) general deterrence.

Question 74

Which of the following statements is true regarding the current U.S.incarceration rate?

A) It has remained relatively stable for the past 20 years.
B) It has decreased in the past 20 years.
C) It has been slowly decreasing, but only in the past five years.
D) It is the highest in American history.

Question 75

Which of the following decreased the murder rates in the United States in the last several decades?

A) better medical care
B) better social control of juveniles
C) more stringent gun control
D) more social cohesion across racial groups

Question 76

Define what Durkheim meant by social cohesion and distinguish between his two types of social solidarity,using an example of each.Which is most applicable to the modern-day United States,and why?

Question 77

In 1973,the governor of New York State enacted legislation mandating increased prison terms for drug possession and sale.These are still in effect and are known as:

A) three strikes.
B) the war on drugs.
C) the Rockefeller drug laws.
D) you do the line, you do the time.

Question 78

According to data on mass incarceration in the United States,the national cost per prisoner is approximately how much per year?

A) $5,000
B) $10,000
C) $15,000
D) $20,000

Question 79

An elementary school isn't a total institution because:

A) students leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time.
B) children cannot be subjected to total institutions.
C) there are bureaucratic rules that govern schools.
D) too many children attend elementary school to make it possible.

Question 80

According to the textbook,which of the following is true regarding race and the death row population?

A) Justice on death row is not color-blind.
B) Justice on death row is color-blind.
C) The majority of the death row population is white in the state of Texas.
D) The majority of the death row population is Asian only in Florida.