Deck 9: The Consolidation of Europe,1100–1250

Question 1

The High Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a new political structure known as:

A) universal democracy.
B) the multicultural, multilingual empire.
C) dictatorship.
D) the national monarchy.
E) the theocracy, a church state.

Answer 1

the national monarchy.

Question 2

Compared to the popes active in the early Middle Ages,popes in the High Middle Ages were:

A) less concerned about the power and influence of kings in the secular sphere.
B) less willing to control existing monastic orders and create new ones.
C) more concerned with missionary activity and conversion.
D) more concerned about establishing bureaucracies that increased the visibility of papal power.
E) less concerned about priests and monks living holy lifestyles.

Answer 2

more concerned about establishing bureaucracies that increased the visibility of papal power.

Question 3

King Frederick II of Germany:

A) sought to create a Muslim style of kingship over his empire, complete with a harem and dancing girls.
B) ignored Italy in favor of Germany.
C) pursued his grandfather's policy of supporting the German princes while enforcing imperial rights throughout the empire.
D) established the Lombard League to cement his control over northern Italy.
E) continued his father's dream of leading a crusade to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

Answer 3

pursued his grandfather's policy of supporting the German princes while enforcing imperial rights throughout the empire.

Question 4

To the territories he inherited from his father,Frederick Barbarossa,King Henry VI added:

A) northern Italy.
B) Sicily.
C) Rome and central Italy.
D) Saxony.
E) the Papal States.

Question 5

Evidenced by the lifestyle of Frederick II,the culture of medieval Sicily:

A) was wholly Norman French.
B) was wholly German.
C) included many cultures such as Anglo-Saxon, Frisian, and Gothic.
D) was wholly Italian.
E) included many cultures such as Norman, Latin, Byzantine, and Muslim Arabic.

Question 6

The last emperor who effectively ruled all the disparate pieces of the Holy Roman Emperor was:

A) Innocent III.
B) Frederick Barbarossa.
C) Alexander III.
D) Philip Augustus.
E) Frederick II.

Question 7

Secular women like Heloise who wished to continue their education beyond convent school could:

A) not do so.
B) attend university.
C) be taught individually by a tutor.
D) attend women-only universities.
E) ask their local priests to teach them.

Question 8

After the signing of the Magna Carta,English government gradually became a:

A) republic.
B) democracy.
C) dictatorship.
D) theocracy.
E) constitutional monarchy.

Question 9

King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to:

A) the preaching of indulgences before the First Crusade.
B) the authority of the Catholic Church in matters relating to faith.
C) the process of electing or "investing" archbishops in England.
D) whether priests should be tried in royal courts like other subjects of the king.
E) a personal argument between the two men unrelated to religious concerns.

Question 10

By the end of the thirteenth century,_________ had become the largest Spanish kingdom.

A) Portugal
B) Granada
C) Castile
D) Aragon
E) Catalonia

Question 11

Alfonso II of Aragon ensured his control over his kingdom by:

A) military strength.
B) the use of sheriffs who patrolled the land.
C) documenting property transactions.
D) refusing to fund education.
E) refusing to acknowledge the authority of the pope.

Question 12

The Venetians wanted revenge against Byzantium in the late twelfth century because:

A) some citizens of Constantinople had massacred Venetian merchants who lived in the city.
B) Byzantium had attacked Venice in 1182.
C) Byzantine merchants were taking trade from Venetians.
D) The Venetians regarded the Byzantines as heretics.
E) Constantinople had not supported the Third Crusade.

Question 13

The ultimate purpose of the Albigensian Crusade was:

A) to convert heretics to Christianity.
B) to justify the colonization of the south of France.
C) to recapture Jerusalem.
D) to justify the colonization of the Baltic.
E) to recapture Acre.

Question 14

Venice benefited from the Crusades by:

A) providing military generals who led soldiers on Crusade.
B) providing bibles to every pilgrim who traveled to the kingdom of Jerusalem.
C) creating a network of early banks that lent money at low interest rates.
D) providing ships and supplies to Crusaders.
E) continually attacking Egypt.

Question 15

The Magna Carta,signed by King John of England,was a:

A) treaty between John and the English peasants who had risen up during the English Peasants' Revolt.
B) contract that promised the Church that their lands would never be taxed.
C) treaty between England and France to end the war caused by the Norman invasion.
D) legal document defining particular rights of nobles and freemen and limiting royal power.
E) charter announcing John's abdication of the throne.

Question 16

Frederick Barbarossa attempted to bypass the power of the papacy by:

A) forging an alliance with other German princes to oppose the pope.
B) ignoring every dictate from the papacy.
C) converting to Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
D) appointing anti-popes who claimed to be the true pope.
E) besieging the papal palace in Rome.

Question 17

The Knights Hospitaller was initially founded for the purpose of:

A) protecting the borders of the kingdom of Jerusalem.
B) creating a banking system for European travelers.
C) caring for pilgrims in a hospital in Jerusalem.
D) praying for the continued existence of the kingdom of Jerusalem.
E) protecting the king of Jerusalem.

Question 18

The tradition of French administration that balanced local diversity of custom with bureaucratic centralization in Paris began with:

A) Charlemagne.
B) Philip II, "Augustus."
C) Louis VIII, "the Lion."
D) Louis IX, "St. Louis."
E) Philip IV, "the Fair."

Question 19

The French Parlement never attained the importance of Parliament in England because:

A) the French nobility, unlike the English nobility, was exempt from taxation.
B) French kings after Philip Augustus were absolutist monarchs.
C) the French Parlement included only the peasants of France.
D) people from many territories in France refused to participate.
E) the French Parlement was divided by two equally powerful blocs, resulting in a stalemate.

Question 20

After 1187,the capital of the kingdom of Jerusalem was:

A) Acre.
B) Jerusalem.
C) Nazareth.
D) Tripoli.
E) Antioch.

Question 21

Anselm argued that:

A) human beings can know nothing beyond the world in which they live.
B) God cannot exist if evil exists in the world.
C) since human beings name objects of which they conceive, then God must be a human creation.
D) human ideas of goodness had been instilled by God, a being about which nothing greater can be conceived.
E) God's existence is simply beyond any human ability to comprehend.

Question 22

The seven liberal arts that the universities of Europe established as their curriculum consisted of the:

A) trivium and quadrivium.
B) works of Plato and Aristotle.
C) works of Augustine and Anselm.
D) ars grammatica.
E) omnia studia.

Question 23

Medieval scholastics taught that:

A) there was a fundamental compatibility between human reason and experience and the divine teachings in the Bible.
B) the Bible, as a divinely inspired source, was largely incompatible with the philosophical ideas and systems of humans.
C) careful study of the Bible showed that it contained fundamental inconsistencies.
D) science was more useful than religion, because the Christian faith cannot be defended by reason.
E) science and religion could never be reconciled and religion must always be accepted as true.

Question 24

The term universitas originally meant:

A) corporation.
B) universal truth.
C) school.
D) debate.
E) cathedral.

Question 25

Students who attended medieval universities:

A) studied diligently for four years before becoming doctors of theology.
B) were generally well behaved due to their status as clerics.
C) rarely attended lectures or tutorials.
D) were not allowed to debate dangerous or controversial topics.
E) generally drank to excess, gambled, fought, and were generally rowdy.

Question 26

Chivalry:

A) was the term used to describe the relationship between women and men during the medieval period.
B) was limited to the specific orders established in England and France to reward service to the king.
C) was a means of legitimizing social positions acquired through either bravery or skill.
D) simply was a title given to the chief aide to a king during a time of war.
E) comes from a Latin word meaning an archer held in reserve during battle.

Question 27

Which Christian figure was an increasingly important object of devotion in the twelfth century and was the namesake of the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris as well as other places?

A) Saint Francis of Assisi
B) Hildegard of Bingen
C) Jesus of Nazareth
D) the Virgin Mary
E) Saint Augustine of Hippo

Question 28

Upon admission to university,medieval students typically spent four years studying the liberal arts,which meant:

A) theology and philosophy.
B) history and the social sciences.
C) mathematics, natural science, and painting.
D) advanced work in Latin grammar, rhetoric, and logic.
E) advanced work in theology, mathematics, and the social sciences.

Question 29

Saint Francis of Assisi emphasized which religious themes in his ministry and new monastic order?

A) rejection of papal authority and a mystical approach to religion and spirituality
B) agricultural endowments designed to perpetually fund and support the Church
C) poverty, humility, and obedience with an active preaching ministry
D) healing, anointing, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary
E) rigorous penitence, including self-flagellation

Question 30

In the second half of the twelfth century,educated Westerners vastly increased their knowledge when:

A) medieval scientists began conducting scientific experiments and circulating the results.
B) important works of Greek and Arabic literature were translated into Latin.
C) the Englishman Robert Grosseteste invented the telescope.
D) the works of Plato were discovered in Europe and made widely available.
E) Latin versions of the scientific works of Aristotle were discovered and widely distributed.

Question 31

Modern universities can trace their origin back to the:

A) elementary schools established by the Church.
B) cathedral schools.
C) Sorbonne established by Charlemagne.
D) monastery schools that trained priests.
E) English public schools.

Question 32

The increasing persecution of European Jews in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries should be interpreted in the context of:

A) recent Jewish settlements in central Europe, such as those in Italy and Poland.
B) a widespread interest in Hebrew language, culture, and religious texts.
C) contemporary crimes by Jews, such as poisoning wells and the ritual murder of children.
D) general Christian concerns about heresy and the growing suspicion of Jews at all levels of society.
E) the control of the Christian holy sites in Jerusalem by Jews under the protection of the Ottomans.

Question 33

Peter Waldes's reform movement in the late twelfth century was considered heretical by the Church because the Waldensians did not:

A) submit to the rule of absolute poverty.
B) believe in the teachings of the Church regarding celibacy.
C) believe in the saints of the Church.
D) support the rise and influence of medieval universities.
E) accept the Church's authority and directives on the issue of lay preaching.

Question 34

The rapid growth of monastic houses,such as the Cistercians,in the twelfth century meant that more men and women were becoming professional religious and that:

A) the papacy had finally abandoned any spiritual connection with the monasteries.
B) the severe asceticism of the monasteries was widely popular in Europe.
C) a religiously engaged laity was supporting the Church through the donation of money and lands.
D) the observance of the Benedictine rule had become somewhat lax in the monasteries.
E) as a result, the monasteries had become increasingly impoverished from the drain on their resources.

Question 35

Hildegard of Bingen's canonization was stalled in the Middle Ages because:

A) her candidacy was subject to new, stricter regulations by the Church.
B) she was found not to be holy enough.
C) after her death she was discovered to have held heretical beliefs.
D) after her death it was discovered she was a man.
E) her visions were not believed to be genuine.

Question 36

By 1200,access to some form of education was:

A) restricted to the sons of the nobility.
B) open in principle to all who wanted an education.
C) available only to those who intended to become priests.
D) open to women.
E) mandatory for all children under the age of 12.

Question 37

Compared to Saint Augustine,Saint Thomas Aquinas seems to have:

A) participated more aggressively in the pursuit of heretics.
B) placed less value on creating works of systematic theology.
C) demonstrated the impossibility of reconciling Greek thought with Christian dogma.
D) found major inspiration in the writings of the Greek philosopher Plato.
E) believed people could comprehend the world around them through reason and experience.

Question 38

The person most responsible for increasing interest in devotion to the Eucharist and the Virgin Mary in the twelfth century was:

A) Peter Abelard.
B) Anselm of Bec.
C) Bernard of Clairvaux.
D) Peter the Venerable.
E) Roland of Cremona.

Question 39

The growth of schools in twelfth-century Europe can be attributed primarily to the:

A) rediscovery of Aristotle's works.
B) rapid increase in literacy beginning in the eleventh century.
C) general economic revival in Europe.
D) benevolent legislation of several reform-minded popes.
E) establishment of national schools by strong national monarchs.

Question 40

In the twelfth century,the central act of worship for Christianity was:

A) prayer.
B) confession.
C) Eucharistic devotion.
D) pilgrimages to holy sites.
E) veneration of the saints.

Question 41

Twelfth-century popes,like their secular counterparts,sought to establish their authority by building and expanding bureaucratic structures to increase papal visibility and to show it in the daily lives of all Christians.

Question 42

Medieval scholastics exalted the dignity of human nature and the ability of human reason.

Question 43

Gratian's Decretum was the standard canon law code and gave the Church power over issues such as marriage,inheritance,and wills.

Question 44

The political power of some queens of the High Middle Ages in Europe is reflected in the:

A) right of queens to choose which son would become king after the death of his father.
B) number of women included in manuscript illuminations from the period.
C) right of queens to attend medieval universities.
D) power of the queen in the game of chess.
E) number of books that were dedicated to queens during this period.

Question 45

The Waldensians were declared heretics because they did not believe in transubstantiation.

Question 46

Between 1000 and 1250 Europe:

A) took on many of the characteristics that define the modern West.
B) became more of a cultural backwater.
C) closed down trade routes to the Orient.
D) produced literature only in Latin.
E) looked back to the glory days of the Carolingian empire.

Question 47

Hildegard of Bingen wrote on a variety of subjects outside her spiritual concerns as a nun,including pharmacology and gynecology.

Question 48

Pope Innocent III believed that Christians,Muslims,and Jews were all equal people of the book.

Question 49

In the thirteenth century,the governance of Italian city-states became increasingly:

A) republican.
B) democratic.
C) oligarchic.
D) theocratic.
E) communist.

Question 50

One of the most popular saints and most powerful saint's cults in the Middle Ages was the Virgin Mary.

Question 51

In towns,manufacturing was largely controlled by the:

A) town government.
B) king.
C) local bishop.
D) trade guilds.
E) particular ordinances of a given town.

Question 52

The genre of literature most representative of urban culture during the High Middle Ages was the:

A) chanson de geste.
B) lai.
C) summa.
D) fabliau.
E) tractate.

Question 53

Romances told stories of love and adventure and were carefully attuned to the interests and concerns of:

A) men.
B) clerics.
C) children.
D) nuns.
E) women.

Question 54

Gothic Cathedrals were:

A) otherworldly.
B) as solid, permanent, and eternal as the Church it represented.
C) somber and dominated by horizontal structures.
D) a contemplative structure remote from the outside world.
E) a reflection of the medieval world and its knowledge.

Question 55

In the late Middle Ages,Jews were routinely expelled from Italy,England,France,Germany,and Spain.

Question 56

The essential features of the Romanesque architectural style are:

A) highly decorated interiors and slender, towering columns.
B) rounded arches, massive stone walls, and small windows.
C) stained-glass windows that take the place of walls.
D) vertical elements such as pointed arches, pinnacles, and ribbed vaulting.
E) pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, and massive stone walls.

Question 57

Wolfram von Eschenbach was a German poet known primarily for his:

A) story depicting the search for the Holy Grail.
B) unfinished work entitled Romance of the Rose.
C) epic poem entitled Song of the Niebelungs.
D) architectural drawings of German cathedrals.
E) stories concerning the childhood of Jesus.

Question 58

Marie de France:

A) was an influential queen of France in the twelfth century.
B) was a woman scholar tutored by Abelard.
C) wrote an important monastic rule for women.
D) wrote romances.
E) wrote about her mystical visions in a book called Scivias.

Question 59

The Europeans who settled in the new Crusader states forced their subjects to adopt Western culture and values.

Question 60

By the eleventh century,the reforming abbey of Cluny was abandoned.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the Franciscan and Dominican orders.

Question 62

How was the German pattern of kingship different from the English and French models?

Question 63

Was the conflict between Becket and Henry II personal or political? Explain.

Question 64

What led to the apparent growth of heretical groups in the twelfth century,and what was the Church's response ?

Question 65

What changes took place in the literature and architecture of the twelfth-century renaissance,and how did it reflect society?

Question 66

Saint Thomas Aquinas was a member of the Jesuit order and a teacher at Paris.

Question 67

What was the role of the guild in medieval society and economy?

Question 68

In what ways can Innocent III be regarded as the most capable and successful of medieval popes?

Question 69

The goal of Abelard's philosophical works was to show that the different opinions of the Church Fathers could be reconciled.

Question 70

Peter Abelard was a controversial and popular teacher who made the University of Bologna a center of theology.

Question 71

How does the ethos of Crusade imbue the political and religious movements of the High Middle Ages?

Question 72

In what ways did education change from the Carolingian period to the twelfth century?

Question 73

In what ways are the stereotypes of the Middle Ages as conservative and antihumanistic inaccurate?

Question 74

Twelfth-century literature focused on courtly themes and motifs and avoided discussion of the profane and mundane.

Question 75

In 1250,the most powerful guild in Arras was a guild of professional entertainers.

Question 76

The chivalric code suggested that noblewomen ought to be treated as objects of veneration.