Deck 6: Biology in the Present: the Other Living Primates

Question 1

High, pointed cusps indicate a diet of

A) fruit.
B) bark.
C) meat.
D) insects.

Answer 1

insects.

Question 2

Which of the following lists is a good characterization of primates?

A) Primates have impressive, built-in behaviors but are poor learners and require a very specific diet to survive.
B) Primates have a shorter life span than other mammals of their size, are intelligent, and almost all eat the same diet.
C) Primates are intelligent, are long lived, have diverse diets, and exhibit complex social behavior.
D) Primates are intelligent, are long lived, have very narrow dietary requirements, and exhibit diverse social behaviors.

Answer 2

Primates are intelligent, are long lived, have diverse diets, and exhibit complex social behavior.

Question 3

While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates and notice they have wet, snout-like noses.This indicates a species of

A) prosimian, because they retain the rhinarium not found in other mammal species.
B) anthropoid primate, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
C) platyrrhine primate, because their nostrils do not point downward.
D) strepsirhine, because they retain a rhinarium.

Answer 3

strepsirhine, because they retain a rhinarium.

Question 4

Colobine primates

A) are mostly frugivorous.
B) are usually terrestrial.
C) have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.
D) are referred to as "cheek pouch" monkeys.

Question 5

The two suborders of primates are

A) platyrrhine and catarrhine.
B) strepsirhine and haplorhine.
C) hongidae and hominidae.
D) tarsiers and anthropoids.

Question 6

Which of the following are strepsirhines?

A) baboons
B) gibbons
C) lemurs
D) tamarins

Question 7

Anthropoids include

A) monkeys and apes, including humans.
B) African and Asian apes only.
C) tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only.
D) lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.

Question 8

Rounded lower cusps indicate a diet of

A) fruit.
B) meat.
C) insects.
D) leaves.

Question 9

Primates' enhanced sense of vision stems from

A) color vision and eyes that are rotated forward.
B) their tendency toward nocturnality.
C) their reduced sense of smell.
D) their grasping hands.

Question 10

The cladistic classification of apes and humans

A) includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
B) uses the term hominid to describe only humans and their ancestors.
C) divides hominoids into hylobatids, pongids, and hominids.
D) includes tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises.

Question 11

Prehensile tails are

A) present in catarrhine primates.
B) present in most primates.
C) common in platyrrhines.
D) made strictly of muscle.

Question 12

The opposable big toe

A) is present in nonhuman primates but not humans, because humans lost this feature.
B) is present in nonhuman primates but not humans, because primates evolved this feature.
C) is present in all primates.
D) is only found in Old World primates.

Question 13

The dental pattern of Old World higher primates is

A) 2/1/2/3.
B) 2/1/3/3.
C) 2/2/2/3.
D) 2/2/3/3.

Question 14

Arboreal adaptation is

A) adaptation to life in the trees.
B) the ability to brachiate.
C) adaptation to life in the savanna.
D) the ability to move on four limbs.

Question 15

Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including

A) opposable thumbs.
B) a precision grip.
C) short digits.
D) an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

Question 16

The strepsirhines include

A) New World and Old World monkeys.
B) lemurs, lorises, and galagos.
C) great apes and lesser apes.
D) lemurs, lorises, and Old World monkeys.

Question 17

The Linnaean suborder prosimians includes

A) only nocturnal species.
B) only diurnal species.
C) diurnal and nocturnal galagos.
D) diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.

Question 18

Primate females

A) invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
B) give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
C) give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
D) give birth to twins regularly.

Question 19

Relative to other primates, strepsirhine adaptations include

A) an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
B) a larger brain.
C) a reduced number of teeth.
D) smaller eye orbits.

Question 20

Living lemurs are found only in

A) Asia.
B) Africa.
C) South America.
D) Madagascar.

Question 21

Strepsirhines have a special lower incisor called a

A) bilophodont.
B) two-ridge tooth.
C) diastema.
D) tooth comb.

Question 22

Relative to body size, primate brain size is

A) proportional to human brain size.
B) more or less the same in large and small primates.
C) smaller than in other large mammals.
D) larger among great apes than among other primates.

Question 23

The eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E.Le Gros Clark (1895-1971) identified three prominent tendencies.They are

A) the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.
B) increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.
C) arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.
D) the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

Question 24

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in

A) colobus monkeys.
B) chimpanzees.
C) lemurs.
D) howler monkeys.

Question 25

The rhinarium is present in

A) baboons.
B) gorillas.
C) ring-tail lemurs.
D) howler monkeys.

Question 26

A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back of the skull belongs to an individual that

A) is fully bipedal, such as a human.
B) is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
C) spends a lot of time in trees.
D) is usually bipedal but sometimes quadrupedal.

Question 27

In class, your professor shows you the skulls of three mammals.In one, the eye would be fully enclosed by bone.In the second, there is a bony circle around where the eye goes, but it is open in the back.In the third, the place where the eye would be is not encircled by bone at all.This suggests to you that

A) the third one is an anthropoid primate, because an organism with a highly developed sense of vision needs more room to move the eyes around.
B) the second one, with the bony bar around the eye, is probably not a primate.
C) the first one is an anthropoid primate; the fully enclosed orbit is probably beneficial in an organism that relies heavily on vision.
D) all three species are probably nocturnal; otherwise, it would be impossible to find evidence of eyes given only the skull.

Question 28

The typical catarrhine dental formula is

A) 1/1/2/3.
B) 2/1/3/3.
C) 2/1/2/3.
D) 3/1/2/3.

Question 29

A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors' teeth is

A) the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
B) a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
C) the Y-5 cusp pattern.
D) a canine that shows wear on the tip.

Question 30

The typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs is

A) 2/1/3/3.
B) 1/1/3/3.
C) 2/1/3/2.
D) 2/1/2/3.

Question 31

The increased brain size observed in the order Primates

A) results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.
B) results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.
C) demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.
D) demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution AND results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.

Question 32

In class, your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain.The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe.This suggests to you that this

A) primate exhibits a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell, since this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species.
B) is a species of anthropoid because it has an increased reliance on vision.
C) primate must be a species of Strepsirhini, as that suborder of primates relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
D) species is nocturnal.

Question 33

The pelvis and gluteal muscles in apes and humans are

A) almost identical, even though the two groups of primates locomote in entirely different ways.
B) different in their shape and size so that the difference between quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion can be distinguished.
C) almost identical, since the two types of primates both move around quadrupedally and bipedally, as needed.
D) the same except for the size of the gluteal maximus, which is largest in the nonhuman ape.

Question 34

You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution.You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids.This implies that the researchers are relying on

A) cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans.
B) traditional classifications of chimpanzees and humans.
C) nonevolutionary classification of chimpanzees and humans.
D) an incorrect classification of human ancestors.

Question 35

While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to grasp branches while moving throughout the trees in its enclosure.This is MOST likely a(n)

A) Old World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
B) lesser ape, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
C) New World monkey, because these are the only monkeys that live in trees.
D) New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.

Question 36

African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are

A) now considered extinct due to human exploitation of resources.
B) a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.
C) not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos.
D) among the most endangered animal species due to disease.

Question 37

Preadaptation is

A) the series of apparent adaptations that are never actually used.
B) the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature's original function.
C) an anatomical feature used in the manner for which it was originally selected.
D) a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur.

Question 38

In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jawbone) of a species of primate.While looking at the teeth you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar.In your lab book you note that this

A) is likely the lower jaw of a human, due to the potential presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
B) may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
C) is likely the lower jaw of a human, given the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
D) may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth suggests the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.

Question 39

Old World monkeys have

A) Y-5 molars.
B) two sets of molars.
C) bilophodont molars.
D) one-inch molars.

Question 40

Dietary plasticity in primates refers to

A) eating a wide variety of foods.
B) lack of diversity of diets over time.
C) diets composed of a variety of red meats.
D) diets composed of a variety of fruits.

Question 41

Primates have long growth and development periods because

A) they are like other mammals in taking a long time to develop to sexual maturity.
B) on average they are smaller bodied than most other mammals.
C) they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.
D) the areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing are expanded in primates.

Question 42

Megaladapis is

A) a tiny, mouse-sized relative of the gorilla that lives on Madagascar.
B) an extinct lemur, with a skull larger than a gorilla's, that lived on Madagascar.
C) the name of the assistant to the king in the Pixar movie Madagascar.
D) the dominant lemur living today on Madagascar.

Question 43

Among all primates, humans have the

A) largest body relative to other animals.
B) greatest level of biological adaptability.
C) largest body size.
D) largest brain relative to body size.

Question 44

Catarrhines' nostrils are

A) far apart and face sideways.
B) close together and face downward.
C) large due to their heightened sense of smell.
D) wide and include a large nasal sinus.

Question 45

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding

A) the uses of anatomical and genetic evidence.
B) morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
C) alternative forms of classification.
D) levels of anatomical complexity.

Question 46

Phylogeny refers to

A) evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior.
B) the fundamental anatomical features in primates that reflect their high degree of diversity.
C) primates' ability to get around in trees using an unusually wide range of motions involving the limbs and trunk.
D) a set of behaviors and anatomical characteristics that is unique to mammals adapted to life in the trees.

Question 47

Among all primates humans have the

A) largest olfactory bulb.
B) greatest sense of hearing.
C) most developed vision.
D) most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain.

Question 48

Evaluate and explain the evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between humans and other primates.

Question 49

Discuss the primate parental investment in terms of success in natural selection.What are the most important aspects of primate parenting and what is their value to socialization?

Question 50

Which of the following best describes the overall pattern of growth stages in primates?

A) Humans grow the fastest and live the longest.
B) Lemurs grow the fastest and live the longest.
C) Lemurs grow for two years, anthropoid primates for six to seven years, and humans for 14-19 years.
D) Lemurs grow for 14-19 years, anthropoid primates for six to seven years, and humans for 11 years.

Question 51

Discuss the diversity of the dentition among primates.Pay particular attention to how form follows function with regard to dental morphology and diet.

Question 52

The mouse lemur and the indri

A) represent the range of sizes in living lemurs, though extinct lemurs included larger forms.
B) are improperly named since the "mouse" lemur is nearly gorilla-size, much larger than the indri.
C) are found in the Old World and the New World, respectively.
D) are both extinct lemurs known to have lived across the African continent.

Question 53

Primates are characterized by

A) forward-facing eyes, varied diet, and nonviolent behavior.
B) arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and male dominance.
C) docility, toolmaking, and parental investment.
D) arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.

Question 54

Describe the arboreal adaptation of primates and include specific anatomical characteristics.

Question 55

The cladistic primate classification includes

A) anthropods and haplorhines.
B) hominoids and chordata.
C) strepsirhines and haplorhines.
D) pongidae and omomyidae.

Question 56

A strepsirhine has a

A) wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs.
B) snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs.
C) wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw.
D) tooth comb, a grooming claw, and ischial callosities.

Question 57

The cladistic approach to primate classification is

A) based on the use of anatomical and genetic evidence to establish ancestral relationships.
B) based on direct observation of phenotypes only.
C) also called the gradistic method of classification.
D) based on levels of anatomical complexity, without consideration of ancestor-descendent relationships.

Question 58

Discuss the anatomical differences between strepsirhine and haplorhine primates.How do these anatomical differences influence behavior and socialization among the respective primate groups?

Question 59

Discuss the anatomical differences of the skeleton between (bipedal) humans and (quadrupedal) apes.

Question 60

Brachiation refers to

A) using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb.
B) quadrupedal locomotion including the use of a tail.
C) clinging and leaping locomotion in an arboreal environment.
D) bipedality in nonhumans.