Deck 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning

Question 1

When the US ceases to follow the CS it is called ___________.

A) extinction
B) extinctive recovery
C) spontaneous recovery
D) reflexive recovery

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Classically conditioned responses have been successfully observed in the Aplysia.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

For Pavlov to say that learning has occurred in the dogs, the conditioned stimulus would have to have been ________ before testing.

A) familiar
B) neutral
C) already presented
D) reactionary

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Psychic secretions occur ____________.

A) when food enters the stomach
B) after food enters the stomach
C) before the food reaches the stomach
D) when the food leaves the stomach

Question 5

Salivation in response to the food is the _______________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned reflex
D) conditioned reflex

Question 6

If your cat comes running to the kitchen every time you open a can with the electric can opener, you can probably say that your cat _______________.

A) has learned to associate the can opener with food
B) is hungry at that time
C) does not know when feeding time is
D) associates the kitchen with food

Question 7

Damage to the hippocampus prevents delay conditioning from occurring properly.

Question 8

When examining the CR as a measure of learning in the eyeblink reflex, researchers most commonly use _________.

A) intensity of a response
B) latency of a response
C) the presence vs. nonpresence of a UR
D) percentage of trials in which a CR occurs

Question 9

Classical conditioning is a form of nonassociative learning.

Question 10

Some of the most widely used types of classical conditioning are methods for conditioning emotional responses.

Question 11

Generally, for learning to occur, the CS should be presented first and then overlapped with the US near the end of testing.

Question 12

Disinhibition can occur when an extinguished response reappears to another arousing stimulus.

Question 13

In Pavlov's experiment the food was the __________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned reflex
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned reflex

Question 14

Which of the following is one of the main parameters of classical conditioning identified by Pavlov in his initial studies?

A) The CS must be something the animal is knowledgeable about.
B) The US must precede the CS by a short time interval.
C) The CS must precede the US by a short time interval.
D) The US must be novel to the animal.

Question 15

Learning is best when the US is presented just before the CS.

Question 16

If the dogs in Pavlov's experiment began salivating before the food entered the stomach and as early as when the research door opened, the sound of the door would be called the _____________.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned reflex
D) conditioned reflex

Question 17

After a non-reinforced response disappears and then reappears after isolation it is called __________.

A) extinction
B) extinctive recovery
C) spontaneous recovery
D) reflexive recovery

Question 18

When an animal eventually stops responding to a CS when the CS is presented without the US, it is due to forgetting.

Question 19

The time between the successive presentation of CS and US pairs is called the interstimulus interval.

Question 20

When two events occur close in time we would say they had contiguity.

Question 21

If you were conditioned in one environment but tested in another environment, what happens to the CRs in the testing scenario?

A) The CRs decrease.
B) Initially the CRs increase, then decrease.
C) The CRs increase.
D) It does not affect the CRs.

Question 22

If the food is paired with a bell at the same time in a study, Pavlov would have called this ___________ conditioning.

A) delay
B) trace
C) backwards
D) simultaneous

Question 23

How is learning affected when the CS and US are highly intense?

A) Conditioning takes longer.
B) Learning does not last for long.
C) Conditioning happens more quickly.
D) Learning drops off after a short period of time.

Question 24

Which of the following does not explain that once a response has been conditioned it does not disappear?

A) extinction
B) spontaneous recovery
C) disinhibition
D) rapid reacquisition

Question 25

You are in the grocery store and ask a clerk where the Javex is located. If the clerk asks if you are looking for bleach and you insist you are looking for Javex (a brand of bleach), you have been conditioned through a common method called ____________.

A) latent inhibition
B) sensory preconditioning
C) contextual conditioning
D) blocking

Question 26

Compared with learning of conscious memories, classical conditioning of motor reflexes occurs ____________.

A) more slowly
B) more rapidly
C) more qualitatively
D) less quantitatively

Question 27

When the CS appears then disappears before the US is presented it is called ___________.

A) delay conditioning
B) trace conditioning
C) simultaneous conditioning
D) backward conditioning

Question 28

When a CR can be retrained more quickly following extinction than during initial training it is called _________.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) spontaneous extinction
C) rapid reacquisition
D) spontaneous reacquisition

Question 29

A dog is trained to associate his master's car with the arrival of his master and gets excited when this happens. At the same time, the mail carrier has started to come to the house just seconds before his master comes home. If the dog gets excited when the mail truck arrives it is called _____________.

A) first-order conditioning
B) second-order conditioning
C) spontaneous recovery
D) transfer of learning

Question 30

Pavlov proposed that initial conditioning was the acquisition of a(n) _________ between the CS and the US.

A) inhibitory association
B) excitatory association
C) temporal relationship
D) learned association

Question 31

In a study, rats are classically conditioned to respond to a 1200 Hz tone. During testing, if the rat only responds to that tone and not a 800 Hz tone we can say that the animal has ___________ between them.

A) generalized
B) graded
C) distinguished
D) spontaneously reflected

Question 32

Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory is not completely accurate because ________.

A) the CS and the US are not identical
B) the CR and the UR are not identical
C) the CS comes before the US
D) the CR occurs at a different time than the UR

Question 33

Pairing a CS with a US is called ___________.

A) initial conditioning
B) first-order conditioning
C) second-order conditioning
D) phase 1 conditioning

Question 34

The time between the onset of the CS and the US is called the ___________.

A) intertrial interval
B) intertrial trace
C) interstimulus interval
D) interstimulus trace

Question 35

If a researcher wanted to see if the order of the CS and the US is important to learning he might use __________ conditioning to test this.

A) delay
B) trace
C) simultaneous
D) backwards

Question 36

Which of the following is not an example of complex conditioning?

A) first-order conditioning
B) blocking
C) contextual conditioning
D) sensory preconditioning

Question 37

When the CS and US are generally presented alone, but without notice they are presented together or in close proximity, it is called ___________.

A) explicitly unpaired
B) contiguity
C) random control
D) trace conditioning

Question 38

In which ISI training session is learning best?

A) Less than three seconds.
B) Between three and five seconds.
C) Greater than five seconds.
D) The ISI is not as important as the US.

Question 39

Johnny was bitten by a German Shepherd but now he now scared of all dogs, even little ones. Johnny has ___________ his fear of German Shepherds to all dogs.

A) discriminated
B) generalized
C) graded
D) substituted

Question 40

Dr. Brown is working with a client in reducing her fear of planes. Part of the treatment is to countercondition a positive response with the plane while _____________.

A) exciting the negative conditioned anxiety
B) inhibiting the positive feelings about flying
C) inhibiting the negative conditioned anxiety
D) exciting the spontaneous recovery of her fear

Question 41

Give two explanations for why spontaneous recovery occurs.

Question 42

The Rescorla-Wagner can explain all but the following phenomenon in classical conditioning:

A) incremental excitatory conditioning that occurs when a CS is first paired with a US.
B) blocking.
C) inhibitory conditioning when the when the US is less than expected.
D) excitatory conditioning when the US is less than expected.

Question 43

Discuss why response extinction is not the same as forgetting.

Question 44

Taste aversion has also been called ________.

A) belongingness
B) hippocampal training
C) bait shyness
D) gustatory reflex

Question 45

Explain how the hippocampus is necessary for different types of conditioning. Use research findings to support your answer.

Question 46

Briefly describe the changes that occur within the presynaptic membrane during classical conditioning in the Aplysia during mantle stimulation.

Question 47

How does the Rescorla-Wagner model explain the strength of a CR and learning?

Question 48

Early speculations by Pavlov were that there were specific ______ in the brain for the US, CS, and the UR.

A) pathways
B) cells
C) systems
D) centers

Question 49

The association between an arbitrary stimulus and the response-generating mechanism is typically called the ________.

A) S-S association
B) S-R association
C) R-S association
D) R-R association

Question 50

Taste aversion is different from eyeblink conditioning in that taste aversion _________.

A) is difficult to condition
B) needs a shorter ISI
C) is especially robust
D) has a quicker spontaneous recovery