Deck 12: What Causes Emotional and Motivated Behavior 

Question 1

The correct order of species with the smallest to the largest receptor surface area in the olfactory epithelium is:

A)cats, dogs, humans.
B)dogs, cats, humans.
C)humans, dogs, cats.
D)humans, cats, dogs.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Cats are NOT able to detect:

A)saltiness.
B)sweetness.
C)bitterness.
D)sourness.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The correct order of connections along the olfactory pathway is:

A)olfactory receptor cells, glomeruli, mitral cells, amygdala and pyriform cortex.
B)olfactory receptor cells, mitral cells, glomeruli, amygdala and pyriform cortex.
C)glomeruli, olfactory receptor cells, mitral cells, amygdala and pyriform cortex.
D)amygdala and pyriform cortex, mitral cells, olfactory receptor cells, glomeruli.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_____ are biochemicals that can act as chemosignals to affect the physiology or behavior of another animal.

A)Hormones
B)Neurotransmitters
C)Pheromones
D)Synapses

Question 5

The receptors for smell are embedded within the _____ and have cilia that extend into the _____.

A)olfactory epithelium; olfactory mucosa
B)olfactory bulb; pyriform cortex
C)pyriform cortex; olfactory bulb
D)nasal epithelium; glomeruli

Question 6

There are _____ types of taste receptors.

A)four
B)three
C)five
D)six

Question 7

One reason adults and children may have such different food preferences is that:

A)many children are supertasters and are especially sensitive to bitter tastes.
B)adults have more taste receptors than children and so are more sensitive to different tastes.
C)children have more taste receptors than adults and so are more sensitive to different tastes.
D)children do not develop the umami taste receptor until they reach adolescence.

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct order of connections in the gustatory system?

A)taste receptor cells, cranial nerves, solitary tract, thalamus, somatosensory cortex and insula
B)taste receptor cells, solitary tract, cranial nerves, somatosensory cortex and insula, thalamus
C)solitary tract, taste receptor cells, cranial nerves, somatosensory cortex and insula, thalamus
D)cranial nerves, taste receptor cells, solitary tract, thalamus, somatosensory cortex and insula

Question 9

Monkeys who have been deprived of sensory experience find _____ rewarding.

A)looking through a small door at various stimuli
B)climbing up and down a padded staircase
C)fighting over food with other monkeys
D)sitting quietly, doing nothing

Question 10

Emotion can be considered _____, whereas motivation can be considered _____.

A)cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings; behavior that is purposeful and goal directed
B)behavior that is purposeful and goal directed; cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings
C)chemical reactions to subjective feelings; behavior that serves a self-regulatory function
D)chemical reactions to subjective feelings; behavior that helps promote sexual reproduction

Question 11

The _____ receives projections from the olfactory system via the thalamus and plays an important role in a variety of emotional and social behaviors.

A)superior temporal gyrus
B)lateral prefrontal cortex
C)amygdala
D)orbitofrontal cortex

Question 12

Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in transmitting gustatory information?

A)12 (hypoglossal)
B)7 (facial nerve)
C)9 (glossopharyngeal nerve)
D)10 (vagus nerve)

Question 13

A brain-imaging study by Kross and colleagues (2011) examined the regions that are important for processing both physical and emotional pain. The results of this study demonstrated that:

A)physical pain activates the somatosensory cortex, whereas emotional pain activates the amygdala.
B)physical pain activates the somatosensory cortex, whereas emotional pain activates the anterior cingulate cortex.
C)physical pain activates the frontal lobes, whereas emotional pain activates the somatosensory cortex.
D)the same brain areas respond to both physical and emotional pain.

Question 14

Pheromones are detected by:

A)glomeruli.
B)mitral cells.
C)the vomeronasal organ.
D)the olfactory mucosa.

Question 15

Why do well-fed cats most likely kill small animals?

A)They are hunting because they are still hungry.
B)Activation of the brain circuit related to prey killing is rewarding for them.
C)Cats are vicious creatures that will attempt to kill anything smaller than themselves.
D)They want to please their owners and provide for them.

Question 16

Humans are able to smell many different scents because each:

A)neuron responds to a specific scent.
B)neuron responds to all scents equally.
C)scent activates a unique pattern of receptor neurons.
D)support cell is programmed to identify one scent.

Question 17

"Supertasters" who are able to taste the substance PROP are extremely sensitive to _____ tastes.

A)sweet
B)salty
C)bitter
D)sour

Question 18

The size of the receptor surface in the olfactory epithelium in humans is roughly:

A)15 square centimeters.
B)10 square centimeters.
C)8 to 12 square centimeters.
D)2 to 4 square centimeters.

Question 19

Your textbook describes a patient by the name of Roger. Roger ate indiscriminately. He was found to have a(n):

A)amygdala lesion.
B)acquired neurosis.
C)tumor near his hypothalamus.
D)tumor near his brainstem.

Question 20

There are approximately _____different types of olfactory receptors

A)100
B)400
C)700
D)10

Question 21

Jake has abnormally high levels of androgens. Jake is most likely to:

A)have a low level of hunger.
B)have a high level of hunger.
C)have a low level of sexual interest.
D)have a high level of sexual interest.

Question 22

A person gets sick with the flu and vomits. It so happens that shortly before, she had eaten a roast beef sandwich. Now every time she sees a roast beef sandwich, she begins to feel ill. This is an example of:

A)food poisoning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)learned taste aversion.
D)innate taste aversion.

Question 23

Young human infants can mimic facial expressions. This is:

A)a rapidly learned response.
B)seen only in babies with vision because blind children show no facial expression.
C)seen only when the face is that of a parent or caretaker.
D)an example of an innate releasing mechanism.

Question 24

What role do researchers hypothesize that the hypothalamus and amygdala play in eating?

A)evaluating pleasantness and strength of flavors
B)analysis of the affective properties of flavors
C)separating complex flavors into individual components
D)judging whether a food is rotten or otherwise unsafe to eat

Question 25

Neuroimaging studies suggest that the insula identifies the _____ of flavors, whereas the orbitofrontal cortex codes for the _____ of tastes.

A)pleasantness; unpleasantness
B)nature and intensity; affective properties
C)intensity; complexity
D)sweetness; saltiness

Question 26

In operant conditioning, an event that strengthens a particular behavior is called a(n):

A)reinforcer.
B)discipline.
C)stimulus.
D)enhancer.

Question 27

The idea that reinforcement controls behavior is MOST often associated with:

A)Charles Darwin.
B)B.F.Skinner.
C)Steve Glickman.
D)Martin Daly.

Question 28

Cognitive interpretations that influence thought and behavior are called:

A)stimuli.
B)emotions.
C)appraisals.
D)rewards.

Question 29

The discipline that applies principles of natural selection to human behavior is:

A)social psychology.
B)behavioral psychology.
C)cognitive psychology.
D)evolutionary psychology.

Question 30

Why is Butler and Harlow's (1954) study of monkeys in an isolated room important?

A)It demonstrates the differences between humans' and monkeys' needs for social contact.
B)It suggests that monkeys in social isolation do not develop normally.
C)It shows that social isolation leads to depression.
D)It reveals that when there is little stimulation, the brain seeks it out.

Question 31

According to Daly and Wilson, homicide is:

A)a means of population control.
B)a maladaptive trait that is gradually being eliminated from the gene pool.
C)related to some behavior that has been adaptive in the past.
D)a purely learned behavior.

Question 32

A pigeon cannot be trained to peck a disk to:

A)receive food.
B)receive water.
C)escape from foot shock.
D)obtain sex.

Question 33

Activators for inborn adaptive responses that aid in an animal's survival are called innate:

A)releasing mechanisms.
B)behavioral mechanisms.
C)evolutionary mechanisms.
D)learning mechanisms.

Question 34

Learned taste aversion:

A)appears to take only one trial of learning.
B)is found only in humans.
C)is not really learning but an instinctive reaction.
D)is caused by an innate releasing mechanism.

Question 35

Coyotes cannot learn to stop attacking sheep even if farmers shoot and kill many of them. However, if the coyotes are allowed to eat a poisoned sheep carcass that makes them sick, they will quickly learn not to eat sheep anymore. This is an example of:

A)selective learning.
B)learned taste aversion.
C)innate preference.
D)evolutionary memory.

Question 36

Blind human children:

A)do not smile.
B)show abnormal musculature when they smile.
C)show the same facial expressions as sighted children.
D)must be trained, using the tactile sense, to show facial expressions.

Question 37

The predisposition to make certain associations more easily than others is called:

A)selective learning.
B)preparedness.
C)innate preference.
D)evolutionary memory.

Question 38

The gustatory region of the insula is responsive to _____, whereas the primary somatosensory cortex is responsive to _____.

A)taste; tactile stimulation and texture
B)tactile stimulation and texture; taste
C)taste; food preferences
D)food preferences; taste

Question 39

Tanya gives her dog a treat every time he urinates outside. Every time he urinates inside, she does not give him a treat. What principle is Tanya using to potty-train her dog?

A)reinforcement
B)aversion
C)preparedness
D)epigenetics

Question 40

Innate releasing mechanisms:

A)disappear as we mature.
B)are responsible for eliciting all infant behavior.
C)can be modified by experience.
D)are present in lower species but not in humans.

Question 41

Humans with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions are likely to show:

A)eating deficits.
B)dependency on environmental cues.
C)dependency on internal cues.
D)eating deficits and dependency on internal cues.

Question 42

A person who starts eating cardboard or an old pair of shoes might have damage to the:

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)basal ganglia.
C)amygdala.
D)pituitary.

Question 43

Peptides released by the axons of the hypothalamus:

A)affect the postsynaptic membrane.
B)are inhibitory.
C)are very rapidly reabsorbed.
D)are picked up by the blood and sent to distant parts of the body.

Question 44

Richard is normally a very polite individual. However, following a recent car accident, Richard has begun to act inappropriately in social situations, such as swearing in front of his grandparents and choosing inappropriate conversation topics with his parents (sexual intercourse, for example). Richard should see a neuropsychologist because he may have damage to his:

A)frontal lobes.
B)amygdala.
C)lateral prefrontal cortex.
D)hippocampus.

Question 45

If I were receiving brain stimulation and I suddenly felt anxious and fearful, the MOST likely site of stimulation would be the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)thalamus.
C)amygdala.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 46

The specification of the goals toward which a movement should be directed comes from the:

A)motor cortex.
B)premotor cortex.
C)cerebellum.
D)prefrontal cortex.

Question 47

Which of the following is likely to cause inappropriate social responses and an inability to respond to social context?

A)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions
B)medial prefrontal lesions
C)orbitofrontal lesions
D)lateral prefrontal lesions

Question 48

What can inhibit milk ejection in a lactating mother?

A)communication between the hypothalamus and the paraventricular nucleus
B)the release of oxytocin
C)feelings of anxiety
D)the sound of a baby crying

Question 49

The dorsolateral region of the prefrontal cortex projects to the:

A)amygdala and hypothalamus.
B)amygdala and cingulate cortex.
C)parietal cortex and amygdala.
D)parietal cortex, cingulate cortex, and basal ganglia.

Question 50

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced by the:

A)anterior pituitary.
B)posterior pituitary.
C)lateral hypothalamus.
D)posterior hypothalamus.

Question 51

_____ is an example of a nonregulatory behavior.

A)Eating
B)Drinking
C)Sexual intercourse
D)Maintaining internal body temperature

Question 52

Which of the following hormones controls secretions of the gonads?

A)prolactin
B)adrenocorticotropic hormone
C)luteinizing hormone
D)thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 53

Most homeostatic mechanisms involve the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)thalamus.
C)amygdala.
D)anterior pituitary gland.

Question 54

Which of the following hormones controls secretions of the mammary glands?

A)luteinizing hormone
B)prolactin
C)thyroid-stimulating hormone
D)adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT one of the subdivisions of the amygdala?

A)corticomedial
B)basolateral
C)central
D)ventromedial

Question 56

The allocortex consists of the:

A)cingulate gyrus and the hippocampal formation.
B)cingulate gyrus and the frontal cortex.
C)cingulate gyrus, the hippocampal formation, and the basal ganglia.
D)cingulate gyrus, the hippocampal formation, and the pineal gland.

Question 57

Generally speaking, the _____ controls releasing hormones, whereas the _____ synthesizes various hormones.

A)pituitary; hypothalamus
B)hypothalamus; pituitary
C)pituitary; thalamus
D)thalamus; hypothalamus

Question 58

The medial forebrain bundle connects _____ with _____.

A)brainstem structures; various parts of the limbic system
B)the left hemisphere; the right hemisphere
C)the hypothalamus; the pituitary gland
D)serotonin-containing cells; the frontal lobes

Question 59

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in emotion?

A)hippocampus
B)amygdala
C)medial forebrain bundle
D)anterior thalamus

Question 60

Someone who is cold begins to shiver. Someone who is hot begins to sweat. These are examples of:

A)physiological responses.
B)regulatory behaviors.
C)nonregulatory behaviors.
D)learned responses.

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of major depression?

A)feelings of worthlessness and guilt
B)inappropriate sexual behavior
C)sleep disturbances
D)general slowing of behavior

Question 62

Dr. Hilfiger was a proponent of the neuropsychological theory of emotion. Dr. Hilfiger most likely believed that:

A)decision making is largely unaffected by emotion.
B)separating thought from reason is essential in understanding emotion.
C)disconnecting the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes will result in loss of emotion.
D)the two brain hemisphere play different roles in governing emotions.

Question 63

The fact that many people who have spinal cord injury have a decrease in perceived emotion supports the _____ theory of emotion.

A)neural
B)Darwinian
C)James-Lange
D)cognitive

Question 64

Drugs that act as _____ are often prescribed to treat anxiety disorders.

A)GABA agonists
B)GABA antagonists
C)dopamine agonists
D)serotonin antagonists

Question 65

It has been estimated that _____ percent of North Americans are overweight.

A)30
B)50
C)60
D)70

Question 66

Why might an individual experience apathy and a loss of initiative or drive?

A)The person has suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.
B)The person has a lesion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
C)The person has a lesion in the amygdala.
D)The person has suffered damage to the hypothalamus.

Question 67

What is a more common psychiatric disorder than depression?

A)schizophrenia
B)eating disorder
C)anxiety disorder
D)personality disorder

Question 68

Individuals with frontal lobe damage often lose their ability to understand tone of voice, or:

A)ability to hear.
B)tone orientation.
C)anhedonia.
D)prosody.

Question 69

What percentage of the population experiences panic disorder?

A)1 percent
B)3 percent
C)5 percent
D)7 percent

Question 70

Loss of fear, inappropriate sexual activity, and indiscriminate eating behavior:

A)are symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome.
B)occur after lesions to the hypothalamus.
C)occur after lesions to the thalamus.
D)occur after lesions to the septum.

Question 71

The James-Lange theory considers emotions to be BEST explained as:

A)cognitive interpretations of physiological states.
B)physiological reactions to cognitive states.
C)cognitive interpretations of emotional reactions.
D)emotional reactions based on cognitive interpretations.

Question 72

When did physiologists begin to study the relationship between autonomic, endocrine, and hormonal factors with emotion?

A)late nineteenth century
B)early twentieth century
C)mid-twentieth century
D)early twenty-first century

Question 73

The constructivist theory of emotion argues that:

A)emotion originates in the amygdala.
B)emotion originates in the hypothalamus.
C)an autonomic reaction occurs first, and then the brain interprets it as emotion.
D)emotion in the relevant brain structures directs our autonomic nervous system.

Question 74

Who first performed frontal lobotomies on humans for the relief of psychiatric disorders?

A)Heinrich Klüver
B)Carlyle Jacobsen
C)David Fulton
D)Egas Moniz

Question 75

_____ is (are) the most common and least disabling form of anxiety disorder.

A)Phobias
B)Depression
C)Panic disorder
D)Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 76

A person trembles and develops a rapid heartbeat, and the brain interprets these changes as a specific emotion. This is the _____ theory of emotion.

A)Cannon-Bard
B)Kolb-Whishaw
C)James-Lange
D)Klüver-Bucy

Question 77

Steph always seems to be nervous. Her heart rate increases drastically, and she begins to sweat. She does not use adaptive strategies to cope with her stress but makes the situation worse by thinking of all the possible negative scenarios. What disorder is Steph most likely experiencing?

A)depression
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)schizophrenia
D)androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 78

The _____ is probably responsible for our conscious awareness of emotional states.

A)amygdala
B)lateral prefrontal cortex
C)orbitofrontal area
D)cingulate cortex

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms described as part of the original Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

A)loss of fear response
B)increased sexual activity
C)tendency to explore objects using the mouth
D)dementia

Question 80

Electrical stimulation of the _____ produces a fear response.

A)cingulate cortex
B)hypothalamus
C)orbital prefrontal cortex
D)amygdala