Deck 6: How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior 

Question 1

The pituitary gland is:

A)also called the area postrema.
B)a source of many hormones secreted into the blood.
C)part of the digestive system that processes drugs.
D)the entry point into the brain for toxic substances that induce vomiting.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following does NOT cross the blood-brain barrier?

A)oxygen
B)glucose
C)amino acids
D)None of the answers is correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which is the MOST effective in passing through the blood-brain barrier easily?

A)weak base drugs
B)drugs bound to proteins
C)hydrophobic drugs
D)water-soluble drugs

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Students have used various forms of _____ as study pills.

A)barbiturates
B)opioids
C)amphetamines
D)antipsychotics

Question 5

Which of the following shows the correct order from LEAST efficient to MOST efficient method of drug administration, for drugs meant to reach the nervous system?

A)oral consumption, inhalation, injection into the bloodstream
B)skin patch, oral consumption, injection into muscle
C)injection into muscle, injection into bloodstream, oral consumption
D)injection into bloodstream, injection into muscle, injection into the brain

Question 6

_____ is the study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior.

A)Neuroscience
B)Biopsychology
C)Neuropsychology
D)Psychopharmacology

Question 7

The blood-brain barrier does NOT allow _____ to pass through.

A)glucose
B)amino acids
C)neurochemicals
D)oxygen

Question 8

Drugs that are used to manage neuropsychological illness are called:

A)prophylactic drugs.
B)psychoactive drugs.
C)mood drugs.
D)psychodepressant drugs.

Question 9

Tight junctions are associated with:

A)astrocyte glial cells.
B)endothelial cells in the brain.
C)synaptic clefts.
D)drugs bound to proteins.

Question 10

In the brain, endothelial cells are:

A)surrounded by the end feet of astrocyte glial cells.
B)organized differently than in the rest of the body.
C)fused to form tight junctions.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 11

Which of the following is the safest and easiest method of drug administration?

A)injection into the bloodstream
B)injection into the brain
C)oral consumption
D)administration as a suppository

Question 12

_____ cannot be easily broken down by the body and can cause severe neurological side effects.

A)Mercury
B)Magnesium
C)Aluminum
D)Potassium

Question 13

Taking 1000 micrograms of amphetamine orally is equivalent to injecting _____ micrograms into the cerebrospinal fluid.

A)100
B)10
C)5
D)1

Question 14

The _____ does NOT have a blood-brain barrier.

A)amygdala
B)pineal gland
C)thalamus
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 15

Which of the following substances can pass through the endothelial membrane in the blood-brain barrier unassisted (i.e., without active transport)?

A)glucose
B)carbon dioxide
C)amino acids
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Drugs that influence hormones primarily do so by acting on the:

A)hypothalamus.
B)pituitary gland.
C)area postrema.
D)pineal gland.

Question 17

The breakdown of drugs by the body is referred to as:

A)reuptake.
B)metabolization.
C)catabolism.
D)deactivation.

Question 18

Approximately how many liters of blood are in the circulatory system at any one time?

A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12

Question 19

If a person is dying and needs lifesaving medication to be administered as quickly as possible, what is the BEST method of administration?

A)oral consumption
B)injection into muscle
C)injection into the bloodstream
D)a patch on the skin

Question 20

The _____ is especially important for catabolizing drugs in the body.

A)liver
B)pancreas
C)heart
D)gallbladder

Question 21

If a person consumes five alcoholic drinks per day for 2 months, that person will demonstrate _____ and _____ at the end of the 2 months.

A)less intoxication; the same blood alcohol level
B)more intoxication; an increased blood alcohol level
C)less intoxication; a lower blood alcohol level
D)more intoxication; the same blood alcohol level

Question 22

Botulin toxin (botulism) causes paralysis and slowed breathing and is therefore a(n):

A)acetylcholine agonist.
B)acetylcholine antagonist.
C)dopamine agonist.
D)dopamine antagonist.

Question 23

Agonist is to antagonist as:

A)receptor is to terminal button.
B)drug is to neurotransmitter.
C)accelerate is to brake.
D)slow is to fast.

Question 24

A drug that reduces dopamine release at synapses is an example of a(n):

A)antagonist.
B)accelerant.
C)blocker.
D)agonist.

Question 25

_____, an acetylcholine _____, has been used to treat myasthenia gravis, a condition of muscular weakness.

A)Curare; antagonist
B)Botulin toxin; agonist
C)Physostigmine; agonist
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 26

A hiker has just been bitten by a black widow spider. What bodily reaction can be expected to occur?

A)muscle weakness
B)blurred vision
C)numbness in bitten area
D)dizziness and disorientation

Question 27

Nicotine, a chemical found in tobacco smoke, has its effect by:

A)promoting the release of acetylcholine.
B)inhibiting the release of acetylcholine.
C)blocking the GABA receptors.
D)activating the GABA receptors.

Question 28

Curare acts as a(n):

A)acetylcholine agonist.
B)acetylcholine antagonist.
C)serotonin antagonist.
D)dopamine antagonist.

Question 29

_____ is likely to increase with _____ drug use.

A)Tolerance; occasional
B)Sensitization; repeated
C)Sensitization; occasional
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 30

When the number of enzymes needed to break down a drug in the liver increases, it is called:

A)cellular tolerance.
B)metabolic tolerance.
C)sensitization.
D)habituation.

Question 31

Physostigmine acts by _____ of acetylcholine.

A)reducing the release
B)increasing the release
C)speeding up the reuptake
D)slowing the breakdown

Question 32

A drug that increases neurotransmission at synapses is an example of a(n):

A)antagonist.
B)accelerant.
C)blocker.
D)agonist.

Question 33

_____ is a decreased response to a drug over time.

A)Addiction
B)Tolerance
C)Dependence
D)Sensitization

Question 34

Curare:

A)promotes the release of acetylcholine.
B)blocks receptors.
C)stimulates receptors.
D)inhibits the release of acetylcholine.

Question 35

South American natives used _____, an acetylcholine _____, to make poison arrowheads.

A)Curare; agonist
B)Physostigmine; antagonist
C)Physostigmine; agonist
D)Curare; antagonist

Question 36

Black widow spider venom:

A)promotes the release of acetylcholine.
B)blocks receptors.
C)stimulates receptors.
D)inhibits the release of acetylcholine.

Question 37

An example of an organophosphate is:

A)curare.
B)physostigmine.
C)insecticide.
D)botulinum toxin.

Question 38

The development of _____ can explain why a person may not appear to be intoxicated despite having a high blood alcohol level.

A)metabolic tolerance
B)synaptic fatigue
C)sensitization
D)cellular tolerance

Question 39

Psychoactive drugs have most of their effects at the:

A)cell body.
B)axon.
C)synapse.
D)dendrites.

Question 40

Nicotine acts as a(n):

A)acetylcholine agonist.
B)serotonin agonist.
C)acetylcholine antagonist.
D)dopamine antagonist.

Question 41

Which of the following are antianxiety agents?

A)alcohol
B)benzodiazepines
C)barbiturates
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

The severity of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is increased if a mother drinks during the _____ trimester(s).

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)second and third

Question 43

Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are examples of:

A)antianxiety drugs.
B)antipsychotic drugs.
C)mood stabilizers.
D)antidepressant drugs.

Question 44

Which of the following drugs is NOT considered to be an opioid analgesic?

A)heroin
B)codeine
C)morphine
D)mescaline

Question 45

Zoopharmacognosy refers to the administration of drugs:

A)by people to animals.
B)by animals to themselves.
C)to animals in zoos.
D)to animals in scientific labs.

Question 46

If someone had an anxiety disorder, that person would probably take a _____ such as _____.

A)dopamine antagonist; Haldol
B)benzodiazepine; Valium
C)SSRI; Prozac
D)serotonergic agonist; Imipramine

Question 47

First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) influence _____ receptors, whereas second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) influence _____ receptors.

A)D₂; D₂ and serotonin 5-HT₂
B)D₃; D₂ and serotonin 5-HT₂
C)serotonin 5-HT₂; D₂
D)serotonin 5-HT₂; D₃

Question 48

Oxycodone, fentanyl, and methadone are examples of:

A)hallucinogenic drugs.
B)opioids.
C)antianxiety medications.
D)antidepressants.

Question 49

_____ results when tolerance for one drug is carried over to a different member of the same drug group.

A)Addiction
B)Sensitization
C)Cross-tolerance
D)Cellular tolerance

Question 50

The incidence of schizophrenia is:

A)1 in 100.
B)1 in 1000.
C)1 in 10,000.
D)1 in 100,000.

Question 51

Sensitization usually occurs:

A)as a result of cellular tolerance.
B)as a result of metabolic tolerance.
C)in a new environment.
D)in a familiar environment.

Question 52

GABAergic agonists reduce anxiety at _____ doses.

A)medium
B)low
C)high
D)all

Question 53

SSRIs are often prescribed to treat:

A)depression.
B)schizophrenia.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)Tourette syndrome.

Question 54

Why is understanding sensitization important?

A)Sensitization is related to drug dependence.
B)Life experiences can produce effects resembling sensitization.
C)Sensitization explain why many drug therapies take several weeks before producing beneficial effects.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 55

MAO inhibitors and tricyclics are examples of:

A)antianxiety drugs.
B)antipsychotic drugs.
C)mood stabilizers.
D)antidepressant drugs.

Question 56

Identifying a universally acceptable grouping for psychoactive drugs:

A)is fairly easy.
B)is not necessary.
C)is virtually impossible.
D)was achieved only recently.

Question 57

Sensitization has been linked with:

A)changes in receptor number on the postsynaptic membrane.
B)changes in transmitter metabolism in the synapse.
C)changes in transmitter reuptake on the presynaptic side.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 58

_____ is a disorder characterized by unusually wide spacing between the eyes, low intelligence, hyperactivity, social problems, and small brain size.

A)ADHD
B)Schizophrenia
C)Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
D)Williams syndrome

Question 59

_____ is an example of a hallucinogenic drug.

A)Phencyclidine (PCP)
B)Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
C)MDMA (Ecstasy)
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 60

Humans have likely been using drugs:

A)for the past 1000 years.
B)for the past 50,000 years.
C)since there have been people.
D)since the agricultural revolution.

Question 61

Someone has recently been diagnosed with major depression that puts her at risk for suicide. She has been prescribed several SSRIs over the past few months, but none seem to be working well. She should ask her doctor about _____, which is being tested as a rapid-acting antidepressant and is in trials for treating major depressive disorder.

A)clozapine
B)ketamine
C)L-dopa
D)barbiturates

Question 62

The effects of cocaine can be mimicked by:

A)endorphins.
B)heroin.
C)amphetamines.
D)morphine.

Question 63

_____ have sleep-inducing (narcotic) and pain-relieving (analgesic) properties.

A)Amphetamines
B)Hallucinogens
C)Opioid peptides
D)Endocannabinoids

Question 64

Over the course of a lifetime, approximately _____ of people will have a depressive episode that lasts for several months.

A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)50 percent
D)25 percent

Question 65

_____ is an example of an opioid analgesic.

A)Codeine
B)Morphine
C)Heroin
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 66

_____ has (have) been linked with higher rates of depression.

A)Inadequate nutrition
B)Stressful life experiences
C)Damage to brain neurons
D)All of the above answers are correct.

Question 67

The _____ hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that patients with schizophrenia have _____.

A)norepinephrine; too much serotonin
B)serotonin; not enough serotonin
C)dopamine; not enough dopamine
D)dopamine; too much dopamine

Question 68

_____ was once added to many drinks to help give them an energizing effect.

A)Amphetamine
B)Cocaine
C)Opium
D)Morphine

Question 69

Which of the following drugs may be used to treat depression?

A)serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors
B)monoamine oxidase inhibitors
C)tricyclics
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 70

Soldiers in World War II used _____ as a means of staying awake and alert and to help increase confidence.

A)morphine
B)cocaine
C)heroin
D)amphetamine

Question 71

Depression is treated with:

A)dopamine antagonist drugs.
B)opioidergic agonist drugs.
C)serotonergic agonist drugs.
D)serotonergic antagonist drugs.

Question 72

An example of a serotonergic agonist is:

A)mescaline.
B)marijuana.
C)heroin.
D)LSD.

Question 73

MAO inhibitors increase levels of serotonin by:

A)inhibiting the breakdown of serotonin.
B)increasing the release of serotonin.
C)increasing the sensitivity of serotonin receptors.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 74

SSRIs and tricyclics treat depression by:

A)blocking the reuptake of serotonin.
B)increasing the release of serotonin.
C)stopping the breakdown of serotonin.
D)increasing the synthesis of serotonin.

Question 75

Schizophrenia is treated with:

A)dopamine antagonists such as phenothiazines.
B)serotonergic agonists such as monoamine oxidase.
C)adenosine antagonists such as caffeine.
D)GABAergic agonists such as benzodiazepines.

Question 76

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of:

A)depression.
B)bipolar disorders.
C)schizophrenia.
D)anxiety.

Question 77

Which of the following statements is true about cannabis?

A)Cannabis has a positive effect on memory.
B)Cannabis overdoses are rare, but they do occur.
C)Cannabis has a positive effect on mental overload.
D)Cannabis interferes with the analgesic action of opioids.

Question 78

_____ has been shown to be effective in treating nausea, lack of appetite, glaucoma, and chronic pain.

A)Cannabis
B)Cocaine
C)Methamphetamine
D)Heroin

Question 79

People addicted to opioids might carry _____ as a treatment for overdosing.

A)endorphins
B)serotonergic drugs
C)a competitive inhibitor
D)synthetic THC

Question 80

_____ is a cannabinoid and the main psychoactive constituent in cannabis.

A)Cachexia
B)THC
C)Anadamine
D)Naloxone