Deck 16: Cultural Psychology

Question 1

Higher-order psychological processes:

A) are similar across cultures
B) are genetically determined
C) show variability within a culture
D) It is not clear what results generalize across cultures

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The correspondence bias refers to times when:

A) we attribute a person's actions to the situation
B) our ego overrules our superego
C) we attribute a person's actions to his or her personality
D) a and b

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Culture in animals other than humans is a result of:

A) classical conditioning
B) social learning
C) genetic predisposition
D) a unique environment

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Japanese children who move to the United States after the age of 15:

A) have difficulty understanding American jokes
B) retain many Japanese customs
C) become distant from their Japanese heritage
D) speak English without a Japanese accent

Question 5

According to your textbook, the study of cultural psychology is:

A) about how culture shapes psychological processes
B) unrelated to other psychological disciplines
C) about our unconscious impressions of different cultures
D) an offshoot of personality theory

Question 6

Cultural differences tend to get ____________ as people age.

A) smaller
B) larger
C) equalized
D) universal

Question 7

Cultural psychologists believe that:

A) culture is primarily a product of the mind
B) culture and mind are separable
C) culture and mind make each other up
D) All of these are important assumptions.

Question 8

Daniel walked directly to the booth to buy movie tickets. He did not notice there was a line, so he was surprised when a woman told him off for being so rude. Daniel was a victim of:

A) false decision making
B) reverse stereotyping
C) correspondence bias
D) gender bias

Question 9

American adults are most likely to attribute prosocial behaviour to:

A) a person's character
B) a person's age
C) a person's situation
D) a person's culture

Question 10

The cellphones that were available in 1990 do not remotely resemble today's models. The ability of humans to create more sophisticated communication devices is a result of:

A) accumulation of cultural information
B) pooling of social resources
C) archaeological records
D) instrumental learning

Question 11

Having a theory of mind enables humans to:

A) experience a social environment
B) accumulate cultural information
C) stabilize their social environment
D) live independent of their biology

Question 12

The textbook describes cultural psychology as:

A) both universal and specific
B) how people's sense of self relates to others
C) independent from biology
D) a and b

Question 13

A weekly newspaper reported that a raccoon had been found picking apples in a local garden. Reports of other raccoons trying to pick apples soon followed. The behaviour of the second group is likely a result of:

A) an unconscious process
B) localized custom
C) imitative learning
D) normative behaviour

Question 14

A cultural environment is:

A) less inclusive than a social environment
B) more inclusive than a social environment
C) equivalent to a social environment
D) less stable than a social environment

Question 15

A serious limitation of psychological research on culture is that:

A) people's brains function differently in different cultures
B) culture is rooted in genetics
C) results only generalize to perceptual illusions
D) results may not generalize well across cultures

Question 16

François speaks English with a French accent. He likely learned English when he was:

A) less than 2 years old
B) 2-4 years old
C) 8-10 years old
D) more than 14 years old

Question 17

In North American schools, children are promoted independently. In Japan, they are promoted collectively. Cultural psychologists argue that these different practices result from:

A) the influence of mind on culture
B) the influence of culture on mind
C) culture and mind making each other up
D) individualized education practices

Question 18

A bus driver did not stop at the scene of an accident to offer to help. Almost all of the passengers decided that he must be a very mean person. The passengers could most likely be described as:

A) adult Americans
B) adult Hindu Indians
C) 8-year-old American boys
D) 8-year-old Hindu Indian girls

Question 19

Humans are different than other animals in that they can:

A) use distinctive sounds
B) imitate
C) improvise
D) all of the above

Question 20

Cultural differences in psychological processes:

A) decrease as people age
B) increase as people age
C) are unrelated to age
D) are correlated education

Question 21

____________ is implicated in how we process information that relates to ourselves.

A) Correspondence bias
B) Reverse dissonance
C) Self-concept
D) Individual bias

Question 22

Cultural distance theory:

A) cannot be tested empirically
B) would predict that Australians would find it easier to adapt to life in Canada than Mexicans
C) would predict that Mexicans would find it easier to adapt to life in Canada than Australians
D) is the most important theory in the study of cultural fitness

Question 23

Research on cultural fit would suggest that extroverted Canadians would:

A) find it easier to adjust to life in Singapore than introverted Canadians
B) find it harder to adjust to life in Singapore than introverted Canadians
C) find it harder to adjust to life in the United States than introverted Canadians
D) a and c

Question 24

Acculturation is the process by which people:

A) forget their original culture when they immigrate
B) come to learn a culture that is different from their original culture
C) become known as cultural aliens or lacking a cultural identity
D) show high uncertainty regarding their cultural identity

Question 25

When making a choice that affects only themselves, East Asians are less likely than North Americans to show:

A) postdecisional dissonance
B) cognitive failure
C) reaction formation
D) situational attributions

Question 26

East Asians would most likely show postdecisional dissonance when they:

A) buy a new car
B) buy a used car
C) buy a car for their parents
D) decide not to buy a car

Question 27

The psychological adjustment associated with acculturation:

A) occurs suddenly
B) forms an inverted U-shaped curve
C) forms a U-shaped curve
D) is more stressful for women than men

Question 28

People with independent self-concepts are motivated to have a(n):

A) inconsistent self
B) consistent self
C) contextually appropriate self
D) subconscious self

Question 29

Stereotypes represent:

A) detached views
B) cultural beliefs
C) negative reality
D) minority beliefs

Question 30

Your university roommate from Japan describes herself as "happy-go-lucky" to some friends and "conservative" to others. Judging from her behaviour, it is most likely that she has:

A) a conscientious personality
B) social-cognitive traits
C) an interdependent self-construal
D) an independent self-construal

Question 31

Cognitive dissonance refers to the ____________ that people go through when they act in ways that are inconsistent with their inner beliefs.

A) Freudian defence mechanism
B) decision-making process
C) physiological process
D) anxiety and discomfort

Question 32

____________ have been shown to act in ways that are most consistent with others' actions.

A) Canadians
B) Poles
C) Mexicans
D) South Africans

Question 33

Autumn and Ken taught English in Japan for 3 years. During their first year, they toured many parts of eastern Asia, and had many new experiences. They would be considered to be in:

A) the culture-shock stage
B) the adjustment stage
C) the honeymoon stage
D) the crisis stage

Question 34

When Japanese and American students completed a questionnaire in a number of different settings:

A) the Japanese respondents gave similar answers regardless of who was in the room with them
B) their personalities reflected different Freudian dynamics
C) the American respondents gave similar answers regardless of who was in the room with them
D) the American respondents gave different answers depending who was in the room with them

Question 35

In ____________, individuals are most likely to act consistently across situations.

A) South America
B) Poland
C) East Asia
D) North America

Question 36

Mai Ling came to Canada as an exchange student from China. She was very surprised when she first arrived because:

A) most Canadians she met thought she was very arrogant
B) she felt that most Canadians she met were arrogant
C) Canadians thought self-esteem was a positive characteristic
D) b and c

Question 37

Stereotype threat is:

A) an individual's set of beliefs regarding what personality traits go together
B) a view of the personalities of others that we cannot articulate
C) a threat that affects how we think about others but not how we behave toward them
D) none of the above

Question 38

____________ theory would predict that individuals from Singapore would find it easy to adapt to life in Malaysia.

A) cultural fitness
B) cultural distance
C) acculturation
D) self-esteem

Question 39

Cognitive dissonance always involves:

A) making a correct decision
B) resolving conflict
C) making an incorrect decision
D) taking control of a situation

Question 40

On her first day in class, Rahia's teacher introduced her as coming from Thailand. Rahia interrupted him to say that she was really from Sri Lanka. "Same thing," said the teacher. Rahia was a victim of:

A) ethnic prejudice
B) cultural frame-shifting
C) arrogant self-esteem
D) personality stereotyping

Question 41

Which of the following does NOT determine which groups face discrimination?

A) historical circumstances
B) self-fulfilling prejudices
C) cultural distinctiveness
D) economic competition

Question 42

Depending upon the context, ____________ avoid making personal attributions.

A) most immigrants
B) most individuals in collectivist cultures
C) most Canadians
D) most psychologists

Question 43

When shown a number of images, Japanese participants were more likely to pay attention to ____________ than American participants.

A) objects than animals
B) the foreground
C) animals than people
D) none of the above

Question 44

Psychologists believe that when independent thinkers hear the words horse, milk, cow, they would likely think that ____________ are most similar.

A) horse and milk
B) cow and milk
C) horse and cow
D) a and b

Question 45

Ang Lee, the Taiwanese-born film maker who directed Brokeback Mountain, partially attributes his success to:

A) biculturalism
B) emotional stability
C) acculturation
D) his father

Question 46

Individuals in collectivistic cultures are most likely to explain behaviours in:

A) personal terms
B) situational terms
C) physiological terms
D) conscientious terms

Question 47

People from Japan prefer:

A) secondary control experiences
B) situational control experiences
C) attributional style experiences
D) primary control experiences

Question 48

Maude was born in China and lived there for 20 years with her missionary parents. From the time she was 2, she came back to Nova Scotia every summer and lived with her grandparents. It is likely that Maude was able to demonstrate:

A) a frame-switch
B) a set-shift
C) concrete stability
D) self-centredness

Question 49

Analytic and holistic thinking styles:

A) are specific to Western cultures
B) have known genetic components
C) only apply to adults
D) derive from social experiences

Question 50

Rule-based reasoning is to ____________ as associative reasoning is to ____________.

A) holistic thinking; analytic thinking
B) analytic thinking; holistic thinking
C) empiricism; theory
D) theory; empiricism

Question 51

Analytical thinking is focused upon:

A) objects and their attributes
B) objects and their contexts
C) objects and their attributes and contexts
D) thematic categorization

Question 52

Changing how you think and act depending upon context is referred to as:

A) a stereotype threat
B) acculturation
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) frame-switching

Question 53

Japanese students would be most likely to categorize words based upon:

A) taxonomic categorization
B) agreeableness
C) replication strategies
D) thematic categorization

Question 54

The statement "I find it so annoying to go shopping with my friends when I prefer watching baseball" is most likely made by:

A) a male
B) a female
C) a Canadian
D) a Japanese

Question 55

Holistic thinkers pay the most attention to:

A) the attributes of objects
B) the relationship among objects
C) personal experience of objects
D) specific details of objects

Question 56

British-born Muslims of Pakistani descent who support the Taliban may be victims of:

A) Gulf War syndrome
B) historical circumstance
C) a self-fulfilling prophecy
D) culture shock

Question 57

Why is an Indonesian in the Netherlands more likely to be discriminated against than an Indonesian in Canada?

A) Canadians are nicer than the Dutch
B) Canada is further away from Indonesia than the Netherlands
C) the Netherlands once enslaved Indonesians
D) Indonesia once enslaved the Dutch

Question 58

People achieve a sense of primary control by:

A) exerting control over unchanged realities
B) shaping existing realities to fit their perceptions
C) aligning themselves with existing realities
D) all of the above

Question 59

Nameera was disappointed when her friend Isabel would not go bowling; when Isabel asked Nameera to go to the bookstore with her instead, Nameera decided to go anyway. Nameera is engaging in:

A) holistic thinking
B) primary control
C) secondary control
D) analytic thinking

Question 60

After touring the Atlantic provinces, Kazue went shopping for souvenirs to take home to her friends in Japan. The storekeeper showed her two types of placemats: one series with lighthouses and one series with ocean scenery. Which was she more likely to focus upon?

A) several from each series
B) several from the lighthouse series
C) several from the ocean scenery series
D) neither as Japanese have difficulty making decisions

Question 61

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the attitude of the Japanese?

A) Their feelings about happiness are diluted.
B) Happy times are viewed as leading to unhappy times.
C) They do not particularly value happiness.
D) Happiness is closely related to GNP.

Question 62

Andres is from Argentina. It is likely that:

A) his level of income and degree of happiness are correlated
B) he believes it is very important to be happy
C) his level of income and degree of happiness are uncorrelated
D) b and c

Question 63

After basic needs are satisfied, the relationship between wealth and happiness is:

A) a correlation of +0.4
B) a correlation of -0.8
C) not clear
D) a correlation of +0.4 in the United States

Question 64

Social loafing is a phenomenon in which:

A) people exert more effort to achieve a goal when performing in a group than when performing alone
B) an individual views his actions as irrelevant to society
C) the lack of goal setting by individuals is seen as detrimental to society
D) people exert more effort to achieve a goal when performing alone than when performing in a group

Question 65

A comparison of conformity in collectivistic and individualistic cultures indicated that:

A) both cultures conform to the same degree
B) conformity is greatest in collectivistic cultures
C) conformity is greatest in individualistic cultures
D) conformity in both cultures is greatest to those in an outgroup

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT associated with friendships in West Africa?

A) negative emotions
B) obligations
C) conditional relationships
D) social networks

Question 67

In pre-industrial society mate selection for women was ____________ autonomous.

A) never
B) always
C) frequently
D) occasionally

Question 68

A study showed that European American children preferred to play a computer game when:

A) they could make choices affecting the outcome
B) they could make choices that did not affect the outcome
C) their classmates made choices that did not affect the outcome
D) when an "outgroup" made choices that did not affect the outcome

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT suggested by marriage statistics?

A) Couples in arranged marriages report having the most love over time.
B) Collectivistic societies favour love marriages.
C) Arranged marriages are uncommon in individualistic societies.
D) Couples in love marriages report having the most love over time.

Question 70

When American and Mexican children played a game in which co-operation was rewarded:

A) the American children excelled
B) the Mexican children excelled
C) both groups excelled
D) the Mexican children did poorly

Question 71

In the United States, individuals of lower socio-economic status were not so dissatisfied when they were deprived of:

A) primary control
B) secondary control
C) making choices
D) attending university

Question 72

In a study discussed in your textbook,____________ children preferred to play a computer game in which their classmates chose the name of a spaceship

A) Asian American
B) European American
C) physically handicapped
D) all of the above

Question 73

When American and Mexican children played a game in which competition was punished:

A) the American children excelled
B) the Mexican children did poorly
C) both groups did poorly
D) the American children did poorly

Question 74

Conformity is greatest in collectivistic cultures when:

A) people are conforming to those in an ingroup
B) people are conforming to those in an outgroup
C) people are conforming to medical personnel
D) people are conforming to adult males

Question 75

When do the Chinese exhibit social striving?

A) They never exhibit social striving.
B) Only when working with a less-valued group.
C) Only when working with a highly valued group.
D) They always exhibit social striving.

Question 76

An elite group cooking contest was held during a multicultural event in Ontario. Who would be most likely to win?

A) Irish Canadians
B) East Asian Canadians
C) French Canadians
D) It would depend upon the time of day that the event was held.

Question 77

The most common form of mate selection for men in pre-industrial society involved:

A) individual choice
B) parental choice
C) kin choice
D) community choice

Question 78

Because they live in a collectivistic society, individuals from Ghana:

A) are more suspicious of their friends than Americans are
B) are more protective of their friends than Americans are
C) have fewer friends than Americans do
D) have more friends than Americans do

Question 79

Social striving is common among:

A) Americans
B) Israelis
C) Palestinians
D) Ghanaians

Question 80

Social striving is associated with:

A) working in a group just hard enough to get by
B) working harder in a group than as an individual
C) being a confederate in a social-loafing experiment
D) only working hard during an economic slump