Deck 4: The Mind and Consciousness

Question 1

A synonym for awareness could be:

A) perception
B) understanding
C) alertness
D) hypertension

Answer 1

A

Question 2

After surgery, split-brain patients typically seem very normal. Why?

A) It takes time for the brain to realize what has happened; the patients soon become disorganized.
B) Neurogenesis occurs rapidly and repairs the brain after the surgery.
C) While the two hemispheres cannot talk to each other without external cues, the incoming perceptions provide sufficient cues for normal functioning.
D) The two hemispheres usually fight for control; once the surgery occurs, the brain relaxes as each hemisphere can control itself.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following best describes locked-in syndrome, as described in your book?

A) During a stressful episode, an individual is unable to react to danger using voluntarily movement, but otherwise is locked into autonomic behaviours.
B) After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.
C) After a brain injury, you are locked into voluntary movements you made before, but are unable to learn new movements.
D) You are locked into patterns of autonomic movements, but can still make voluntary movements.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ethical issue surrounding the Terri Schiavo case was whether Terri was:

A) in a persistent vegetative state or a minimally conscious state
B) able to make current medical decisions for herself
C) more dependent on her parents or her husband
D) able to vocalize her choices

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT likely to alter one's conscious experiences?

A) sleep/wake cycles
B) actions and behaviours
C) drugs
D) qualia

Question 6

Is it possible to have a definition of consciousness?

A) No, it is too complicated and not well enough understood to be defined.
B) No, to create a definition would ruin the exploratory nature of consciousness.
C) No, a definition could never be agreed upon, so it is left ambiguous.
D) Yes, scientists need a definition in order to study it.

Question 7

Which of the following would be the best example of consciousness?

A) Jose suffered a brain injury and is comatose.
B) Jeri is in deep sleep.
C) Gerard is savoring the taste of a fine wine.
D) Ivana is "zoning" out and sits staring out the window.

Question 8

Johanna wants to determine whether there are differences in the brain when individuals look at well known objects versus novel objects. Which of the following would be an appropriate technique for determining this?

A) qualia reports
B) fMRI
C) EKG
D) split-brain procedures

Question 9

After split-brain surgery, Jerad is able to verbally identify an image flashed to his right visual field, but is unable to name the object when presented to the left visual field. Why is Jerad able to name the objects under one condition, but not the other?

A) His left hemisphere has been removed in the surgery. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and so he is unable to move his mouth to name objects.
B) His right hemisphere has been removed in the surgery. The right hemisphere controls the right side of the head and so he is unable to move his mouth to name objects.
C) The corpus callosum has been severed. The right hemisphere language areas are unable to process the visual information from the right eye, but are able to process visual information from the left eye.
D) The corpus callosum has been severed. The left hemisphere language areas are unable to process the visual information from the left visual field, but are able to process visual information from the right visual field.

Question 10

Which of the following is the best technique a neurosurgeon may use to avoid damaging crucial areas of the neuronal tissue?

A) Give the patient cognitive tests to locate the problem, then fully anesthetize the patient.
B) Keep the patient awake to answer questions while probing the brain with electric currents.
C) Anesthetize the patient so he or she is not distracted by the noises of surgery.
D) Probe the patient with electrical currents before surgery, then fully anesthetize the patient.

Question 11

Consciousness is best defined as:

A) moment-by-moment subjective experiences
B) focused attention
C) a state of wakefulness
D) the sum of your voluntary experiences

Question 12

Raya has been driving for over 10 years, but recently bought a new car. Given your knowledge about consciousness and behaviour, you are likely to conclude that driving in general is a(n) ____________ process, while driving in the new car is a(n) ____________ process.

A) conscious; unconscious
B) automatic; controlled
C) unconscious; conscious
D) controlled; automatic

Question 13

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an unconscious action?

A) swinging your arms
B) chewing gum
C) walking to the store
D) following GPS directions

Question 14

You may see the colour green as a different hue from that seen by your best friend; this phenomenon can best be explained by:

A) colour blindness
B) qualia
C) injury to the occipital lobe
D) relaxed muscles in the eye that distort colour

Question 15

Angie has undergone some significant brain surgery to reduce her out-of-control seizures. As a result of this surgery, she is able to walk, talk, and think at near normal levels. She is, however, unable to report the name of an object shown to the left side of her visual field. She does not show the inability to name the object if it is shown to her right visual field. Based on this information, it is likely that Angie's surgery involved:

A) severing of the corpus callosum
B) severing of the frontal lobe
C) severing of the temporal lobe
D) a hemispherectomy

Question 16

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding consciousness?

A) Stimuli can influence our thoughts even if they are experienced unconsciously.
B) Unconscious dreams are the only form of subconscious that is capable of influencing our thoughts and actions.
C) Unconscious stimuli are rarely able to influence thoughts and actions.
D) The effects of unconscious stimuli on consciousness remains very mysterious to scientists and so far have been unable to be studied.

Question 17

John believes that the mind is governed by a different set of structures and rules than the physical body. Based on this belief, one could conclude that John is a:

A) monist
B) qualist
C) dualist
D) clinical psychologist

Question 18

The concept behind qualia is that:

A) we each have our own unique experience which cannot be experienced by others
B) the quality of life depends upon the number of experiences we share with others
C) we each have a unique quality that is generated through our experiences with others
D) the experience that we impart on others has a direct impact on their quality of life

Question 19

The definition of consciousness does NOT include which of the following?

A) moment-by-moment subjective experiences
B) focused attention
C) comatose experiences
D) voluntary experiences

Question 20

DeMarco has been diagnosed as being in a minimally conscious state. Which of the following behaviours is DeMarco most likely to exhibit?

A) higher levels of consciousness including the ability to identify his family members
B) deliberate movements such as following a pencil with his eyes
C) opening and closing his eyes, but with no awareness of his surroundings
D) no EEG brain activity

Question 21

Following damage to the visual cortex, a rare occurrence may cause you to be unable to see anything, yet other parts of the brain recognize what you claim not to see. This phenomenon is known as:

A) visiospatial sketchpad
B) blindsight
C) unconscious occipital awareness
D) foresight

Question 22

Which of the following would be consistent with the global workspace model?

A) A person is blinded and seems acutely aware of their blindness.
B) A person with hemineglect searches for the affected body part.
C) If a person can't see something, they don't believe it exists.
D) If a person can't see something, they don't feel compelled to search for it.

Question 23

According to the ____________ model, consciousness should be a function of ____________.

A) sensory neglect; the degree of damage to particular areas
B) blindsight; visual processing
C) global workspace; which brain circuits are active
D) consciousness; the level of arousal

Question 24

What other part of the brain has the capability of processing visual stimuli besides the visual cortex?

A) the SCN
B) the cerebellum
C) the amygdala
D) nothing

Question 25

The left hemisphere interpreter can actually make life more difficult for us at times. This is because it:

A) can easily be influenced by optical illusions
B) looks for patterns that do not always exist
C) is only useful for people who are "left brain" logical types
D) can lead to false memories

Question 26

The instruction to "sit down" is flashed in the left visual field of Kevin, a split-brain patient. When asked why he chose to sit down, Kevin's __________ hemisphere will likely lead him to say __________.

A) left; "You told me to"
B) left; "My feet were tired"
C) right; "You told me to"
D) right; "My feet were tired"

Question 27

Cora has blindsight. She should be unable to see ____________, but still can identify ____________ at higher-than-chance levels.

A) who a person is; what colour they are wearing
B) who a person is; what facial expression they are showing
C) what colour a person is wearing; who a person is
D) what facial expression a person is showing; who they are

Question 28

A split-brain patient is shown a frog in her right visual field. She is asked to identify what she sees. She would most likely be able to:

A) point to the frog with her left hand
B) point to the frog with her right hand
C) say what she saw
D) say what she saw and then point with her right hand

Question 29

Which of the following is true regarding unconscious decision making?

A) Research has shown that unconscious thought conditions result in the best decisions regarding complex choices.
B) Research has shown that conscious thought conditions result in the best decisions regarding complex choices.
C) Research suggests that thinking about something for a long time results in better decision making than making a quick decision.
D) Research suggests that people are unable to make wise unconscious decisions.

Question 30

According to research on patient outcomes following split-brain surgery, which of the following tasks is likely to improve with time?

A) right hemisphere language capabilities
B) left hemisphere language capabilities
C) left hemisphere spatial capabilities
D) right hemisphere spatial capabilities

Question 31

According to your book, the interpreter effect refers to:

A) the propensity of the right hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense
B) the propensity of the left hemisphere to construct a world that makes sense
C) the ability of the right hemisphere to begin to interpret language
D) the ability of the left hemisphere to interpret language for the right hemisphere

Question 32

Dale was in an automobile accident several years ago, during which he sustained a brain injury. Though Dale has made almost a full recovery, his friends and family have noticed that since his accident, Dale has made several bad financial decisions. Based on this information, we could infer that Dale's brain injury likely occurred in his:

A) parietal lobe
B) temporal lobe
C) prefrontal cortex
D) frontal motor cortex

Question 33

You and your friends are having a sleepover. One of the friends falls asleep and is snoring. The rest of you are talking loudly without waking her, but when you begin to make cookies, the smell jolts her from sleep immediately. How can this be?

A) The brain blocks out most stimuli even though it is processing the information; a good smell was worth attending to.
B) The brain can block out stimuli for only a limited time. The friend would have awakened even without the cookie smell.
C) Talking at any volume is soothing, so people can sleep through that but not the strangeness of baking.
D) The brain cannot block any stimuli from reaching the cortex; the friend waking was unrelated to the smell of cookies.

Question 34

What part of the brain is known as the interpreter?

A) The right hemisphere, in that it likes to construct a world that makes sense.
B) The parietal lobe, because it regulates all information and helps translate speech.
C) The left hemisphere, because it is vital in constructing a world that makes sense.
D) The frontal lobe, because it deals with higher order thinking.

Question 35

Frank Tong and colleagues superimposed a house onto a face and asked participants to make judgments about what they saw. What were the participants' brain responses?

A) The brain activity changed depending upon whether participants reported seeing a house or a face.
B) The brain noticed both equally, meaning that eventually everything becomes conscious.
C) The unconscious brain became confused and thus the participants were unable to see either the house or the face.
D) The brain emitted large, slow-wave activity equally for both images.

Question 36

After split-brain surgery, a picture of a chair is shown to the right hemisphere of a patient. When asked what she saw, the patient states she saw ____________, but when given a pencil she draws ____________.

A) a chair; nothing
B) nothing; a chair
C) a chair; a chair
D) nothing, nothing

Question 37

Kyle has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. His eyes appear to be fully functional and were not damaged during the incident. However, he reports that he is only able to see light and dark, not objects. From what syndrome is Kyle likely suffering?

A) visiospatial sketchpad
B) blindsight
C) unconscious occipital awareness
D) foresight

Question 38

Split-brain patients can walk, talk, think, and interact as though nothing major has happened. Why might this be?

A) Brain function remains normal for only a short time before lapsing into a comatose state.
B) All brain functions are left intact. Since each hemisphere controls only one half of the body, it does not matter much that the two hemispheres are not connected.
C) The brain hemispheres do not feel the separation for up to a week after the surgery.
D) Each part of the brain must realize what has happened; in the meantime, all functions behave normally until each hemisphere can regenerate the neurons.

Question 39

What disorder may call for the corpus callosum to be surgically removed?

A) dementia
B) epilepsy
C) brain damage
D) Alzheimer's

Question 40

A Freudian slip can best be described as:

A) a conscious thought that was verbally misleading
B) a conscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time
C) an unconscious thought that was expressed at an inappropriate time
D) an unconscious thought that was meant to be expressed moments later

Question 41

Your friend has a child who wakes up during the first hour of sleep and walks around with a glassy-eyed look. The little girl can be walked back to bed and does not remember the episode in the morning. Your friend is very worried that his child may have a severe sleep disorder. Based on your knowledge of sleep, you reply that the child:

A) has narcolepsy and should be seen immediately by a physician
B) has a REM behaviour disorder and this could be very dangerous
C) has insomnia and the parent should implement a better sleep routine
D) likely is sleepwalking, and this is typical for her age group

Question 42

As you get older, you have fewer (less) ____________ during sleep, suggesting that your brain actively has to work to keep you sleeping.

A) sleep spindles
B) delta waves
C) k-complexes
D) synchronization

Question 43

Why are humans typically able to remain in the bed during sleep?

A) Your brain signals the body to become paralyzed during the night so you don't move off the bed.
B) The brain is still processing information about its surroundings, thus you are aware of the boundaries of the bed.
C) You are consciously aware of the bed's boundaries at all times during sleep.
D) Most people typically fall out of bed, but because they are unaware of it they don't report it.

Question 44

According to some Swiss researchers, using __________ to treat narcolepsy leads to excellent results.

A) cognitive-behavioural therapy
B) a hemoglobin variant
C) serotonin-replacement therapy
D) immunoglobulin

Question 45

Linnea said that she had dreams about what she was going to wear and what pencil to bring to class. What type of sleep must she have been in?

A) non-REM
B) REM
C) luna
D) SCN

Question 46

At what sleep stage does your breathing become more regular and your awareness of external stimulation decrease?

A) REM
B) stage 4
C) stage 3
D) stage 2

Question 47

All of the following occur during REM sleep, EXCEPT for:

A) delta waves
B) genital arousal
C) beta waves
D) muscle paralysis

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding the brain during sleep is NOT correct?

A) Sleep is an altered state of consciousness.
B) The brain shuts down during sleep.
C) Complex thinking can occur during sleep.
D) Conscious experience of the outside world is largely turned off during sleep.

Question 49

What brain regions have been linked to narcolepsy?

A) motor cortex
B) parietal lobe and spinal cord
C) temporal lobe and frontal lobe
D) hypothalamus

Question 50

Sean, who is 18 years old, complains that he never dreams. He asks if this could be possible. Based on what you know about dream behaviour, you are likely to:

A) agree with him because you don't dream either
B) disagree with him because he is 18 and everyone can dream after the age of 12
C) disagree with him because we all have dreams unless we have a specific brain injury or are on a certain kind of medication
D) agree with him because not everyone has dreams in REM sleep

Question 51

You have been asleep for approximately 90 minutes. What sleep stage are you likely to begin to enter?

A) slow-wave sleep
B) theta wave sleep
C) k-complex sleep
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 52

Rochelle stayed up late watching a movie marathon and is very tired. Her roommate, Michelle, was studying for a difficult test and went to bed early. Who will have more REM sleep that night?

A) Michelle
B) both the same
C) Rochelle
D) unknown

Question 53

If you were relaxed with your eyes closed during your psychology lecture, what type of brain waves would show up on your EEG?

A) beta waves
B) alpha waves
C) theta waves
D) sleep spindles

Question 54

What animal has unihemispherical sleep patterns?

A) monkey
B) shark
C) human
D) dolphin

Question 55

Evan was born prematurely. Because he may stop breathing for temporary periods while asleep, he is given oxygen at night to compensate for his lowered oxygen levels and sleep disruption during these episodes. It is likely that Evan has:

A) sleep apnea
B) sleep apraxia
C) narcolepsy
D) insomnia

Question 56

Which of the following is the most likely cause of insomnia?

A) disrupted sleep cycles
B) altered theta waves
C) narcolepsy
D) worrying about sleep

Question 57

Which of the following does NOT happen during sleep?

A) analyzing danger
B) controlling body movements
C) experiencing conscious awareness
D) finding comfortable positions

Question 58

Your friend has been complaining about her inability to concentrate and her irritability. She mentions that she has not been able to fall asleep. What condition might your friend have?

A) dementia
B) insomnia
C) melatonin
D) paradoxical sleep

Question 59

An altered state of consciousness in which the brain remains active, but the individual is unaware of its activity, is known as:

A) sleep
B) daydreaming
C) insomnia
D) hypothyroid

Question 60

Fast, short desynchronized brain waves are an indication of:

A) alertness
B) epilepsy
C) seizure
D) hypertension

Question 61

It has gotten dark, and soon the whole family is feeling tired. This is because everyone:

A) has had a lot of exercise that day
B) has participated in a chain reaction of yawning
C) is feeling the effects of increased melatonin production in their bodies
D) is feeling the effects of increased serotonin levels over the course of the day

Question 62

According to the evolutionary hypothesis of dreaming, which of the following would NOT be a function of dreams?

A) Dreams serve as a means to simulate threatening events to allow people to rehearse coping strategies.
B) Dreams help people develop adaptive strategies to increase survival.
C) Dreams may be the result of unconscious processing of Freudian slips.
D) Dreams may involve practicing resolution of negative emotions.

Question 63

Circadian rhythms can best be described as:

A) special heartbeats that trigger the heart to increase or decrease the circular flow of blood
B) the rise and fall of the sun each day
C) biological clocks controlling hormone levels, temperature, and the sleep cycle
D) the ancient art of star tracking, which is used today to figure out sleep patterns

Question 64

The dream the way a dreamer remembers it is referred to as:

A) latent content
B) manifest content
C) Freudian content
D) ideological content

Question 65

Why do humans sleep at night instead of during the day?

A) There is most danger at night when we cannot see well.
B) There is least danger at night so we are safe to sleep.
C) Our bodies, particularly our eyes, are not capable of functioning properly at night.
D) There is no reason; it just became habitual in humans.

Question 66

The restorative theory is used to address the development of which of the following phenomena?

A) plasticity
B) sleep
C) hormone balance
D) exercise

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT true about sleep deprivation?

A) Chronic sleep deprivation can affect attention and short-term memory.
B) Animal studies show that extended sleep deprivation may compromise the immune system and lead to death.
C) Microsleeps may occur with severe sleep deprivation.
D) The effects of sleep deprivation are most likely permanent.

Question 68

Which of the following brain areas is responsible for secreting melatonin?

A) pineal gland
B) suprachiasmic nuclei
C) reticular formation
D) substantia nigra

Question 69

Being deprived of sleep for two to three days does NOT hinder a person's ____________ performance, but does affect ____________ performance.

A) athletic ability; mundane task
B) mundane task; cognitive
C) mundane task; athletic ability
D) athletic ability; cognitive

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT likely a purpose of sleep?

A) strengthening of neuronal connections that serve as the basis for learning
B) consolidation of information
C) maintenance and strengthening of the immune system
D) reducing the likelihood of schizophrenia

Question 71

Sleep deprivation can increase the activation of ____________ receptors in the brain, which in turn can alleviate symptoms of ____________.

A) serotonin; depression
B) dopamine; insomnia
C) norepinepherine; Alzheimer's
D) marijuana; stress

Question 72

A social interaction during which a person responds to suggestions to experience changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action is also called:

A) a hallucination
B) an illusion
C) unconsciousness
D) hypnosis

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT typically associated with an altered state of consciousness?

A) diminished or enhanced level of self-awareness
B) disturbance of sense of personal control
C) unusual subjective experiences
D) insomnia

Question 74

Latent content is to ____________ as manifest content is to ____________.

A) seeing a tower in a dream; the psychological meaning of the tower
B) the psychological meaning of a tower; seeing a tower in a dream
C) the ability to identify a ladder in a dream; the ability to physically climb the ladder
D) the ability to physically climb a ladder; the ability to identify a ladder in a dream

Question 75

The symbolic meaning of a dream is referred to as:

A) latent content
B) manifest content
C) Freudian content
D) ideological content

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT involved in regulating sleep/wake cycles?

A) pineal gland
B) reticular formation
C) melatonin
D) frontal cortex

Question 77

Which of the following disorders may be helped by sleep deprivation?

A) chronic insomnia
B) depression
C) hypertension
D) ADHD

Question 78

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, dreaming is the result of:

A) neural stimulation which activates mechanisms that normally interpret visual input
B) neural inhibition which inhibits mechanisms that normally interpret visual input
C) inhibition of the amygdala
D) stimulation of the amygdala to process visual information

Question 79

Dreams occurring during REM sleep are ____________; while dreams occurring during non-REM sleep are ____________.

A) dull and mundane; bizarre and highly emotional
B) bizarre and highly emotional; dull and mundane
C) likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content; likely to include auditory hallucinations
D) likely to include auditory hallucinations and loss of time and space; likely to include visual hallucinations and illogical content.

Question 80

Jayswal experiences a diminished level of self awareness and feels "out of sorts," such that he has a mild sense of loss of control over his physical actions. Jay can be said to be experiencing:

A) auditory hallucinations
B) illusions
C) altered states of consciousness
D) split-brain awareness