Deck 2: Perspectives on Abnormal Psychology

Question 1

Emil Kraepelin noticed groupings of symptoms that became referred to as

A) syndromes.
B) clusters.
C) diagnostics.
D) outbreaks.

Answer 1

syndromes.

Question 2

The biological model assumes that mental states, emotions, and behaviors arise from

A) natural tendencies towards self-actualization.
B) nature and nurture working against each other.
C) brain function and physical causes.
D) a strong emphasis on the environment.

Answer 2

brain function and physical causes.

Question 3

A researcher who studies the genetics of mental illnesses is most likely using the ____ model.

A) psychodynamic
B) humanistic
C) sociocultural
D) biological

Answer 3

biological

Question 4

The terms genotype and phenotype refer respectively to

A) one's genetic composition and one's observable characteristics.
B) the allele combinations and the notion of personality.
C) genetic engineering and physical alterations.
D) one's observable traits and one's genetic code.

Question 5

Dementia praecox, one of the two major mental disorders proposed by Emil Kraepelin, is most similar to

A) schizophrenia.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) dissociative identity disorder.

Question 6

In the opening scenario of Chapter 2 in your text, Mariella begins experiencing fatigue, unhappiness, and social isolation during her first semester away at college. Her friends and family attribute her symptoms to homesickness, most likely because in their model of mental health, first-semester college students

A) who are unhappy are probably just homesick.
B) are lazy and self-indulgent but should not be judged for it.
C) have a habit of taking on more than they can reasonably manage.
D) typically drink alcohol to excess and use drugs, but should only be confronted with evidence.

Question 7

Which model focuses on personal growth and responsibility?

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) sociocultural
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 8

The research area dedicated to understanding what specific inherited genes contribute to mental disorders is called

A) molecular genetics.
B) behavioral genetics.
C) chromosomal analysis.
D) dementia praecox.

Question 9

Mental health professionals use perspectives, called models, to

A) discredit other professional's ideas.
B) understand why someone has problems.
C) separate symptoms from syndromes.
D) apply their own feelings to a diagnosis.

Question 10

In practice, many mental health professionals

A) develop their own models.
B) find models to be generally useless.
C) integrate several models.
D) find the rigidity of models to be helpful.

Question 11

Genetic material refers to ____ contained in the nucleus of every human cell.

A) axons
B) mitochondria
C) "codes"
D) neurotransmitters

Question 12

The genetic composition of a person is known as a ____ and is fixed at birth, whereas an observable characteristic of a person is known as a ____ and can change over time.

A) phenotype; genotype
B) genotype; phenotype
C) chromosome; genetic expression
D) genetic expression; chromosome

Question 13

The person considered to be the father of psychiatric classification and a major contributor to the biological model was

A) Emile Durkheim.
B) Emil Kraepelin.
C) Philippe Pinel.
D) Clifford Beers.

Question 14

When assessing syndromes, many psychiatrists believe that

A) they are all nearly interchangeable.
B) the brain and the body are entirely separate.
C) they have no bearing on treatment.
D) each syndrome has biological causes.

Question 15

Ari has had a great deal of difficulty functioning in the last year. He has gone to a therapist for an evaluation and assessment to help diagnose the nature of his problems. As part of the assessment, the therapist shows him images of different inkblots and asks Ari to describe what he sees in the inkblot. The therapist believes that Ari's responses reveal unconscious conflicts that may be the root cause of his problems. Ari's therapist probably supports the ____ model.

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) humanistic
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

Question 16

John has a number of observable characteristics, some of which will remain constant while others will change over time. These observable characteristics constitute his

A) genotype.
B) genogram.
C) phenotype.
D) typology.

Question 17

Which model of mental disorder focuses on external environmental events and includes the family systems perspective?

A) sociocultural
B) psychodynamic
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) humanistic

Question 18

Kraepelin believed syndromes to be separate from one another, and that each syndrome

A) can be traced to genetics.
B) has unique causes, symptoms, and outcomes.
C) is impacted by neurotransmitters.
D) has brain change associated with it.

Question 19

When scientists study the impact of genetic and environmental influences, the research area is called

A) phenotyping.
B) gene splicing.
C) behavior genetics.
D) genome mapping.

Question 20

The biological model rests on the assumption that mental states, emotions, and behaviors arise from

A) brain function and other physical processes.
B) motives and conflicts within a person.
C) choice, free will, and personal growth.
D) measurable environmental stimuli.

Question 21

The ____ is responsible for movement, planning, inhibiting behavior, and decision making.

A) limbic system.
B) occipital lobe.
C) parietal lobe.
D) frontal lobe.

Question 22

According to your text, nerve cells (neurons) have four basic structures:

A) glia, neurotransmitters, the membrane, and the axon.
B) dendrites, the cell body, the axon, and terminal buttons.
C) the axon, soma, cell body, and synapses.
D) electrolytes, ions, the membrane, and dendrites.

Question 23

The small separation between neurons that facilitates neurotransmitter activity is called the

A) terminal gap.
B) fluid cleft.
C) synapse.
D) reabsorption zone.

Question 24

The section of the brain associated with touch is the

A) limbic system.
B) occipital lobe.
C) parietal lobe.
D) frontal lobe.

Question 25

Which neurotransmitter is associated with processing of information, regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes?

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) adrenaline
D) norepinephrine

Question 26

Which area of the brain regulates emotions and impulses and includes the hippocampus and the amygdala?

A) Pons
B) Thalamus
C) Basal ganglia
D) Limbic system

Question 27

Researchers in the field of ____ generate findings that help scientists determine how and if disorders are genetically distinct from one another.

A) behavior genetics
B) abnormal psychology
C) maladaptive behavior
D) molecular genetics

Question 28

Medications influence neurotransmitter systems to treat mental disorder. Medications may ____ to increase neurotransmitter levels.

A) block synapses
B) block reuptake
C) stimulate membranes
D) stimulate reuptake

Question 29

The process of neurotransmitter reabsorption is also called

A) polarization.
B) reformation.
C) permeable action.
D) reuptake.

Question 30

According to your text, the cortical area that many mental health researchers focus on is the

A) frontal lobe.
B) thalamus.
C) occipital lobe.
D) basal ganglia.

Question 31

The cerebral cortex of the brain is largely responsible for

A) control of posture, motor activity, and anxiety.
B) consciousness, memory, attention, and other higher-order areas of human functioning.
C) basic drives like hunger, thirst, and sex.
D) regulation of life-sustaining functions such as breathing and blood circulation.

Question 32

Liesl is working on a research grant that aims to identify the specific genes involved in autism. She and her colleagues want to understand how these genes work to produce the symptoms associated with autism in all its varying degrees. Liesl is most accurately described as being involved in the study of

A) psychiatry.
B) child psychology.
C) behavior genetics.
D) molecular genetics.

Question 33

The central nervous system can best be described as being composed of

A) neurons in the center of the brain.
B) the endocrine and exoskeleton systems.
C) the brain and spinal cord.
D) internal cells that are mainly afferent in nature.

Question 34

The midbrain contains the ____, which is involved in arousal and stress or tension.

A) reticular activating system
B) medulla
C) pons
D) cerebellum

Question 35

According to your text, which disorder has the lowest genetic heritability?

A) major depression
B) bipolar disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) substance use disorder

Question 36

The area of the brain that is largely responsible for consciousness, memory, attention, and higher-order functioning is the

A) cerebral cortex.
B) frontal lobe.
C) limbic system.
D) thalamus.

Question 37

Decreased neurotransmitter levels occur when ____, and increased neurotransmitter levels occur when ____.

A) depression occurs; anxiety or mania occurs
B) medications block neurotransmitters; medications block the reabsorption
C) membranes leak; membranes in large
D) enzymes activate; enzymes deactivate

Question 38

The two hemispheres of the brain

A) each control movement for the opposite side of the body.
B) are almost entirely redundant.
C) rarely communicate with each other.
D) cannot function to sustain life without the other.

Question 39

The amount of variation in a phenotype attributed to genetic factors is known as

A) genotype.
B) significance.
C) heritability.
D) determination.

Question 40

Which pairing between the neurotransmitter and some of its major functions is correct?

A) serotonin: regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep
B) norepinephrine: involved in influencing learning and memory
C) dopamine: involved in novelty-seeking, motivation, and coordination
D) glutamate: regulation of mood, especially anxiety and arousal

Question 41

Lydia is excessively neat and compulsive. A therapist who supports the psychodynamic model might argue that Lydia is fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency

Question 42

Scientists in disciplines such as cognitive and social psychology and neuroscience have found that cognitive and behavioral processes

A) always appear to be under cognitive control.
B) do not always appear to be under cognitive control.
C) are only measured at the conscious level.
D) are only measured at the unconscious level.

Question 43

Holly constantly talks too much. She smokes, overeats, and bites her fingernails. A therapist who supports the psychodynamic model might see Holly as fixated on the ____ stage of psychosexual development.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 44

The biological model

A) is the only model of abnormal behavior with scientific support.
B) is no longer viewed as relevant to the treatment of mental disorders.
C) has overemphasized the role of environmental factors in the development of disorders.
D) has led to an understanding of how neurotransmitters affect mental disorders.

Question 45

The structure located in the limbic system that is involved in emotion and aggression is the

A) medulla.
B) hippocampus.
C) thalamus.
D) amygdala.

Question 46

The id operates on the ____ principle.

A) reality
B) pleasure
C) morality
D) suggestive

Question 47

The ego uses ____ processes to mediate demands of the id and demands of the environment.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) fundamental
D) derivatory

Question 48

The deep valley in the cerebral cortex that divides the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain is the

A) longitudinal fissure.
B) central fissure.
C) lateral fissure.
D) subcortical fissure.

Question 49

Dawud was at a party where pretty much everyone was intoxicated. Although Dawud would very much like to fit in with his peers at the party, he has been raised to believe that intoxication is wrong, and he can't bring himself to participate in the revelries. According to the psychodynamic model, which part of Dawud's personality most likely influenced his choice to abstain from the drinking at the party?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) superid

Question 50

Hidden realms of emotion, thought, and behavior may affect motives that drive us to act in certain ways. This is known as

A) unconscious motivation.
B) defense mechanisms.
C) psychic determinism.
D) primary process.

Question 51

The area of the brain that is located behind the parietal and temporal lobes, associated with vision, is the

A) cerebellum.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) occipital lobe.
D) frontal lobe.

Question 52

A key aspect of the psychodynamic perspective is unconscious motivation, which refers to

A) how defense mechanisms are used to control anxiety or stress.
B) hidden realms of emotion, thought, and behavior may drive us to act in a certain way.
C) how everything we do has meaning and purpose and is goal-directed.
D) the concept that the id propels us to meet basic demands such as hunger.

Question 53

Several basic principles comprise the psychodynamic perspective. What is one of these?

A) Childhood experiences have little impact on adult personality.
B) Causes and purposes of human behavior are not always obvious.
C) People should use meditation to control anxiety or stress.
D) Neurotransmitter systems largely control emotions

Question 54

Shayne has been diagnosed with depression. Her psychiatrist has just prescribed a medication, and it seems to be very effective. It probably is targeting which neurotransmitter to alleviate Shayne's symptoms?

A) glutamate
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) acetylcholine

Question 55

The ____ is an organized, rational system that uses higher-order thinking processes to obtain gratification.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) self-image

Question 56

Medications that decrease ____ generally have antipsychotic effects to ease symptoms of schizophrenia.

A) norepinephrine
B) acetylcholine
C) dopamine
D) glutamate

Question 57

Freud proposed that each person progresses through ____ stages of development.

A) erogenous
B) psychodynamic
C) retrosexual
D) psychosexual

Question 58

The biological model

A) does not provide a full account of any mental disorder.
B) places too much emphasis on the role of nurture.
C) has been discredited by recent, cutting-edge research.
D) has had very little impact on how we treat mental disorders.

Question 59

According to the psychodynamic model, ____ are strategies used to cope with unconscious anxiety or stressors, such as conflict with others.

A) unconscious motivations
B) defense mechanisms
C) psychic determinism
D) primary process

Question 60

Based on your text's description of the function associated with different brain structures, which brain structure below is MOST likely to be associated with an eating disorder?

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) pons
D) medulla

Question 61

Returning to a stage that previously gave a person much gratification is the defense mechanism called

A) reaction formation.
B) repression.
C) regression.
D) projection.

Question 62

Jason has removed feelings and thoughts of his abusive childhood from his conscious memory through the process of

A) reaction formation.
B) repression.
C) regression.
D) projection.

Question 63

Projection occurs when

A) one's own feelings are attributed to another person.
B) a person acts younger than they are.
C) thoughts are pushed out of consciousness.
D) a person transfers feelings to their therapist.

Question 64

According to the psychodynamic model, depression may occur as a result of

A) unconscious conflict of emotions.
B) conscious conflict of emotions.
C) unconscious expression of emotions.
D) conscious expression of emotions.

Question 65

The ego experiences ____ when the id urges to seek impulsive gratification or when the superego imposes shame and guilt.

A) anxiety
B) depression
C) desire
D) withdrawal

Question 66

Sally begins to yell at her therapist just as she yelled at her father when she was a child. Psychodynamic therapy would explain this behavior as

A) projection.
B) transference.
C) analysis.
D) manifestation.

Question 67

When unconscious feelings are attributed to another person, ____ has occurred.

A) reaction formation
B) repression
C) regression
D) projection

Question 68

The cornerstone of psychodynamic therapy and the method by which unconscious meanings of thoughts and behavior are revealed is

A) insight therapy.
B) projection.
C) interpretation.
D) dream analysis.

Question 69

Sexual organs initially become the prime source of gratification during the ____ stage.

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 70

Kalvin is completing a projective assessment. He is shown different cards with pictures on them and asked to generate a story about what the card depicts. His therapist then analyzes his responses for clues as to his unconscious motivations. Kalvin is most likely taking which personality test?

A) Rorschach Inkblot Test
B) Thematic Apperception Test
C) Myers-Briggs Test
D) The MMPI

Question 71

Fixation can be caused when

A) excessive frustration or overindulgence occurs.
B) if the Oedipus complex overtakes the Electra complex.
C) regression has occurred.
D) a client represses feelings.

Question 72

Ferris is telling his therapist about the strange dream he had. "I went down to the dining hall, and when I got there, someone told me I had to jog around the building three times before I could get my breakfast. So I did, and as I ran, I bumped into my professor and she started chasing me." Ferris is describing the ____ content of his dream to his therapist.

A) manifest
B) latent
C) projective
D) objective

Question 73

The projective hypothesis is an assumption based on the belief that people

A) demonstrate unconscious needs in behavioral patterns of behavior.
B) think about their unconscious needs and wants.
C) reveal unconscious needs and conflicts when presented with ambiguous stimuli.
D) reveal internal conflicts in brain imaging techniques.

Question 74

In the course of a therapy session, Stanley suddenly understands that the reason he has been depressed is because he is unconsciously angry at his parents for pushing him to be a doctor. Stanley's sudden understanding into his unconscious emotion and its connection to his depression illustrates

A) projection.
B) manifest content.
C) insight.
D) transference.

Question 75

Psychodynamic mental health professionals often assess unconscious motivations and conflicts using ____ techniques.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) projective
D) biological

Question 76

Which defense mechanism refers to attributing one's own unacceptable motives or impulses to another person?

A) intellectualization
B) regression
C) projection
D) reaction formation

Question 77

The basic ego defense that occurs when a person banishes threatening feelings, thoughts, or impulses from consciousness is

A) reaction formation.
B) repression.
C) regression.
D) projection.

Question 78

The actual events depicted in a dream are known as the ___ content.

A) insight
B) projective
C) manifest
D) latent

Question 79

A child deprived or neglected during the oral stage of development may, as an adult, engage in behaviors such as

A) smoking.
B) sexual promiscuity.
C) compulsivity.
D) excessive neatness.

Question 80

From the perspective of the psychodynamic model, ego defenses are thought to be ____ during sleep, making dream analysis a valuable tool.

A) lower
B) higher
C) less creative
D) more creative