Deck 24: America Moves to the City

Question 1

Identify and state the historical significance of Anthony Comstock.

Answer 1

Crusader for sexual purity, he was proud of using the federal "Comstock Law" to seize pornography, pills and instruments used for abortions. He also claimed to have driven 15 people to suicide.

Question 2

Identify and state the historical significance of Walter Rauschenbusch.

Answer 2

Baptist preacher in New York City, he attempted to apply Christian theology to the fight for the poor.

Question 3

Identify and state the historical significance of W. E. B. Du Bois.

Answer 3

Black leader who argued that Washington's focus on vocational education was condemning blacks to a lower position in society. He advocated for the immediate integration of the "talented ten percent" of blacks into mainstream American life.

Question 4

Identify and state the historical significance of Louis Sullivan.

Question 5

Identify and state the historical significance of Victoria Woodhull.

Question 6

Identify and state the historical significance of Edward Bellamy.

Question 7

Identify and state the historical significance of Florence Kelley.

Question 8

Identify and state the historical significance of Mary Baker Eddy.

Question 9

Identify and state the historical significance of William Randolph Hearst.

Question 10

Identify and state the historical significance of Dwight Lyman Moody.

Question 11

Identify and state the historical significance of Emma Lazarus.

Question 12

Identify and state the historical significance of Jane Addams.

Question 13

Identify and state the historical significance of George Washington Carver.

Question 14

Identify and state the historical significance of James Gibbons.

Question 15

Identify and state the historical significance of William James.

Question 16

Identify and state the historical significance of Henry George.

Question 17

Identify and state the historical significance of Charles W. Eliot.

Question 18

Identify and state the historical significance of Joseph Pulitzer.

Question 19

Identify and state the historical significance of Booker T. Washington.

Question 20

Identify and state the historical significance of Louis Agassiz.

Question 21

By the late 19^th century, most of the Old Immigrant groups from northern and Western Europe

A) actively promoted the idea of a multicultural America.
B) were still regarded with suspicion and hostility by the majority of native Americans.
C) had largely abandoned their ethnically based churches, clubs, and neighborhoods.
D) were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods.
E) still maintained a primary loyalty to their country of origin, especially Ireland or Germany.

Question 22

The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the

A) consecutive years of drought in the Midwest and West in the post-Civil War era.
B) availability of industrial jobs.
C) compact nature of those large communities.
D) advent of new housing structures known as dumbbell tenements.
E) lure of cultural excitement.

Question 23

Settlement houses, such as Hull House, engaged in all of the following activities EXCEPT

A) child care.
B) instruction in English.
C) cultural activities.
D) evangelical religious instruction.
E) lobbying for social reform.

Question 24

Most Italian immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1920 came to escape

A) political oppression.
B) famine.
C) the political disintegration of their country.
D) the military draft.
E) the poverty and backwardness of southern Italy.

Question 25

The two immigrant ethnic groups who were most harshly treated in the mid-to-late 19^th century were the

A) Spanish and Portuguese.
B) Irish and Chinese.
C) Germans and Italians.
D) Japanese and Filipinos.
E) Slavs and Russians.

Question 26

All of these were factors that increasingly made cities more attractive than farms for young adults EXCEPT

A) electricity, indoor plumbing and telephones.
B) the advent of skyscrapers and suspension bridges.
C) urban nightlife.
D) industrial jobs.
E) the lower cost of living.

Question 27

American cities increasingly abandoned wooden construction for brick and steel in their downtown districts after

A) the great Chicago fire of 1871.
B) the development of the electric elevator and the skyscraper.
C) brickmaking became cheaper and iron was superseded by more durable steel for construction purposes.
D) the cost of brick and steel dropped markedly in the 1870s.
E) wooden tenements collapsed in the New York inner city in the 1880s.

Question 28

In the new urban environment, most liberal Protestants

A) believed that a final Judgment Day was coming soon.
B) were driven out of mainstream seminaries and colleges.
C) welcomed ecumenical conversations with Roman Catholics.
D) sharply criticized American society and American government.
E) rejected biblical literalism and adapted religious ideas to modern culture.

Question 29

Most new immigrants

A) eventually returned to their country of origin.
B) tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America.
C) were immediately subjected to stringent immigration restrictions.
D) quickly assimilated into the mainstream of American life.
E) converted to mainstream Protestantism.

Question 30

Prominent liberal Protestant pastors like Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden argued that

A) the ancient Bible should be replaced by more modern scientific sociology and social theory.
B) the Christian Gospel required that churches address poverty and other burning social issues of the day.
C) the federal government should address poverty and other economic and social issues affecting immigrants and poor people.
D) it was up to women to lead the church in an age of industrial democracy.
E) the clergy should become the advance guard of a militant working-class revolution.

Question 31

One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was

A) mass-production factories.
B) the Sears catalog.
C) advertising billboards.
D) public transportation systems.
E) large department stores.

Question 32

The development of electric trolleys in the late 19^th century transformed the American city by

A) transforming the American city into a compact and communal "walking city."
B) enabling cities to build upward as well as outward.
C) separating the mass transportation of the working class from the private vehicles of the wealthy.
D) enabling cities to plan streets along regular grid lines.
E) creating distinct districts devoted to residential neighborhoods, commerce, and industry.

Question 33

The move to cities led to what major and enduring change in American lifestyles?

A) delayed marriages
B) fragmented family life
C) more waste and the need for waste disposal
D) an emphasis on thrift
E) the relocation and transformation of the rural general store into a comparable urban general store in the cities

Question 34

Identify and state the historical significance of Horatio Alger.

Question 35

The tremendously rapid growth of American cities in the post-Civil War decades was

A) uniquely American.
B) fueled by an agricultural system suffering from poor production levels.
C) attributable to the closing of the frontier.
D) a trend that affected Europe as well.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 36

The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

A) had experience with democratic governments.
B) arrived primarily from Germany, Sweden, and Norway.
C) were culturally different from previous immigrants.
D) received a warm welcome from the Old Immigrants.
E) represented non-white racial groups.

Question 37

Which one of the following has the least in common with the other four?

A) slums
B) dumbbell tenements
C) bedroom communities
D) flophouses
E) the "Lung Block"

Question 38

New Immigrant groups were regarded with special hostility by many nativist Americans because

A) most Americans considered Italian, Greek, or Jewish culture inferior to their own.
B) many New Immigrants attempted to convert Americans to Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, or Judaism.
C) in many New Immigrant families, women were kept in distinctly subordinate roles.
D) New Immigrants were often more politically loyal to their homelands than to the United States.
E) their religions were distinctly different, and some New Immigrants were politically radical.

Question 39

Identify and state the historical significance of Carrie Nation.

Question 40

The American Protective Association

A) preached the social gospel that churches were obligated to protect New Immigrants.
B) was led for many years by Florence Kelley and Jane Addams.
C) supported immigration restrictions.
D) established settlement houses in several major cities in order to aid New Immigrants.
E) opposed immigration restrictions.

Question 41

After the Civil War, life expectancy at birth

A) decreased.
B) changed very little.
C) was much higher in Europe than in the United States.
D) measurably increased because of public health campaigns that promoted sound hygiene and health practices.
E) rose for women more than men.

Question 42

The success of the public schools in the post-Civil War era is best evidenced by

A) the large numbers of students graduating from them.
B) the decline of the popularity of parochial and religiously affiliated schools among the New Immigrants.
C) the falling illiteracy rate to just over 10 percent by 1900.
D) the large numbers of average Americans going on to attend college.
E) the movement of men into the teaching profession.

Question 43

The Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection affected American religion by

A) turning most scientists against religion.
B) creating a split between religious conservatives who denied evolution and accomodationists who supported it.
C) raising awareness of the close spiritual kinship between animals and human beings.
D) causing a revival of the doctrine of original sin.
E) sparking the rise of new denominations based on modern science.

Question 44

Which of the following was NOT among the major new research universities founded in the post-Civil War era?

A) Harvard University
B) The University of California
C) Johns Hopkins University
D) The University of Chicago
E) Stanford University

Question 45

The two late 19^th-century newspaper publishers whose competition for circulation fueled the rise of sensationalistic yellow journalism were

A) Horatio Alger and Harlan E. Halsey.
B) Henry Adams and Henry James.
C) Henry George and Edward Bellamy.
D) William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.
E) Edwin L. Godkin and Stephen Crane.

Question 46

The pragmatists were a school of American philosophers who emphasized

A) the provisional and fallible nature of knowledge and the value of ideas that solved problems.
B) that most academic knowledge was based on bourgeois ideas that oppressed the working class.
C) that the traditional Greek ideals of Plato and Aristotle should be revived.
D) that scientific experimentation provided a new and absolutely certain basis for knowledge.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 47

The religious denomination that was most positively engaged and associated with the New Immigration was

A) Roman Catholics.
B) Baptists.
C) Episcopalians.
D) Christian Scientists.
E) Presbyterians.

Question 48

The new, research-oriented modern American university tended to

A) focus primarily on theory rather than practical subjects.
B) give a new emphasis to the importance of religion and cultural tradition.
C) take the lead in movements of social and political reform.
D) challenge Charles Darwin's theory of organic evolution and natural selection.
E) de-emphasize religious and moral instruction in favor of practical subjects and professional specialization.

Question 49

Black leader Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

A) demanded complete equality for African Americans.
B) established an industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama.
C) supported the goals of Booker T. Washington.
D) maintained his American citizenship and residence in the United States throughout his life, despite his profound anger and disappointment with the absence of black economic and social equality in the country.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 50

Edward Bellamy's novel, Looking Backward, inspired numerous late 19^th-century social reformers by

A) demonstrating that women's work in the home was seriously undervalued.
B) showing how a single tax on land speculation would end poverty.
C) portraying the sufferings of an immigrant worker in Chicago's stockyard meat industry.
D) portraying a utopian America in the year 2000, where nationalized industry had solved all social problems.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 51

As a leader of the African-American community, Booker T. Washington

A) helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
B) believed developing the economic and educational resources of the black community was secondary to achieving political equality.
C) discovered hundreds of uses for the peanut.
D) promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation directly.
E) shared a similar political philosophy with W.E.B. Du Bois.

Question 52

Americans offered growing support for a free public education system

A) to combat the growing strength of Catholic parochial schools.
B) when the Chautauqua movement began to decline.
C) because they accepted the idea that a free government cannot function without educated citizens.
D) when private schools began to fold.
E) because they were universally horrified by child labor abuses.

Question 53

The Morrill Act of 1862

A) established black colleges like Spelman.
B) established women's colleges like Smith.
C) established the modern American research university.
D) mandated racial integration in public schools.
E) granted public lands to states to support higher education.

Question 54

The intellectual development(s) that seriously disturbed the churches in the late 19^th century was the

A) growing feminist assault on theories of male superiority.
B) growing awareness of non-Christian religions.
C) rise of theories of white racial superiority.
D) rise of Socialism and anarchism.
E) biology of Charles Darwin.

Question 55

The public library movement across America was greatly aided by the generous financial support from

A) J. Pierpont Morgan.
B) Andrew Carnegie.
C) John D. Rockefeller.
D) local "friends of the library."
E) women's organizations.

Question 56

Henry George believed that the root of social inequality and social injustice lay in

A) stock speculators and financiers who manipulated the price of real goods and services.
B) labor unions that artificially drove up the prices of wages and therefore goods.
C) landowners who gained unearned wealth from rising land values.
D) businesspeople who gained excessive profits by exploiting workers.
E) patriarchal ideologies that regarded women as inferior domestic beings.

Question 57

In criticizing Booker T. Washington's educational emphasis on manual labor and industrial training, W.E.B. Du Bois emphasized instead that black education should concentrate on

A) adult education.
B) education for political action.
C) developing separate black schools and colleges.
D) developing black entrepreneurs to create black businesses to serve black communities.
E) an intellectually gifted talented tenth of the black community that should be given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life.

Question 58

American newspapers in the post-Civil War era expanded their circulation and public attention by

A) printing hard-hitting editorials.
B) crusading for social reform.
C) investigative reporting that uncovered public corruption in local and state government.
D) focusing on coverage of the local community and avoiding syndicalized material.
E) printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal.

Question 59

Booker T. Washington believed that the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was

A) the adoption of Socialism in the United States.
B) rigorous academic training.
C) the rejection of accommodationist attitudes.
D) to directly challenge white supremacy.
E) economic independence and education in agriculture and the trades.

Question 60

In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women

A) became more difficult to obtain.
B) was confined to women's colleges.
C) became much more common.
D) resulted in the passage of the Hatch Act.
E) blossomed especially in the South.

Question 61

One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late 19^th century was the

A) women's growing economic independence as a result of the widespread entry into the professional world.
B) stresses of urban life.
C) emerging feminist movement.
D) passage of more liberal divorce laws.
E) decline of religious organizations.

Question 62

By 1900, congressional legislation barred ____ from immigrating to America.

A) illiterates
B) the Chinese
C) foreign workers under contract labor for substandard wages
D) Jews
E) socialists

Question 63

Leading pastimes of late 19^th-century Americans included

A) bicycling.
B) watching football.
C) watching baseball.
D) the circus.
E) vaudeville.

Question 64

Following the conclusion of the Civil War,

A) Americans had less free time.
B) America developed a universal disapproval and dislike of cruel and violent sports like boxing.
C) Americans became less involved in physical sports and games.
D) Americans increasingly shared a common and standardized popular culture.
E) minstrel shows lost their popularity in the South.

Question 65

Which of the following sports was NOT developed in the decades following the Civil War?

A) basketball
B) bicycling
C) croquet
D) college football
E) baseball

Question 66

In the course of the late 19^th century

A) the birthrate increased.
B) the divorce rate fell.
C) family size gradually declined.
D) people tended to marry at an earlier age.
E) children were seen as a greater economic asset.

Question 67

Reflecting women's increasing independence in the late 1890s, author and feminist Charlotte Perkins Gilman supported all of the following EXCEPT

A) women abandoning their dependent status.
B) women seeking power via their roles as wives and mothers.
C) notions that biology made women fundamentally different from men.
D) centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens.
E) women becoming productive members of the economy as workers.

Question 68

The vast majority of employed female workers in the late 19^th century were

A) married with children.
B) just arrived from the country.
C) single.
D) married but without children.
E) college-educated.

Question 69

In the decades after the Civil War, changes in sexual attitudes and practices were reflected in all of the following EXCEPT

A) soaring divorce rates.
B) the spreading practice of birth control.
C) more children being born out of wedlock.
D) increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics.
E) more women working outside the home.

Question 70

General Lewis Wallace's book, Ben Hur

A) achieved success only after his death.
B) was based on a popular early movie.
C) emphasized that virtue, honesty, and hard work were rewarded by success.
D) detailed Wallace's experiences in the Civil War.
E) defended Christianity against Darwinism.

Question 71

Which of the following prominent post-Civil War writers did NOT reflect the increased attention to social problems by those from less affluent backgrounds?

A) Mark Twain
B) William Dean Howells
C) Stephen Crane
D) Kate Chopin
E) Henry Adams

Question 72

In the 1890s, white collar positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for

A) Jews.
B) Irish-Americans.
C) African Americans.
D) the college-educated.
E) native-born Americans.

Question 73

Many native-born Americans tended to blame New Immigrants for

A) the corruption of city government.
B) low industrial wages.
C) the degradation of life in American cities.
D) importing alien social and economic doctrines such as socialism and anarchism.
E) the rising cost of American manual labor.

Question 74

By 1900, American cities were becoming

A) heavily populated.
B) segregated by race and ethnic group.
C) segregated by occupation.
D) geographically compact.
E) more homogeneous.

Question 75

The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of

A) the new immigrants.
B) big business.
C) the poor and working classes.
D) middle class women.
E) industrial labor unions.

Question 76

By 1900, advocates of women's suffrage

A) acknowledged that women were biologically weaker than men but claimed that they deserved the vote anyway.
B) had abandoned the effort to persuade western states to grant women the right to vote.
C) formed strong alliances with African Americans seeking voting rights.
D) argued that the vote would enable women to extend their roles as mothers and homemakers to the public world.
E) insisted on the inherent political and moral equality of men and women.

Question 77

The National American Woman Suffrage Association

A) believed that the struggle for women's right to vote should be secondary to improving women's economic status in life.
B) conducted an integrated campaign for equal rights.
C) abandoned the goals of Susan Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
D) elected Ida B. Wells as its president.
E) limited its membership to whites excluding all blacks from membership.

Question 78

The place that offered the greatest opportunities for American women in the period 1865-1900 was

A) the big city.
B) the West.
C) suburban communities.
D) rural America.
E) New England.

Question 79

The New Immigrants who came to America after 1880

A) were mostly poor European urban workers.
B) usually did not speak proper English, unlike their children who learned and spoke fluent English.
C) were from southern and eastern Europe
D) tended to settle in northeastern cities.
E) were largely Roman Catholic or Jewish.

Question 80

In the late 19^th century, orthodox Protestant churches were being challenged by

A) the theories of Charles Darwin.
B) the mounting emphasis on materialism.
C) fundamentalist insistence on a literal interpretation of the Bible.
D) the social doctrines of Catholicism and Judaism.
E) African Americans' rejection of Christianity.