Deck 22: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

The stomach's gastric juice consists of ________.

A)digestive enzymes only
B)hydrochloric acid only
C)digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid only
D)mucus, digestive enzymes, and hydrochloric acid

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When contracted, ________ prevents movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine.

A)peristalsis
B)pharynx
C)the epiglottis
D)a sphincter

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The main function of salivary amylase is to ________.

A)moisten food
B)break down proteins
C)absorb nutrients
D)break down starch

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The digestive compartment of a cnidarian (such as a jellyfish)has ________ opening(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 5

Spiders are ________.

A)herbivores
B)filter feeders
C)carnivores
D)omnivores

Question 6

Which mechanism helps prevent gastric juice from digesting the stomach lining?

A)mucus coating the inside surface of the stomach
B)contractions of the stomach constantly moving chyme into the small intestine
C)the continuous secretion of gastric juice
D)the inactivation of pepsin by hydrochloric acid

Question 7

A food ball moves through the esophagus by ________.

A)peristalsis
B)gastric juice
C)ingestion
D)absorption

Question 8

A digestive tube is best defined as ________.

A)the compartment in which an animal digests its food
B)a tube-shaped digestive compartment with either one or two openings
C)a tube-shaped digestive compartment that has two openings and through which food moves in one direction
D)a digestive compartment that conducts both chemical and mechanical digestion

Question 9

The stomach mixes food with the secretions of the stomach wall to form ________.

A)gastric juice
B)a food ball
C)chyme
D)acid gastrin

Question 10

Digestion is ________.

A)the absorption of nutrients
B)the breakdown of food into small nutrient molecules that the body can absorb
C)eating

Question 11

What is the usual cause of heartburn?

A)backflow of chyme from the stomach into the esophagus
B)retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant to open
C)irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food
D)compression of the lower esophagus by an overfilled stomach

Question 12

Muscular contraction moves food through the alimentary canal by a process called ________.

A)propulsion
B)active transport
C)peristalsis
D)swallowing

Question 13

Which process is an example of mechanical digestion?

A)the breakdown of proteins into amino acids
B)peristalsis
C)the digestion of fats by lipases
D)chewing

Question 14

When the wall of the stomach fails to protect itself from erosion by gastric juice, the result is ________.

A)heartburn
B)obesity
C)gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
D)a gastric ulcer

Question 15

What is the epiglottis?

A)a muscle that moves the esophagus into line with the pharynx during swallowing
B)a muscle that sends food into the esophagus during swallowing
C)a flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing
D)a muscular sphincter that closes off the entry to the trachea during swallowing

Question 16

Both the esophagus and trachea open to the ________.

A)pharynx
B)posterior oral cavity
C)posterior nasal cavity
D)larynx

Question 17

The normal flow of contents in the human alimentary canal is ________.

A)pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine
B)oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
C)esophagus, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
D)oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

Question 18

The tongue has all of these functions EXCEPT ________.

A)taste food
B)shape food into a ball
C)secrete saliva
D)push food into the pharynx

Question 19

What is the order of the four stages of food processing?

A)ingestion, absorption, elimination, digestion
B)ingestion, elimination, digestion, absorption
C)ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
D)digestion, absorption, ingestion, elimination

Question 20

Digestion begins in the ________.

A)oral cavity
B)esophagus
C)pharynx
D)stomach

Question 21

Most humans need about ________ kcal per day.

A)500-700
B)1,300-1,800
C)2,500-3,000
D)20,000-30,000

Question 22

Which structure stores feces until they can be eliminated?

A)rectum
B)appendix
C)anus
D)colon

Question 23

Bile from the liver is stored in the ________ before entering the intestine.

A)pancreas
B)gallbladder
C)large intestine
D)bile duct

Question 24

On a global scale, the most significant type of malnutrition is ________.

A)vitamin A deficiency
B)calcium deficiency
C)iron deficiency
D)protein deficiency

Question 25

What is(are)the main digestive function(s)of the pancreas?

A)It produces digestive enzymes and bile.
B)It produces pepsin.
C)It produces digestive enzymes and neutralizes stomach acids.
D)It secretes mucus into the small intestine.

Question 26

What does your metabolic rate depend on?

A)only your age
B)your age and your activity levels, but not your genes
C)only your activity levels
D)your age, activity levels, and genes

Question 27

Certain amino acids are called essential because they ________.

A)are required for making protein
B)cannot be made by the body from other compounds
C)store energy
D)are required for making nucleic acids

Question 28

Together with the small intestine, the ________ absorbs water.

A)stomach
B)colon
C)rectum
D)appendix

Question 29

Which nutrient begins undergoing chemical digestion in the mouth?

A)amino acids
B)protein
C)starch
D)glucose

Question 30

Altogether, the body secretes about 7 liters of water into the alimentary canal each day. About what percentage of this water gets reabsorbed?

A)30%
B)50%
C)60%
D)90%

Question 31

The epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase the area for absorption. These projections are called ________.

A)villi
B)mucus
C)microvilli
D)bile

Question 32

Someone with liver failure will, in particular, have problems with the digestion and absorption of ________.

A)minerals
B)fats
C)carbohydrates
D)proteins

Question 33

To be considered food, a substance must ________.

A)supplement the essential nutrients that the body makes
B)provide oxygen for cellular respiration
C)provide ATP from the mitochondria in food
D)fuel the body's activities and provide raw materials to make other molecules

Question 34

Anorexia and bulimia occur ________.

A)when the body does not receive enough vitamin C
B)when there is a protein-deficient diet
C)mainly in affluent countries where thinness is idealized
D)when a person does not obtain all the essential amino acids

Question 35

Which mineral is needed for the proper functioning of nerves, muscles, and bones?

A)calcium
B)linoleic acid
C)sodium

Question 36

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the ________.

A)stomach
B)duodenum
C)several meters of the small intestine that come after the duodenum
D)large intestine

Question 37

Both vitamins biotin and Vitamin K are ________.

A)water-soluble vitamins
B)made in human skin in the presence of sunlight
C)produced by intestinal bacteria
D)common deficiencies in the human diet

Question 38

Vitamins are ________.

A)organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts
B)carbohydrates that we can synthesize from simpler molecules
C)important supplements for children, but not adults

Question 39

Which molecules are the direct source of energy for cells?

A)fats are
B)glucose is
C)ATP is
D)amino acids are

Question 40

How does the activity of Helicobacter pylori lead to gastric ulcers in humans?

A)It neutralizes the acids of the stomach.
B)It causes the production of excess acid in the stomach.
C)It damages the stomach's mucus coat.
D)It causes the stomach to produce stronger acids.

Question 41

Examine the FDA label for the loaf of Baker Organic Bread and answer the following questions.
A person who is trying to lose weight eats four servings of bread. Which activity would burn more total Calories than is consumed in those four servings?

A)an hour of leisurely biking (<10 mph), 292 Calories
B)an hour of canoeing, 256 Calories
C)an hour of resistance (weight)training, 365 Calories
D)an hour of hiking, 438 Calories

Question 42

The function of the structure shown below is ________.

A)to digest proteins
B)to absorb nutrients into the body
C)to aid in mechanical digestion of food
D)to break fats into smaller droplets

Question 43

How many loaves of bread would an average person need to eat in order to get the FDA Daily Value of the vitamin needed to prevent photophobia?

A)0)9
B)1)4
C)2)8
D)Bread does not contain this vitamin

Question 44

Modern humans possess the same craving for ________ and ________ as our ancestors, despite the obesity these cravings can cause today.

A)fat; sugar
B)sugar; salt
C)protein; vitamin C
D)iron; iodine

Question 45

Regarding the amount of energy consumed versus used, what would you recommend to a person who has a BMI of 27 to change to a normal BMI?

A)Take in more calories by eating than are burned by physical activity.
B)Burn more calories by physical activity than are taken in by eating.
C)Take in the same amount of calories by eating compared to that which is burned by physical activity.
D)Weight gain is not related to the amount of calories taken in compared to that burned by physical activity.

Question 46

Which person is shifting from an unhealthy category to a healthy category?

A)A 120 lb, 5'5" male loses 15 lbs.
B)A 160 lb, 5'10" female loses 5 lbs.
C)A 180 lb, 5'10" male loses 20 lbs.
D)A 130 lb, 5'0" female gains 10 lbs.

Question 47

The figure below shows ________.

A)the chemical digestion of a protein
B)the building of a protein by the enzyme pepsin
C)the mechanical digestion of a protein
D)the addition of a water molecule to add an amino acid to a protein

Question 48

The figure below shows the energy (kcal)burned per hour by a 150-pound person performing various activities. Use this figure to answer these questions.
A fellow student comments on some recent weight gain, and attributes this weight gain to a daily habit of a slice of pizza for a midnight snack. Given that there are 280 kcal in a slice of thick crust pepperoni pizza, make a recommendation for an additional activity that would result in the MOST weight loss.

A)5 hours of biking a week
B)2 hours of dancing fast every Saturday night
C)1 hour of running every Sunday, plus 1 hour of walking every Monday and Thursday.
D)1 hour of swimming, three times a week

Question 49

Why do modern humans crave food that is high in fat and sugar?

A)These preferences may have been advantageous in our evolutionary history, when food was less reliably available.
B)Fat and sugar are the only essential nutrients needed by humans.
C)A calorie-rich diet, when accompanied by low caloric expenditure, prevents 15 kinds of cancer.
D)Craving fat and sugar ensures that genes for obesity passes on to future generations.

Question 50

What disorder of the human digestive system can be treated with antibiotics?

A)gastric ulcers
B)GERD
C)anorexia
D)bulimia

Question 51

Which ingredient of the bread pictured would prevent beriberi?

A)ascorbic acid
B)sea salt
C)sunflower oil
D)whole wheat (whole grain)flour

Question 52

The data below are from an experiment that tested the effect of leptin on mice with a normal obese gene and mice with a defective obese gene. Assume that the experiment began with a group of mutant mice that were all the same mass, and a group of normal mice of the same mass.
What conclusion is supported by the data?

A)Obesity can be caused by a defective obese gene.
B)Saline causes mice to lose weight.
C)A normal obese gene does not produce leptin.
D)Leptin does not affect a mouse's weight.

Question 53

A mouse escapes its cage, and researchers cannot tell if it is a mutant mouse or a normal mouse. What procedure and result would confirm that this mouse is a mutant mouse?

A)The mouse is fed a high calorie diet. The mouse does not produce leptin and is overweight.
B)The mouse is fed a high calorie diet. The mouse can produce leptin and is a healthy weight.
C)The mouse is fed a low calorie diet. The mouse does not produce leptin and is overweight.
D)The mouse is fed a low calorie diet. The mouse can produce leptin and it is a healthy weight.

Question 54

How many servings of bread would an average person have to eat in order to get the FDA Daily Value of the water-soluble vitamin needed for reducing the risk of birth defects?

A)50
B)25
C)17
D)Bread does not contain this vitamin.

Question 55

What is the microbiome?

A)the bacterial community that lives in the human digestive system
B)microscopic projections on cells of the small intestine
C)viral infections that cause diarrhea
D)the nutrients that are absorbed into the bloodstream after digestion

Question 56

GERD can be treated with lifestyle changes such as ________.

A)losing weight
B)eating larger meals
C)lying down soon after eating
D)gastric bypass surgery

Question 57

Please refer to the following art to answer the following questions.
A person with a BMI of 27 would be described as ________.

A)overweight
B)normal weight
C)underweight
D)It depends on the person's height.

Question 58

The data below are from an experiment that tested the effect of leptin on mice with a normal obese gene and mice with a defective obese gene. Assume that the experiment began with a group of mutant mice that were all the same mass, and a group of normal mice of the same mass.
What role does the saline injection have in this experiment?

A)It is the control treatment.
B)It is the experimental treatment.
C)It is the independent variable.
D)It is the dependent variable.

Question 59

The figure below shows that ________.

A)peristalsis moves food down the esophagus
B)air cannot get into the trachea when the epiglottis closes the trachea
C)the trachea is open when you are not swallowing
D)the esophagus is open when you are breathing

Question 60

How does a plate of red beans and rice compare to a steak, nutritionally?

A)The same essential amino acids are provided in both.
B)For both, chemical digestion of the nutrients begins in the oral cavity.
C)Only red beans and rice contain niacin.
D)The steak contains a complete protein but the red beans and rice do not.

Question 61

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
There are many diseases of the digestive system. Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that destroys tear ducts and salivary glands. In megaesophagus, peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. In achlorhydria (also called "hypochlorhydria")production of gastric acid is absent or low. When a person has diverticulitis, feces are trapped in small pouches of the large intestine, and cause infection. Infected portions of the large intestine can swell and block the large intestine. In exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, there is a progressive loss of pancreatic cells that make digestive enzymes. In gallstone cholestasis, bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum.
Difficulty swallowing could indicate ________.

A)Sjögren's syndrome
B)megaesophagus
C)diverticulitis
D)gallstone cholestasis

Question 62

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover more about the gene's function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae is much larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins, the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle.
Assuming that the digestive system of zebrafish works like that of a human, what substance do zebrafish need to make fats more easily digested by enzymes?

A)chyme
B)bile
C)lipase
D)pepsin

Question 63

A protein deficiency in the blood could indicate ________.

A)megaesophagus
B)achlorhydria
C)Sjögren's syndrome
D)diverticulitis

Question 64

Regurgitation of food could indicate ________.

A)Sjögren's syndrome
B)achlorhydria
C)megaesophagus
D)celiac disease

Question 65

Four students start to meet up every night to eat a slice of thick crust pepperoni pizza for a study break at 1 A.M. These students have very similar class schedules and sleeping habits, but differ in exercise habits. Which student will gain the LEAST weight from this pizza study break?

A)The student who swims for one hour, every other day.
B)The student who walks a dog for 30 minutes every day.
C)The student who dances fast for two hours every Friday night.
D)The student who commutes by bike, 15 minutes per weekday.

Question 66

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency would show symptoms most similar to ________.

A)Sjögren's syndrome
B)megaesophagus
C)diverticulitis
D)celiac disease

Question 67

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Several years ago, scientists discovered a mutation in zebrafish larvae that prevented the absorption of lipids from dietary fat. Larvae carrying this mutation died shortly after they hatched because all cells need fat to carry out their normal functions. More recent studies have determined that the mutation leading to this disorder occurs in a single gene on chromosome 10. When a normal gene is inserted into embryos carrying the mutation, these fish are able to process fats normally when they hatch. To discover more about the gene's function, researchers examined and compared cells from normal and mutant fish larvae under a microscope. A major difference was noticed in the intestinal cells. The Golgi apparatus in the intestinal cells of mutant larvae is much larger than those of normal larvae. As the Golgi apparatus processes fats and proteins, the lipids become trapped, resulting in the abnormally large size of the organelle.
Assuming that the digestive system of zebrafish works like that of a human, which portion of the digestive tract is specialized for absorption of the nutrients?

A)stomach
B)small intestine
C)large intestine
D)pharynx