Deck 19: Culture and the Individual

Question 1

Kardiner believed that ________ give rise to certain personality characteristics.

A) personality integration
B) secondary institutions
C) primary institutions
D) personality characteristics

Answer 1

primary institutions

Question 2

Compared with people in the United States, ___________ generally had a strong sense of interpersonal morality.

A) the Asmet of New Guinea
B) the Yanomamo
C) Hindu-Indians
D) Semi

Answer 2

Hindu-Indians

Question 3

The Six Cultures project suggests that children tend to be more aggressive the more they are _________.

A) in the company of children their own age
B) left alone
C) with adults
D) punished

Answer 3

in the company of children their own age

Question 4

Religion and art are examples of ___________.

A) personality characteristics
B) primary institutions
C) cultural characteristics
D) secondary institutions

Question 5

__________ is a term used by both anthropologists and psychologists to describe development, through the influence of parents and other people, of patterns of behavior in children that conform to cultural expectations.

A) Socialization
B) Conservatism
C) Repression
D) Socialism

Question 6

According to a California study, in what type of society are babies not held more than 25 percent of the time?

A) hunter-gatherer
B) horticultural
C) industrial
D) pastoral

Question 7

__________ studied Samoan adolescents and came to the conclusion that they do not all share a stressful existence.

A) Louis Leakey
B) Bronislaw Malinowski
C) Claude Levi-Strauss
D) Margaret Mead

Question 8

One of the most important settings for children in some societies is __________.

A) home
B) with peers
C) with adults
D) school

Question 9

The Six Cultures study shows that families ________ tend to punish more strongly than those ______.

A) who work / stay home
B) who stay home / who work
C) who lived in cramped quarters / who have ample space
D) who have ample space / who live in cramped quarters

Question 10

Parents in the United States say they _________ their children to be dependent.

A) encourage
B) do not want
C) want
D) raise

Question 11

The concept of ___________, developed by Western children between ages 7 through 11, states that certain properties of an object remain constant, even if the object is divided into small pieces.

A) conservatism
B) conservation
C) concretion
D) material restriction

Question 12

Schooled individuals may enjoy an advantage on cognitive tests just because _________.

A) they can read
B) they are educated
C) they have more information
D) they are familiar with tests

Question 13

Studies have shown that malnutrition is associated with all except__________.

A) lower levels of activity
B) more prenatal interaction
C) low tolerance of frustration
D) lack of initiative

Question 14

Clifford Geertz studied the differences between Western and non-Western concepts of __________ and found that they were quite different.

A) culture
B) psychology
C) sociology
D) self

Question 15

Why are the tests taken to other societies by cross-cultural psychologists suspect?

A) Concepts such as conservation and formal-operational thinking are not known in other cultures.
B) Cross-cultural psychology is basically flawed in its ability to measure differences.
C) The tests used are developed here in the West.
D) Cross-cultural psychology is a new field and as such is untested.

Question 16

___________felt that there is a predictable order in the sequences of stages.

A) Freud
B) Freeman
C) Piaget
D) Malinowski

Question 17

We now have evidence from more than ten cultures that children who ________ are more nurturant.

A) babysit
B) have chores
C) are assigned many tasks
D) play more

Question 18

Particularly American _________ parents stress independence.

A) lower class
B) upper class
C) single
D) middle class

Question 19

The __________ do not physically punish a child's aggression.

A) Yanomamo
B) Semai
C) Asmat
D) Hindu-Indians

Question 20

In _________ of the world's societies, mothers typically breast feed for at least two years.

A) 15%
B) 70%
C) 90%
D) 55%

Question 21

In most of the world, parents do not read books about child raising, in fact they may

A) not be consciously thinking about their behavior toward their children.
B) be thinking about how to behave a lot.
C) want to do well, but fall short.
D) generally be unsuccessful in their attempt.

Question 22

Research has shown that genetic and physiological differences between populations predispose them to different personality characteristics. This could include

A) babies learning in the womb.
B) mother's diet.
C) mother's blood pressure.
D) all of the above.

Question 23

Why do different cultures seem to demonstrate different personality characteristics?

Question 24

Why is the aggressive behavior of pastoralists not only acceptable but may be adaptive?

Question 25

What are the effects of task assignment on personality development?

Question 26

According to Piaget, the first stage of development is _________.

A) sensorioperational
B) formal operational
C) concrete operational
D) sensorimotor

Question 27

Herbert Barry and others studied child training practices and concluded

A) agricultural societies stressed responsibility and foraging societies stressed self-reliance.
B) agricultural societies stressed self-reliance and foraging societies stressed responsibility.
C) agricultural societies stressed individual assertiveness and foraging societies stressed obedience.
D) there was no difference between the two types of societies.

Question 28

Describe the concept of conservation. Why is it that non-Western peoples do not develop the concept of conservation until a much later age than Westerners?

Question 29

Do women have a different morality? What are the proposed differences?

Question 30

What is socialization? How does the proper socialization of an individual occur?

Question 31

In some societies, school is one of the most important settings for children. But research shows

A) that school has no influence on cognitive testing.
B) that we really do not know how school influences social behavior.
C) that the time in school is wasted.
D) none of the above.

Question 32

What are the views of Margaret Mead and Bronislaw Malinowski on the emotional development of people?

Question 33

In the U.S. and England, babies are held or touched from 12 to 20% of their daytime hours, which contrasts with preindustrial societies in which

A) babies are never held.
B) babies are only held half as much as in the U.S.
C) babies are held more than half the day.
D) no one is sure of the exact time babies are held.

Question 34

According to studies, children that were often held or carried by their ________ are significantly more trusting.

A) mothers
B) fathers
C) siblings
D) families

Question 35

Humans need a long period of childhood, in which the young are dependent on parents and other caregivers because

A) the media has said this is what we should do.
B) parents like this arrangement.
C) we need time to acquire the complexity of human social and cultural life.
D) it helps the economies of all societies.

Question 36

Anthropologists became interested in psychology because they did not believe that human nature was completely revealed in Western societies. This argument was the opposite of

A) psychiatrists who felt human nature could not be studied.
B) sociologists who felt social structure was not important.
C) historians who felt that psychological issues were irrelevant.
D) psychologists who generally assumed it did.

Question 37

The field anthropologist Margaret Mead was the first to question assumptions about adolescent development because

A) she saw Samoan adolescents acting the same as adolescents in the U.S.
B) she observed Samoan adolescent girls showing little evidence of emotional upheaval.
C) the behaviors of adolescents in Samoa were too subtle to study.
D) the Samoans refused her an opportunity to study them.

Question 38

How do schools implicitly teach values?

Question 39

It is estimated that babies in Japan are held or touched _______ of the day.

A) 8-12%
B)12-20%
C) 21-24%
D) 30%

Question 40

A society's involvement in war has a profound impact on parent-child relations because

A) during war there is an increase in parental encouragement of aggression.
B) boys in the family are often encouraged to be aggressive.
C) when society is at peace, socialization for aggression decreases.
D) all of the above.