Deck 16: Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, childhood, and Adolescence

Question 1

What is the approximate energy requirement of infants,in kcalories per kilogram body weight?

A)25
B)35
C)75
D)100

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is a feature of water in infancy?

A)Breastfed infants in hot,dry climates need supplemental water
B)Bottle-fed infants in hot,dry climates need supplemental water
C)Much of the infant's body water content is located extracellularly
D)Conditions such as diarrhea and vomiting may be successfully treated with lower doses of adult medications

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Breast milk as the sole source of nutrition,up to the first 6 months in healthy infants,is satisfactory for all nutrients EXCEPT

A)sodium.
B)vitamin D.
C)iron and folate.
D)zinc and vitamin A.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in infancy?

A)Infants fed fat-free milk are at risk for protein overload
B)Most of the energy in breast milk is derived from lactose
C)The brain of an infant uses less glucose than that of an adult
D)Infants require about 25% more energy than adults when expressed per kg body weight

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT among features of breast milk composition?

A)There is no casein in breast milk,unlike in cow's milk
B)The carbohydrate is lactose,which enhances calcium absorption
C)The concentration of protein is slightly higher than for cow's milk
D)The proportion of energy contributed by fat is much higher than that recommended for adults

Question 6

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Society,breastfeeding of full-term infants is

A)optional.
B)mildly recommended.
C)moderately recommended.
D)strongly recommended.

Question 7

What is thought to be the primary function of the oligosaccharides in breast milk?

A)Stimulation of the let-down reflex
B)Protection from infections in the infant
C)Stimulation of salivary amylase in the infant
D)Enhanced bioavailability of DHA and arachidonic acid

Question 8

What is the relative weight of an infant brain compared to an adult's brain?

A)Half as much
B)About the same
C)Three times as much
D)Six times as much

Question 9

For optimal breast-feeding benefits,it is recommended that the infant be encouraged to suckle on the first breast offered

A)for about 1-2 minutes.
B)for no more than 5 minutes.
C)before he shows signs of hunger.
D)until he stops actively suckling.

Question 10

What organ in the infant uses more than half of the day's total energy intake?

A)Liver
B)Brain
C)Kidney
D)Skeletal muscle

Question 11

What is the typical weight gain (lbs)of an infant between the first and second year of life?

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of breastfeeding frequency?

A)An early sign of hunger is increased alertness,whereas a late sign is crying
B)During the first few weeks of life,the infant will demand 8-12 feedings per day
C)The infant obtains almost one-half the milk during the first 2-3 minutes of sucking
D)More infrequent and short-duration feedings are preferable to stimulate lactation and breast-filling

Question 13

The recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals for infants are based on the

A)average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants.
B)adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis.
C)older child's RDA scaled down to the infant on a per kg body weight basis.
D)average amounts ingested by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers.

Question 14

What would be a normal body weight after 1 year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs?

A)12 lbs
B)16 lbs
C)24 lbs
D)35 lbs

Question 15

Infants showing symptoms of acidosis,dehydration,diarrhea,elevated blood ammonia and urea,and fever may be reacting to the nutritional problem of

A)protein overload.
B)milk protein intolerance.
C)carbohydrate intolerance.
D)insufficient protein and energy.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT among the nutrient characteristics of human breast milk?

A)The sodium content is low
B)The zinc is highly bioavailable
C)The iron is highly bioavailable
D)The vitamin D content meets optimal growth requirements

Question 17

When expressed per kilogram body weight,the nutrient needs of infants are markedly higher than those of young adults for all of the following nutrients EXCEPT

A)iron.
B)iodine.
C)vitamin C.
D)vitamin D.

Question 18

What is the chief reason that breast-fed infants usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants?

A)Breast milk contains less fat
B)Breast milk is digested faster
C)Breast milk is less nutrient dense
D)The amount of milk consumed per feeding is lower in breast-fed infants

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT among features of nutrition and metabolism?

A)The infant's brain uses about 60% of the daily energy intake
B)The fat in breast milk provides most of the energy to support rapid growth
C)The infant's brain is larger relative to the size of the body and therefore uses more energy
D)The protein content in breast milk can be high enough to occasionally induce protein overload

Question 20

What is the chief protein in human breast milk?

A)Casein
B)Lactose
C)Albumin
D)Alpha-lactalbumin

Question 21

What is colostrum?

A)A clot in the bloodstream
B)A major protein in breast milk
C)A hormone that promotes milk production
D)A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery

Question 22

You are presenting a talk on the benefits of breastfeeding to a group of new mothers with a Peace Corps group in Zimbabwe.There have been numerous cases of infant diarrhea within this population over the past several years.Why is breastfeeding especially important under these circumstances?

A)The emotional bonding enhances the overall health of the infant
B)The lactoferrin protein present in breast milk stimulates T-cell immunity
C)The lactadherin protein present in breast milk attacks diarrhea-causing viruses
D)Breast milk as a source of nutrition limits the feeding of other foods,which may be contaminated

Question 23

Which of the following is associated with bifidus factors?

A)Increased iron absorption
B)Increased bacterial growth
C)Decreased allergy protection
D)Decreased hormone production

Question 24

Which of the following is a feature of infant soy formulas?

A)They are used in about 1% of the infant population
B)They contain cornstarch and sucrose rather than lactose
C)They are identical to milk-based formulas except for the protein source
D)They are not acceptable to vegan families because the formulas contain omega-3 fatty acids from fish

Question 25

To gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant's diet is to

A)feed.
B)wean.
C)nurse.
D)breastfeed.

Question 26

What type of formula is available for infants with milk allergy?

A)Egg
B)Soy
C)Meat
D)Peanut

Question 27

Compared with cow's milk,breast milk contains

A)less protein and calcium.
B)less lactose and vitamin C.
C)more fat and less carbohydrate.
D)more energy and less vitamin E.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT among the features of infant formulas?

A)They contain antibodies
B)They breed bacteria in bottles left at room temperature
C)They adhere to FDA standards for nutrient composition and safety
D)They contain fat and carbohydrate at concentrations resembling those in breast milk

Question 29

Which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants?

A)Maternal passage of lead to fetus
B)Baby bottles made from lead crystal
C)Contaminated water used to make infant formula
D)Preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers

Question 30

What factor in breast milk binds iron and prevents it from supporting the growth of the infant's intestinal bacteria?

A)Colostrum
B)Lactoferrin
C)Hemoferritin
D)Bifidus factor

Question 31

Which of the following formulas is available for infants with lactose intolerance?

A)Egg
B)Soy
C)Barley
D)Powdered cow's milk

Question 32

What is lactadherin?

A)An iron-binding protein in breast milk
B)A vitamin D-binding protein in breast milk
C)A breast milk protein that inactivates a GI virus that causes diarrhea
D)A protein supplement to infant formulas that simulates the digestibility properties of alpha-lactalbumin

Question 33

Which of the following describes the results of studies on weight gain of people who were either breastfed or formula fed?

A)The findings on weight gain of people who were formula fed or breastfed are inconsistent
B)Adults 21-25 years of age who had been formula fed showed similar BMIs to those who had been breastfed for at least 6 months
C)The body weight of mothers who breastfed was not a factor in their child's body weight,whereas the body weight of mothers who bottle-fed was strongly related
D)The benefits of breast feeding on body weight of infants are observed only for the first 3 months of feeding,whereas the changes in body weight of infants who are formula-fed are linear for the first year

Question 34

What is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure from the tap water used to prepare infant formula?

A)Because the lead in hot water pipes settles out overnight,draw the water from this source first
B)Whenever possible,boil the water to vaporize the lead and thus decrease the amount remaining in the water
C)Because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead,let the water run a few minutes before using it
D)To inhibit lead absorption,add a small amount of citrus juice to the water to provide citric acid to complex with the lead

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT known to be an advantage of breastfeeding?

A)Breastfed infants have lower blood pressure as adults compared with formula-fed peers
B)Breastfed infants have lower blood cholesterol as adults compared with formula-fed peers
C)Breastfed infants have a lower incidence of allergic reactions compared with formula-fed infants
D)Breastfed infants born prematurely grow more slowly than formula-fed infants born prematurely

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT among the features of breast milk banks?

A)The milk is pasteurized
B)The milk consists of a pool from several lactating mothers
C)The source of the breast milk is donations from lactating mothers
D)They accept milk from mothers who smoke cigarettes but not marijuana

Question 37

Which of the following vitamin-mineral supplements need NOT be prescribed for an infant breastfed beyond 6 months of age?

A)Iron
B)Fluoride
C)Vitamin D
D)Vitamin E

Question 38

Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding compared with formula feeding?

A)There is no limit to the supply
B)It provides immunological protection
C)The mother can be sure the baby is getting enough milk
D)It is the only way to develop a true loving relationship with the baby

Question 39

Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition?

A)It is generally easier to overfeed a breast-fed infant than a formula-fed infant
B)Breast-fed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections
C)Breast-fed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life
D)For optimal development,infants should be transitioned to formula after one year of breast-feeding

Question 40

Goat's milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of

A)iron.
B)folate.
C)protein.
D)calcium.

Question 41

What should be the first cereal introduced to the infant?

A)Oat
B)Corn
C)Rice
D)Wheat

Question 42

Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for

A)obesity.
B)botulism.
C)osteopenia.
D)type 1 diabetes.

Question 43

What is the principal reason that information about fat on food labels of infant foods is intentionally omitted?

A)To prevent parents from restricting their infants' fat intake
B)Infants have a rapid growth rate and will adjust their overall food intake to meet their needs
C)By law,the fat content is uniformly set at 30% of total energy for all infant foods and therefore is not required to be listed
D)By law,the fat content must have equivalent amounts of saturated,monounsaturated,and polyunsaturated fats to provide between 30 and 35% of total energy

Question 44

Roberta's first child is now 8 months old.Roberta has been breastfeeding and would like to begin to introduce solids foods.She read somewhere to introduce one food at a time to the infant.Which of the following would be the best choice for the first food to introduce to the baby?

A)Oats
B)Rice
C)Wheat
D)Barley

Question 45

Foods containing sorbitol or other sugar alcohols should not be given to infants because they

A)promote diarrhea.
B)promote constipation.
C)increase lead absorption.
D)decrease iron absorption.

Question 46

An infant diagnosed with "goat's milk anemia" is most likely deficient in

A)iron.
B)folate.
C)vitamin B₆.
D)vitamin B₁₂.

Question 47

Which of the following feeding practices is recommended for preterm infants?

A)They should be fed exclusively on breast milk
B)They should be fed on breast milk enriched in a 1 to 1 ratio with cow's milk
C)They should be fed preterm breast milk,occasionally fortified with specific nutrients
D)They should be fed only on special formulas because the nutrient content of breast milk is too low

Question 48

Approximately what percentage of infants are born prematurely?

A)4
B)12
C)20
D)33

Question 49

Low- or reduced-fat milk should NOT be given routinely to a child until after the age of

A)two weeks.
B)three months.
C)one year.
D)six years.

Question 50

Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time?

A)It prevents overfeeding
B)Any allergic reactions can be detected
C)Immunological protection hasn't been developed
D)The swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control

Question 51

Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby's diet?

A)Vitamin C and iron
B)Vitamin A and zinc
C)Vitamin B₁₂ and fluoride
D)Vitamin E and magnesium

Question 52

Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay?

A)Caries development resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples
B)Bacterial attack of teeth due to severe tooth misalignment from sucking on oversized bottle nipples
C)Marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle
D)Tooth decay resulting from constant exposure to food due to inability of the infant to swallow normally

Question 53

Which of the following should NOT be used to feed an infant?

A)Whole milk
B)Ready-to-feed formula
C)Liquid concentrate formula appropriately diluted
D)Powdered formula or evaporated milk formula appropriately reconstituted

Question 54

During the first year of life,cow's milk is considered an inappropriate food due to all of the following EXCEPT

A)it is too low in iron.
B)it is too low in sodium.
C)it is too high in protein.
D)it is too low in vitamin C.

Question 55

Of the following cereals,which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding?

A)Oat
B)Rice
C)Corn
D)Wheat

Question 56

At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow solid food?

A)3-5 weeks
B)26-32 weeks
C)4-6 months
D)9-12 months

Question 57

What term defines the condition of infant tooth deterioration resulting from chronic exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids from a bottle?

A)Juice bottle erosion
B)Suckling enamelosis
C)Formula-induced gingivitis
D)Nursing bottle tooth decay

Question 58

Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants?

A)Two weeks
B)Two months
C)Five months
D)One year

Question 59

Which of the following sources of nutrition for infants is least likely to become contaminated with microorganisms?

A)Soy formula
B)Breast milk
C)Iron-fortified formula
D)Liquid concentrate formula

Question 60

Infants should not be given canned vegetables due to excessive amounts of

A)tin.
B)fiber.
C)sodium.
D)botulinum spores.

Question 61

The consumption of milk by children should not exceed 3 cups per day in order to lower the risk for

A)solute overload.
B)iron deficiency.
C)vitamin A toxicity.
D)vitamin D toxicity.

Question 62

Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency in children?

A)It affects brain function before anemia sets in
B)It rarely develops in those with high intakes of milk
C)It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome
D)Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level,thereby leading to increased attention span

Question 63

How much more total energy does a normal-weight 10 year old need vs.a 1 year old?

A)25%
B)50%
C)150%
D)200%

Question 64

Which of the following is a feature of nutrition in childhood?

A)Very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind
B)Total energy requirements are higher for a typical 3 year old than a 12 year old
C)Iron-deficiency anemia in children is prevalent in Canada but not the United States due to fortification
D)Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement of 10 micrograms

Question 65

Which of the following is a characteristic of fat in the diet of children?

A)The recommended daily fat intake up to age 12 is age plus 20 g
B)There is an RDA for total fat for children beginning at 3 years of age
C)Low-fat diets usually provide sufficient amounts of the micronutrients
D)Fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy intake is adequate

Question 66

Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of vegetarian diets and infancy?

A)Infants weaned to vegan diets show significant slowing of growth
B)The risk for inadequate intakes of vitamins B₁₂ and D is significant
C)Rice milk may substitute for other beverages from the age of 12 months and on
D)Infants and children in vegetarian families should be given iron-fortified foods well into the second year

Question 67

A child who drinks a lot of milk at the expense of other foods is at high risk of showing signs of

A)anemia.
B)rickets.
C)hyperkeratosis.
D)ariboflavinosis.

Question 68

Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S.and Canadian children?

A)Iron
B)Protein
C)Calcium
D)Vitamin C

Question 69

Jenny is a 13-year-old Hare Krishna who follows a vegan diet due to religious beliefs.She has not been performing as well as her non-vegetarian study friend on math tests and has been very upset about it.The teacher reports to Jenny's mom that she does not appear focused during lessons and can't seem to concentrate on her school work.Which of the following may provide a likely explanation?

A)The diet doesn't provide enough energy for her to stay alert
B)The diet provides insufficient bioavailable iron and she many be anemic
C)The diet contains insufficient calcium and protein,which impairs intellectual performance
D)The high fiber content of a vegan diet that promotes stool formation increases the urge to evacuate,which interferes with her ability to concentrate

Question 70

Which of the following is a characteristic of hunger and behavior in children?

A)Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch
B)The nutrient deficit arising from skipping a breakfast is usually made up over the following 2 days
C)Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their friends who do not
D)Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans,their scores on intelligence tests remain unaffected

Question 71

Which of the following was a finding of the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study?

A)Most toddlers but not infants consumed insufficient intakes of sodium
B)The most popular food among these population groups was baked potatoes
C)Most infants but not toddlers demonstrated food intake patterns consistent with MyPlate recommendations
D)About one-fourth of the infants and toddlers failed to consume even one serving of fruits or vegetables daily

Question 72

Young children who drink more than 2 to 3 ¹/₂ cups of milk a day are most likely at increased risk for deficiency of

A)iron.
B)folate.
C)vitamin A.
D)vitamin C.

Question 73

What should be the parent's response when a one-year-old child wants to clumsily spoon-feed himself?

A)Punish the child
B)Let the child eat with his fingers instead
C)Let the child try to feed himself so that he will learn
D)Gently take the spoon back and feed the child with it

Question 74

Approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain?

A)400
B)800
C)1600
D)2400

Question 75

Which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast?

A)Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast
B)Attention spans are similar but a significant number of breakfast-skippers show hyperglycemia
C)Breakfast-skippers initially show decreased mental performance but with time they adapt and show almost identical achievements
D)Breakfast-skippers who change to eating breakfast show a temporary improvement in mental concentration but also a moderate degree of hypoglycemia

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT among the features of iron nutrition in children?

A)Anemia makes children more disruptive
B)General symptoms of iron deficiency are similar to those of mild lead toxicity
C)The brain appears to be less sensitive to iron deficiency than the rest of the body
D)Children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants do not show normal school performance even after iron status has improved

Question 77

Which of the following is a feature of iron nutrition and behavior in children?

A)Iron-deficient children respond better to liquid preparations of Fe⁺³ than to tablets of Fe⁺²
B)Children who had iron-deficiency anemia as infants perform poorly even after iron status improves
C)Iron supplements can reverse the symptoms and restore normal behavior in children suffering from mild lead toxicity
D)The child's brain is not as responsive to iron as is the adult brain,which accounts for the more severe effects of deprivation

Question 78

Which of the following is true regarding energy metabolism of the preschool child?

A)Food intake is remarkably similar from meal to meal
B)Overweight individuals have appetites similar to normal-weight individuals
C)Energy needs per kg body weight increase from 1 year of age to 5 years of age
D)A 1 year old who needs 800 kcal/day would require only about 1600 kcal at 6 years of age

Question 79

Which of the following is the primary factor in the development of milk anemia?

A)Impaired absorption of iron
B)Excessive intake of cow's milk
C)Low iron content of breast milk
D)Insufficient intake of whole cow's milk

Question 80

Which of the following is the most likely reason that teachers promote the consumption of midmorning snacks for children?

A)It provides an opportunity to learn about nutrition
B)It meets federally mandated school nutrition guidelines
C)It provides carbohydrate for maintenance of blood glucose and brain function
D)It helps decrease the symptoms of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in 5% of school-age children