Deck 22: The Reproductive System

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a function of Sertoli cells?

A) secrete fluid into the lumen of seminiferous tubules to support sperm development
B) secrete paracrines that stimulate spermatogenesis
C) provide nutrients for developing sperm
D) secrete androgens
E) form the blood -testis barrier

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The loss of reproductive capacity that occurs as females age is caused by

A) the release of incompetent ova.
B) altered length of the menstrual cycle.
C) the complete cessation of sex hormone release.
D) changes in hormone secretory patterns.
E) inability to release an ovum in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH) surge.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

After the second meiotic division, each cell contains

A) either two maternal or two paternal sister chromatids.
B) a random mixture of maternal and paternal alleles on each of two sister chromatids.
C) a maternal and a paternal sister chromatid.
D) either a maternal or a paternal sister chromatid.
E) a random mixture of maternal and paternal alleles on one sister chromatid.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

In what region of the testes are sperm produced?

A) epididymis
B) vas deferens
C) rete testes
D) seminiferous tubules
E) efferent ductules

Question 5

In the female reproductive cycle,

A) two ova
B) a single ovum
C) several ova
D) a single sperm
E) millions of sperm

Question 6

Sex determination of a fetus is controlled by the production of gene.

A) testis -determining factor : srY
B) ovary -determining factor : odY
C) testis -determining factor : tdY
D) gonad -determining factor : gdY
E) ovary -determining factor : srY

Question 7

Follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone stimulate the growth and development of sperm

A) indirectly by binding to Sertoli cells.
B) directly by binding to sperm.
C) indirectly by binding to interstitial cells.
D) indirectly by binding to androgen -binding protein.
E) indirectly by binding to Leydig cells.

Question 8

What cells secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance in fetal life?

A) Leydig cell
B) follicle cell
C) Sertoli cell
D) theca cell
E) granulosa cell

Question 9

Autosomes are described as

A) heterologous
B) zygotic
C) clonal
D) haploid
E) homologous

Question 10

The absence of reproductive tract. in the fetus will further the development of the
Into the female

A) androgens : Müllerian ducts
B) Müllerian inhibiting substance : Müllerian ducts
C) Wolffian inhibiting substance : Wolffian ducts
D) Müllerian promoting substance : Wolffian ducts
E) androgens : Wolffian ducts

Question 11

What is the function of Leydig cells?

A) secrete androgens only
B) secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance only
C) provide nutrients for developing sperm only
D) both secrete androgens and provide nutrients for developing sperm
E) secrete androgens, provide nutrients for developing sperm, and secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance

Question 12

What is the function of the scrotum?

A) transports sperm from testes to penis
B) secretes chemicals into the male reproductive track during emission
C) provides blood flow to the erectile tissue
D) keeps the temperature of the testes less than body temperature for optimal sperm development
E) contains vascular spaces that become engorged with blood to induce an erection

Question 13

What is the function of androgen -binding protein?

A) transport androgens across the blood -testis barrier
B) maintain steady levels of androgens in the lumen of seminiferous tubules
C) provide positive feedback for the release of luteinizing hormone
D) provide negative feedback for the release of follicle stimulating hormone
E) transport androgens in blood

Question 14

What are gonadotrophs?

A) cells of the gonads that secrete sex hormones
B) cells of the hypothalamus that secrete GnRH (gonadotropin -releasing hormone)
C) growth factors for sexual differentiation
D) cells of the anterior pituitary that secrete the gonadotropic hormones FSH and LH
E) hormones of the gonads

Question 15

What is the process whereby gametes from each parent fuse to produce a new cell?

A) independent assortment
B) spermatogenesis
C) gametogenesis
D) oogenesis
E) fertilization

Question 16

, the general term for the primary reproductive organs, are responsible for the secretion of in females.

A) Ovaries : androgens (testosterone)
B) Gonads : estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone
C) Gonads : androgens (testosterone)
D) Testes : androgens (testosterone)
E) Ovaries : estrogens (estradiol) and progesterone

Question 17

The erectile tissue increases during sexual arousal, causing the penis to become erect.

A) tightening of the connective tissue within the
B) volume of blood within the
C) reduction of blood pressure within the
D) amount of
E) contraction of the

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of the blood -testis barrier?

A) It maintains a differential fluid composition of the seminiferous tubule lumen that facilitates the development of sperm and blocks the access of androgens to the lumen.
B) It maintains a differential fluid composition of the seminiferous tubule lumen that facilitates the entry of inhibin into the lumen, thereby decreasing sperm production.
C) It maintains a differential fluid composition of the epididymis tubule lumen that favors maintaining high concentrations of androgens in the lumen to facilitate sperm production.
D) It maintains a differential fluid composition of the epididymis tubule lumen that facilitates movement of sperm during emission.
E) It maintains a differential fluid composition of the seminiferous tubule lumen that facilitates development of sperm and protects sperm from the immune system.

Question 19

What describes the process where portions of homologous chromosomes exchange segments with one another?

A) meiotic overlap
B) homologous exchange
C) clonal exchange
D) crossing over
E) independent assortment

Question 20

What is the function of the accessory reproductive organs?

A) secondary sex characteristics only
B) transport of gametes only
C) the secretion of sex hormones only
D) secretion of fluids into the reproductive tract only
E) both secretion of fluids into the reproductive tract and transport of gametes

Question 21

How do males continue to produce sperm through their adult lives?

A) Secondary spermatocytes produce an endless supply of primary spermatocytes.
B) Testosterone levels remain elevated throughout adulthood.
C) When a spermatogonium undergoes mitosis, only one undergoes further differentiation and meiosis to become a mature sperm; the other stays a spermatogonium.
D) Sperm cells never die.
E) Spermatozoa can undergo cell division daily.

Question 22

Enzymes that facilitate entry of sperm into the ova are contained within the spermatozoa.

A) midpiece
B) tail
C) mitochondria
D) acrosome
E) flagella

Question 23

Mature ova develop from a pool of oogonia that

A) continue to expand after birth with few of those ever developing into mature ova.
B) are fixed in number at birth with each one developing into a mature ova.
C) are fixed at about 1 -2 million at birth with a fraction of that number developing into mature ova.
D) undergo mitosis to maintain the number of oogonia as they mature into ova.
E) will expand until puberty when the ova begin to mature.

Question 24

Where are spermatogonia located?

A) in the epididymis
B) attached to Leydig cells
C) on the luminal surface of the Sertoli cell
D) at the basement membrane -Sertoli cell interface
E) anywhere within the seminiferous tubules

Question 25

What secretes an alkaline fluid containing fructose, enzymes, and prostaglandins into the ejaculatory duct?

A) epididymis
B) prostate gland
C) Sertoli cell
D) bulbourethral gland
E) seminal vesicle

Question 26

What is the purpose of luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?

A) growth of accessory reproductive organs
B) secretion of androgens from the Leydig cells
C) promoting spermatogenesis
D) secretion of chemicals from Sertoli cells that stimulate sperm maturation
E) stimulating ejaculation

Question 27

Inhibin is secreted from the pituitary gland.

A) anterior pituitary : FSH and acts to reduce the secretion of
From the anterior
B) Leydig cells : follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH)
C) hypothalamus : luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Leydig cells : LH
E) Sertoli cells : FSH

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT stimulated by the surge of testosterone that occurs at puberty?

A) secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary
B) increased protein synthesis in muscle
C) spermatogenesis
D) release of gonadotropin -releasing hormone (GnRH)
E) secretion of a thick oil by sebaceous glands

Question 29

Spermatogenesis is directly stimulated by

A) testosterone only.
B) LH only.
C) FSH only.
D) both FSH and testosterone.
E) both LH and testosterone.

Question 30

When do sperm acquire motility? are haploid cells that require further differentiation in

A) after they have been exposed to fluid in the female reproductive tract
B) after they enter the vagina
C) after they undergo further maturation in the epididymis
D) after they have been exposed to bulbourethral fluid
E) after they enter the efferent ductule

Question 31

Which of the following is the correct order of sperm development? of the

A) spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
B) spermatozoa, spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid
C) spermatid, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatogonia , spermatozoa
D) spermatogonia primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatozoa, spermatid
E) spermatid, secondary spermatocyte, primary spermatocyte, spermatogonia, spermatozoa

Question 32

Which neurotransmitter is released from parasympathetic nerves to dilate the penile arterioles to increase blood flow to the erectile tissue?

A) norepinephrine
B) acetylcholine
C) nitric oxide
D) histamine
E) serotonin

Question 33

What structure conducts sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

A) vas deferens
B) rete testis
C) urethra
D) seminal vesicles
E) scrotum

Question 34

Erectile function requires an increase in .
, whereas ejaculation involves increases in

A) myogenic dilation of vessels within erectile tissue : sympathetic nervous activity
B) parasympathetic nervous activity : sympathetic nervous activity
C) myogenic dilation of vessels within erectile tissue : myogenic constriction of the vas deferens
D) parasympathetic nervous activity : myogenic constriction of the vas deferens
E) sympathetic nervous activity : parasympathetic nervous activity

Question 35

The mixture of sperm with fluid from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland is called

A) insemination.
B) ejaculation.
C) micturition.
D) semen.
E) erection.

Question 36

What hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males?

A) testosterone
B) FSH
C) inhibin
D) LH
E) Wolffian factor

Question 37

Within the ovaries, each follicle contains

A) a single fertilized ovum.
B) a single polar body.
C) multiple oocytes.
D) two polar bodies and two ova.
E) a single oocyte.

Question 38

Which of the following structures does NOT contract during ejaculation?

A) ejaculatory duct
B) vas deferens
C) skeletal muscles at the base of the penis
D) epididymis
E) erectile tissue

Question 39

What secretes several enzymes and citrate into the urethra during ejaculation?

A) epididymis
B) bulbourethral gland
C) prostate gland
D) Sertoli cell
E) seminal vesicle

Question 40

During spermatogenesis, only the order to become functional spermatozoa.

A) primary spermatocytes
B) spermatogonia
C) spermatids
D) secondary spermatocytes
E) tertiary spermatocytes

Question 41

During ovulation, how is an oocyte released by the ovary?

A) exocytosis
B) primary active transport
C) margination
D) diapedesis
E) The follicle with the oocyte is pressed tight against the ovary wall and bursts.

Question 42

What is the cumulus oophorus?

A) granulosa cells that connect the oocyte to the wall of the Graafian follicle
B) a degenerated follicle after ovulation
C) the remnants of a non -dominant follicle after it has undergone atresia
D) a fluid -filled cavity in the follicle
E) a thick membrane between the oocyte and granulosa cells

Question 43

What is meiotic arrest?

A) the pause in oogenesis that occurs after fertilization
B) the termination of oogenesis that occurs after menopause
C) the pause in spermatogenesis that occurs following an ejaculation
D) the pause in oogenesis that occurs between birth and ovulation
E) the switch from meiosis to mitosis that occurs after fertilization

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the granulosa cells?

A) androgens
B) inhibin
C) estrogens
D) a substance that forms the zona pellucida
E) paracrines that support follicle development

Question 45

During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, one follicle (the dominant follicle) will continue to develop because its cells

A) maintain estrogen secretion in the face of falling FSH levels.
B) are unresponsive to luteinizing hormone (LH).
C) have a diminished response to follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH).
D) no longer respond to FSH.
E) are no longer able to secrete estrogen.

Question 46

When does the second meiotic division in oogenesis occur?

A) when the ovum reaches the uterine tube
B) when the female reaches puberty
C) when the ovum has been fertilized
D) when stimulated by the first polar body
E) when the ovum is released from the ovary

Question 47

A follicle in its earliest stage of development is called a

A) primary follicle : primary oocyte
B) Graafian follicle : primary oocyte
C) primordial follicle : primary oocyte
D) Graafian follicle : oogonia
E) primordial follicle : oogonia

Question 48

Each ova is embedded within a .

A) follicle : thecal stage
B) theca : granulosa stage
C) follicle : granulosa stage
D) granulosa : primordial follicle
E) follicle : primordial follicle

Question 49

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A) ovary
B) vagina
C) cervical canal
D) uterine (fallopian) tube
E) uterus

Question 50

What does the surge in plasma luteinizing hormone that occurs at the beginning of the luteal phase trigger?

A) development of the corpus luteum only
B) ovulation only
C) stimulation of the first meiotic division only
D) both ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
E) both ovulation and stimulation of the first meiotic division

Question 51

Most of the uterine wall thickness is composed of smooth muscle known as the

A) epimetrium.
B) parametrium.
C) myometrium.
D) perimetrium.
E) endometrium.

Question 52

When is the second polar body produced?

A) following meiosis I in males
B) following meiosis I in females
C) following meiosis II in males
D) following meiosis II in females
E) following differentiation of cells in the zygote

Question 53

When does the zona pellucida develop?

A) when follicles are in the early antral stage
B) when follicles are in the preantral stage
C) after fertilization
D) when follicles are in the late antral stage
E) when follicles are in the primordial phase

Question 54

What secretes a lubricating fluid into the vagina that facilitates the entry of the penis during copulation?

A) vestibular (Bartholin's) gland
B) labia minor
C) hymen
D) uterus
E) cervix

Question 55

What hormone stimulates follicle growth?

A) FSH only
B) progesterone only
C) estrogens only
D) both FSH and estrogens
E) FSH, estrogens, and progesterone

Question 56

Each oocyte remains under meiotic arrest until just before

A) puberty.
B) the third month of embryonic life.
C) ovulation.
D) fertilization.
E) birth.

Question 57

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with what phase(s) of the uterine cycle?

A) secretory phase only
B) menstrual phase only
C) proliferative phase only
D) both menstrual and proliferative phases
E) both proliferative and secretory phases

Question 58

What structure(s) forms the birth canal?

A) vagina only
B) uterus only
C) cervical canal only
D) both vagina and cervical canal
E) vagina, cervical canal, and uterus

Question 59

What is the outer layer of the uterus, made up of the peritoneal serous coat supported by a thin layer of connective tissue, called?

A) epimetrium
B) perimetrium
C) sarcometrium
D) endometrium
E) myometrium

Question 60

Which of the following is a correct association between an oocyte's development and the follicular structure containing it?

A) Graafian follicle -oogonia
B) primordial follicle -ovum
C) primordial follicle -primary oocyte
D) Graafian follicle -secondary oocyte
E) Graafian follicle -primary oocyte

Question 61

Implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium results from

A) trophoblast secretion of enzymes and paracrines that initiates the decidual response.
B) blastocoele secretion of paracrines that initiates the decidual response.
C) blastocoele secretion of paracrines that initiates cell cleavage.
D) trophoblast secretion of endocrine hormones that initiates the decidual response.
E) trophoblast secretion of paracrines that initiates cell cleavage.

Question 62

Sperm are unable to fertilize the egg upon entry into the vagina and must undergo , allowing them to , which facilitates fertilization.

A) capacitation : activate the acrosome
B) implantation : move faster
C) capacitation : more readily adhere to the ovum
D) resistation : activate the acrosome
E) resistation : move faster

Question 63

What hormone(s) is/are secreted by the corpus luteum?

A) inhibin only
B) estrogens only
C) progesterone only
D) both progesterone and estrogens
E) progesterone, estrogens, and inhibin

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a response of the dominant follicle to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH) during the late follicular phase?

A) the onset of differentiation of granulosa cells into the corpus luteum
B) the decrease in expression of LH receptors by granulosa cells
C) the secretion of paracrines by the granulosa cells that stimulates the completion of meiosis I
D) the secretion of enzymes by the granulosa cells that degrades the follicle wall
E) the decrease in estrogen secretion by granulosa cells

Question 65

The secretory activity of the anterior pituitary begins to change during late follicular phase such that

A) estrogen decreases the release of follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH).
B) estrogen reverses its negative feedback control on LH release, changing over to a positive feedback loop which increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH).
C) gonadotropin increases the release of luteinizing hormone (LH).
D) inhibin stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH).
E) inhibin stimulates the release of follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 66

The hormonal trigger for menstruation involves a

A) drop in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH).
B) reduction of inhibin secretion.
C) reduction of plasma follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH).
D) loss of progesterone secretion from the corpus luteum.
E) loss of estrogen secretion from the adrenal cortex.

Question 67

A morula develops by

A) meiosis I.
B) meiosis II.
C) cell cleavage.
D) mitosis.
E) cell differentiation.

Question 68

The changes in the uterus that occur during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle are mediated by

A) decreased estrogen from the adrenal cortex.
B) increased estrogen from the adrenal cortex.
C) increased progesterone from the ovaries.
D) increased estrogen from the ovaries.
E) increased progesterone from the corpus luteum.

Question 69

In the absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the

A) corpus luteum.
B) corpus albicans.
C) Graafian follicle.
D) endometrium.
E) myometrium.

Question 70

The elevated plasma concentration of estrogen early in the luteal phase has little effect on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) because

A) secretin release is inhibited.
B) inhibin strongly inhibits LH release.
C) progesterone strongly inhibits LH release.
D) the corpus luteum degenerates.
E) gonadotropin -releasing hormone (GnRH) is reduced.

Question 71

The reduction in progesterone and estrogen that occurs at the beginning of the follicular phase is responsible for stimulating follicular development through

A) stimulating the release of progesterone.
B) inhibiting the release of LH.
C) stimulating the release of luteinizing hormone (LH).
D) inhibiting the release of follicle -stimulating hormone (FSH).
E) stimulating the release of FSH.

Question 72

The placenta forms from

A) endometrial tissue only.
B) chorionic villi only.
C) the trophoblast only.
D) the blastocoele only.
E) both the chorionic villi and endometrial tissue of the mother

Question 73

Which of the following conditions is NOT induced by the reduction in estrogen release that occurs during menopause?

A) absence of sexual arousal
B) increased risk of heart disease
C) increased risk for osteoporosis
D) loss of ovulation
E) decreased breast size

Question 74

Which of the following changes in the uterus does NOT occur during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A) enhanced secretion of fluids rich in fructose
B) increased viscosity of secretions from cervical glands
C) enlargement of endometrial glands
D) enhanced secretion of fluids rich in glycogen
E) endometrium enriched with more arterial branches

Question 75

Which of the following best describes the events that take place when the first sperm binds to the oocyte?

A) The entire sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and replication occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the first meiotic division.
B) The entire sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and transcription occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the second meiotic division.
C) The head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte which stimulates the completion of its arrested meiosis II and the second polar body is produced. The two parental (haploid) pronuclei then replicate their DNA while migrating towards each other to create their first mitotic division.
D) The head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and transcription occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the first meiotic division.
E) The head of the sperm is transported into the cytoplasm of the oocyte, where the nucleus of the sperm releases its DNA to combine with the DNA of the oocyte and transcription occurs. The oocyte then undergoes the second meiotic division.

Question 76

In the uterine cycle, the proliferative phase is promoted by , whereas the secretory phase is promoted by .

A) estrogen : progesterone
B) FSH : LH
C) progesterone : estrogen
D) LH : FSH
E) progesterone : progesterone

Question 77

How do monozygotic twins develop?

A) splitting of the blastocyst
B) inappropriate implantation of the embryo into the endometrium
C) fertilization of more than one ova
D) splitting of the morula while cells are still totipotent
E) polyspermy

Question 78

The migration of sperm into the uterus, on their way to contact the ovum, is facilitated by the secretion of _ into the _.

A) progesterone : uterine tube
B) an alkaline solution : uterine tube
C) estrogen : uterine tube
D) an acidic solution : cervical canal
E) a thin mucus : cervical canal

Question 79

Which of the following prevents polyspermy?

A) inactivation of sperm -binding proteins in the zona pellucida and hardening of the zona pellucida
B) sealing of the corona radiata and hardening of the zona pellucida
C) release of toxins to sperm by the fertilized ovum and hardening of the zona pellucida
D) sealing of the corona radiata and release of toxins to sperm by the fertilized ovum
E) inactivation of sperm -binding proteins in the zona pellucida and release of toxins to sperm by the fertilized ovum

Question 80

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A) provide the intrauterine pressure that facilitates embryonic development
B) float the developing embryo
C) protect the uterus from the embryo
D) provide nutrients for the developing embryo
E) cushion the developing embryo against physical trauma