Deck 10: The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

Question 1

In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the portion of the retina cross over, whereas the ganglion cells from the _ portion of the retina remain on the same side.

A)temporal : center
B)center : nasal
C)temporal : nasal
D)nasal : temporal
E)nasal : center

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is the location of the dorsal columns?

A)parietal lobe
B)occipital lobe
C)frontal lobe
D)brainstem
E)spinal cord

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which receptor type is used to detect angular acceleration?

A)chemoreceptors
B)hair cells in semicircular canals
C)hair cells in utricle
D)mechanical nociceptors
E)hair cells in cochlea

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina?

A)photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell
B)bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptor
C)bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell
D)ganglion cell, bipolar cell, photoreceptor
E)photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell

Question 5

Frequency of sound is coded for by the

A)amplitude of the action potentials.
B)frequency of action potentials.
C)number of hair cells stimulated.
D)direction that the stereocilia are stimulated.
E)location of the hair cell stimulated.

Question 6

Which of the following statements about lateral inhibition is FALSE?

A)Lateral inhibition decreases the two- point discrimination threshold.
B)Lateral inhibition occurs when communication is inhibited to second- order neurons receiving information from afferents associated with neighboring receptive fields.
C)Lateral inhibition enhances acuity.
D)Lateral inhibition produces contrast within the nervous system.
E)Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second- order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation.

Question 7

Which of the following structures is NOT a mechanoreceptor located within the skin?

A)Merkel's disks
B)hair follicle receptors
C)hair cells
D)Pacinian corpuscles
E)Meissner's corpuscles

Question 8

The first neurons capable of generating action potentials in the transmission pathway for visual information detected by rods and cones are the cells.

A)vertical
B)amacrine
C)bipolar
D)horizontal
E)ganglion

Question 9

Where does the spinothalamic tract cross over to the opposite side?

A)brainstem
B)thalamus
C)parietal lobe
D)spinal cord
E)frontal lobe

Question 10

The amplitude of a sound wave is determined by the difference in the

A)energy embedded in the air molecules.
B)pitch of the sound.
C)size of the air molecules in the compressed region of the sound wave.
D)air molecule density in the compressed versus rarified regions of the sound wave.
E)number of sound waves per second.

Question 11

The light- absorbing portion of the photopigment is ; its sensitivity to a particular wavelength of light is altered by .

A)opsin : retinal
B)phosphodiesterase : transducin
C)transducin : phosphodiesterase
D)opsin : transducin
E)retinal : opsin

Question 12

Which receptor type is used to detect swelling of receptor cells?

A)hair cells in semicircular canals
B)osmoreceptors
C)baroreceptors
D)mechanical nociceptors
E)chemoreceptors

Question 13

The refractive power of what structure can be altered to focus light?

A)ciliary muscles
B)cornea
C)zonular fibers
D)lens
E)pupil

Question 14

The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing, where visual details are

A)integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex.
B)integrated before reaching the primary visual cortex.
C)maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated.
D)transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then integrated.
E)transmitted to the lateral geniculate body where they are integrated.

Question 15

In which structure(s)is rhodopsin found?

A)ganglionic cells
B)rods
C)cones
D)bipolar cells
E)both rods and cones

Question 16

Where is retinal found?

A)ganglionic cells
B)rods
C)cones
D)bipolar cells
E)both rods and cones

Question 17

Ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system?

A)parasympathetic
B)central
C)somatic
D)enteric
E)sympathetic

Question 18

What is the adequate stimulus for nociceptors?

A)warmth
B)cold
C)touch
D)change in muscle length
E)pain

Question 19

Which of the following is most sensitive to light?

A)L cones
B)ganglionic cells
C)S cones
D)M cones
E)rods

Question 20

What is the function of the ear ossicles?

A)transduce sound waves to neural impulses
B)provide structural support of the eardrum
C)provide structural support of the cochlea
D)amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear
E)maintain the sensitivity of hair cells for hearing

Question 21

What is the location of the gustatory cortex?

A)brainstem
B)occipital lobe
C)parietal lobe
D)temporal lobe
E)frontal lobe

Question 22

Where is the auditory cortex found?

A)parietal lobe
B)frontal lobe
C)brainstem
D)occipital lobe
E)temporal lobe

Question 23

The ability to detect the direction from which a sound originates is determined by

A)lateral excitation occurring between the right and left cochlea.
B)lateral inhibition that occurs between the right and left cochlea.
C)the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea.
D)mapping of sound location on the cerebral cortex.
E)differences in sound intensity as it reaches the right and left cochlea.

Question 24

The detection of odorants occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors on the cell membrane, activating that ultimately causes the _ .

A)Golf : cation channel to open
B)transducin : potassium channel to open
C)gustducin : potassium channel to close
D)gustducin : sodium channel to close
E)Golf : potassium channel to open

Question 25

What type of vision occurs in light levels that activate both rods and cones?

A)scotopic
B)mesopic
C)rhodopic
D)retinotopic
E)photopic

Question 26

Which of the following cells is the precursor cell for the olfactory cells?

A)basal cells
B)support cells
C)ciliary cells
D)olfactory receptor cells
E)mitral cells

Question 27

Which of the following defects in vision is incorrectly matched with its cause?

A)glaucoma : increased volume and therefore, increased pressure of aqueous humor
B)cataract : discoloration of the lens
C)myopia : lens too strong
D)astigmatism : hardening of the lens
E)myopia : eyeball too long

Question 28

The bone overlying the olfactory epithelium is called the

A)sphenoid.
B)frontal.
C)maxilla.
D)cribriform plate.
E)vomer.

Question 29

Photoreceptors transmit information directly to _ cells via the release of a neurotransmitter, causing those cells to develop a(n)potential proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.

A)bipolar : graded
B)ganglion : graded
C)amacrine : action
D)amacrine : graded
E)ganglion : action

Question 30

What are the cones called that respond to the red spectrum of light?

A)L cones
B)Y cones
C)G cones
D)S cones
E)R cones

Question 31

Which of the following components of the visual pathway is 100% ipsilateral to the visual field?

A)optic tract
B)lateral geniculate nucleus
C)visual cortex
D)optic nerve
E)None of the answers is correct.

Question 32

The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called

A)sensory production.
B)modality conversion.
C)sensory conversion.
D)sensory generation.
E)sensory transduction.

Question 33

In comparison to low pitch sound, high pitch sound will cause vibrations of the basilar membrane

A)closer to the tympanic membrane.
B)of greater amplitude.
C)of lesser amplitude.
D)closer to the oval window.
E)closer to the helicotrema.

Question 34

Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the . The sound waves are then transmitted along the to the cochlea.

A)tympanic membrane : ossicles
B)oval window : eustachian tube
C)oval window : ossicles
D)round window : saccule
E)saccule : eustachian tube

Question 35

Which receptor type is used to detect free hydrogen ion content of blood?

A)baroreceptors
B)mechanical nociceptors
C)chemoreceptors
D)osmoreceptors
E)photoreceptors

Question 36

In terms of a bad smell, why is it better to stay in its presence than to leave and return several times?

A)Olfactory receptors are tonic.
B)Olfactory receptors are rapidly adapting.
C)The decrease in graded potentials increases the frequency of their action potentials.
D)Slowly adapting receptors take longer to come online.
E)With time, labeled lines change their modality.

Question 37

What are the three ossicles in the middle ear?

A)malleus, incus, stapes
B)tympani, vestibule, media
C)tympanic, tectorial, basilar
D)malleus, talus, stapes
E)saccule, utricle, cochlea

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a function of TRP channels?

A)warm transduction
B)cold transduction
C)respond to painfully hot stimuli
D)respond to painfully hot chemicals
E)respond to painful mechanical stimulation

Question 39

Light striking what region of the retina is not detected by photoreceptors?

A)ciliary muscles
B)pupil
C)cornea
D)zonular fibers
E)optic disk

Question 40

Bending of the stereocilia on the hair cell can induce either a closure or an opening of a potassium channel based upon the

A)direction that the stereocilia move.
B)acceleration of the body.
C)size of the stereocilia.
D)intensity of the sound.
E)frequency of the sound.

Question 41

Which of the following is the most abundant in the retina?

A)L cones
B)S cones
C)M cones
D)ganglionic cells
E)rods

Question 42

What is the first refractive structure through which light waves must pass as they enter the eye?

A)optic disk
B)pupil
C)ciliary muscles
D)cornea
E)zonular fibers

Question 43

Which receptor type is used to detect increases in temperature between 30°C and 43°C?

A)warm receptors
B)cold receptors
C)chemoreceptors
D)osmoreceptors
E)mechanical nociceptors

Question 44

What is another name for a receptor potential produced at sensory receptors?

A)afferent potential
B)generator potential
C)sensory potential
D)detector potential
E)synaptic potential

Question 45

The saccule detects what type of motion?

A)linear acceleration up or down
B)linear acceleration forward and backward
C)angular acceleration, as when tilting the head so that the ear approaches the shoulder
D)angular acceleration, as when shaking the head "no"
E)angular acceleration, as when nodding the head "yes"

Question 46

Which receptor type is used to detect photons of light?

A)mechanical nociceptors
B)photoreceptors
C)hair cells in semicircular canals
D)chemoreceptors
E)warm receptors

Question 47

Which of the following has receptor cells that are modified epithelial cells?

A)vision
B)olfaction
C)taste
D)touch
E)both olfaction and taste

Question 48

Which of the following describes irregularities in the structure of the cornea or lens?

A)presbyopia
B)hyperopia
C)glaucoma
D)astigmatism
E)cataracts

Question 49

The optic nerve exits the eye at what point?

A)optic disk
B)pupil
C)zonular fibers
D)fovea
E)retina

Question 50

The amount of light that impinges on the retina is primarily regulated by what structure?

A)optic disk
B)fovea
C)ciliary body
D)iris
E)cornea

Question 51

What is the location of the gustatory nucleus?

A)parietal lobe
B)thalamus
C)frontal lobe
D)brainstem
E)occipital lobe

Question 52

The mass of the gelatinous material within the saccule and utricle is enhanced by the presence of what type of crystals?

A)sodium chloride
B)potassium chloride
C)sodium carbonate
D)calcium carbonate
E)calcium phosphate

Question 53

The circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary .

A)somatic : constriction
B)parasympathetic : dilation
C)parasympathetic : constriction
D)sympathetic : constriction
E)sympathetic : dilation

Question 54

How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmittal to the central nervous system?

A)Different second- order neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities.
B)The amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
C)The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
D)Different afferent neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities.
E)The neurotransmitter released from an afferent neuron differs based on the intensity of the stimulus.

Question 55

The , projecting from the end of hair cells, are attached to the , which causes them to bend when sound waves enter the cochlea.

A)cilia : basilar membrane
B)kinocilia : basilar membrane
C)stereocilia : tectorial membrane
D)nitrocilia : tectorial membrane
E)stereocilia : basilar membrane

Question 56

Tips of stereocilia for sound are embedded in what structure?

A)organ of Corti
B)utricle
C)basilar membrane
D)cochlea
E)tectorial membrane

Question 57

What type of cells in the olfactory mucosa maintain the extracellular environment surrounding the receptor cells?

A)goblet cells
B)mast cells
C)sustentacular cells
D)basal cells
E)fibroblasts

Question 58

Which of the following structures sits on the basilar membrane and contains the hair cells for sound?

A)helicotrema
B)organ of Corti
C)tectorial membrane
D)basilar membrane
E)tympanic membrane

Question 59

Which of the following is an incorrect match between cranial nerve and special sense?

A)cranial nerve I - olfaction
B)cranial nerve II - vision
C)cranial nerve III - taste
D)cranial nerve VIII - hearing
E)cranial nerve VIII - equilibrium

Question 60

The ganglion cells of the retina synapse with neurons in the that ascend to the .

A)lateral geniculate body : cerebellum
B)lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex
C)thalamus : primary motor cortex
D)thalamus : primary somatosensory cortex
E)hypothalamus : primary visual cortex

Question 61

Where does the dorsal column pathway cross over to the opposite side?

A)spinal cord
B)frontal lobe
C)brainstem
D)thalamus
E)parietal lobe

Question 62

What category of structures includes the rods and cones?

A)retina
B)cornea
C)retinal pigmented epithelium
D)fovea
E)photoreceptors

Question 63

The is an indentation in the retina that contains the fovea.

A)optic foramen
B)optic disc
C)choroid
D)macula lutea
E)optic chiasm

Question 64

What is the hole through which light can enter the eye called?

A)cornea
B)lens
C)fovea
D)iris
E)pupil

Question 65

Which cranial nerve transmits taste information to the central nervous system?

A)VII only
B)IX only
C)X only
D)both VII and IX
E)VII, IX, and X

Question 66

In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively by the presence of open _ channels.

A)depolarized : potassium
B)hyperpolarized : potassium
C)hyperpolarized : sodium
D)depolarized : calcium
E)depolarized : sodium

Question 67

The lateral displacement of bipolar and ganglion cells within the macula lutea allow for

A)processing of information from the rods.
B)an unhindered pathway for light to reach the rods of the fovea.
C)enhanced communication between bipolar and ganglion cells.
D)an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea.
E)processing of information from the cones.

Question 68

Proprioceptors provide the body with continuous information that changes little as a particular joint angle is maintained, and are therefore an example of receptors.

A)parallel
B)phasic
C)tonic or slowly adapting
D)series
E)clonic

Question 69

The presence of cGMP in the cytosol of a photoreceptor will directly stimulate the

A)opening of sodium channels.
B)opening of calcium channels.
C)opening of potassium channels.
D)closure of potassium channels.
E)closure of sodium channels.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tastes?

A)sweet
B)salty
C)bitter
D)hot
E)sour

Question 71

What is the stimulus type to which a receptor responds the greatest called?

A)transduction
B)modality
C)adequate stimulus
D)perception
E)appropriation

Question 72

Which of the sensory receptors within the skin are located deep within the dermis?

A)chemoreceptors
B)Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini's endings
C)neuromuscular spindle
D)Merkel's disks
E)baroreceptors

Question 73

Where is the somatosensory cortex found?

A)temporal lobe
B)occipital lobe
C)parietal lobe
D)frontal lobe
E)brainstem

Question 74

When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the must first before low light levels can be detected.

A)rods : dissociate
B)rods : bleach
C)cones : associate
D)rods : associate
E)cones : dissociate

Question 75

The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, potassium moves the cell, causing it to .

A)into : hyperpolarize
B)out of : hyperpolarize
C)out of : depolarize
D)equally into and out of : maintain its polarized state
E)into : depolarize

Question 76

The second- order neurons in the olfactory pathway are called cells.

A)gustatory
B)glomeruli
C)bipolar
D)ganglion
E)mitral

Question 77

Which of the following BEST describes the response of thermoreceptor afferents when temperature decreases from 35°C to 25°C?

A)Warm- receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold- receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
B)Warm- receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold- receptor afferents fire at the same frequency.
C)Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials.
D)Warm- receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold- receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials.
E)Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.

Question 78

Depolarization of hair cells in the utricle occurs when the

A)head is tilted forward.
B)head is tilted to the left.
C)head is tilted to the right.
D)hair cell bends toward the kinocilium.
E)hair cell bends away from the kinocilium.

Question 79

Which receptor type is used to detect linear acceleration forward or backward?

A)hair cells in semicircular canals
B)hair cells in utricle
C)osmoreceptors
D)hair cells in cochlea
E)baroreceptors

Question 80

What are sensory receptors that respond to tissue- damaging stimuli or stimuli that have the potential to damage tissue?

A)thermoreceptors
B)Merkel's disk
C)nociceptors
D)proprioceptors
E)Meissner's corpuscle