Deck 37: Defenses Against Disease

Question 1

Which of the following is a consequence of histamine release?

A) Decreased blood flow
B) Constriction of the smooth muscle that surrounds arterioles
C) Leaky capillary walls
D) Initiation of blood clotting

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a nonspecific response to infection?

A) Production of antibodies
B) Fever
C) Formation of memory B cells
D) Activation of T cells

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Aspirin reduces fevers; however, many physicians do NOT recommend aspirin to patients with a low-grade fever. Why not?

A) Aspirin increases the release of pyrogens.
B) Fevers reduce bacterial reproduction rates.
C) Aspirin increases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells.
D) Fevers decrease the amount of interferon produced by the body.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Natural killer cells prevent viral infection by

A) enzymatically destroying virus-infected cells.
B) phagocytizing cells that are infected with a virus.
C) ingesting the viruses and digesting them.
D) secreting proteins that punch holes in viral plasma membranes.

Question 5

Inflammation occurs in response to chemicals, such as histamine, secreted by

A) plasma cells.
B) natural killer cells.
C) T cells.
D) neutrophils.
E) mast cells.

Question 6

Nonspecific internal defenses include

A) T cells.
B) plasma cells.
C) inflammation.
D) tears and saliva.
E) skin.

Question 7

ʺBig eaterʺ cells that ingest and destroy microbes are

A) plasma cells.
B) macrophages.
C) T cells.
D) natural killer cells.
E) mast cells.

Question 8

Which of the following predictions is the most accurate about a person who has normal external barriers and specific internal defenses but lacks nonspecific internal defenses?

A) He wonʹt get sick because the external barriers will keep out pathogens.
B) Invading microbes will be able to enter through the respiratory tract.
C) He wonʹt get sick because the specific defenses will kill invading pathogens.
D) He will have many more infections than normal.

Question 9

How does histamine contribute to the inflammatory response?

A) It makes capillaries less leaky.
B) It causes fever.
C) It attracts macrophages to the site of infection.
D) It decreases blood flow to the injured area.
E) It increases warmth at the site of infection.

Question 10

The skin inhibits bacterial growth by releasing

A) macrophages.
B) lysozyme.
C) lactic acid.
D) white blood cells.
E) T cells.

Question 11

How does the skin act as a barrier to microbial invasion?

A) Dead skin cells are packed with keratin, an antibacterial protein that punches holes in bacterial membranes.
B) Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions inhibit bacterial growth.
C) It releases B cells and T cells to fight infections.
D) Dendritic cells patrol the skinʹs surface, producing secretions that inhibit microbe growth.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT part of the bodyʹs first line of defense against microbial attack?

A) Mucus
B) Phagocytes
C) Lysozyme
D) Stomach acid
E) Skin

Question 13

All bacteria and viruses are

A) pathogens.
B) antibodies.
C) microbes.
D) causes of cancer.
E) plasma cells.

Question 14

__________are white blood cells that attack cancer cells.

A) Macrophages
B) Natural killer cells
C) Mast cells
D) Microphages
E) Neutrophils

Question 15

Which of the following immune system cells produce histamine?

A) T cells
B) Neutrophils
C) Macrophages
D) Mast cells
E) B cells

Question 16

Which of the following is a harmless bacterium, in which mutated strains may cause toxic shock syndrome, inhabits your skin?

A) Streptococcus pyogenes
B) Vibrio cholerae
C) Clostridium tetani
D) Staphylococcus aureus
E) Aeromonas hydrophila

Question 17

Pyrogens are produced by phagocytic white blood cells in response to infection. Pyrogens

A) increase the concentration of iron in the blood.
B) are the chemicals that triggers an inflammatory response.
C) relax the smooth muscle of arterioles delivering blood to the site of infection.
D) kill bacteria by digesting their cell walls.
E) initiate an increase in body temperature.

Question 18

These white blood cells kill virus-infected cells exhibiting ʺnon-selfʺ major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

A) Neutrophils
B) Plasma cells
C) Macrophages
D) Dendritic cells
E) Natural killer cells

Question 19

Which of the following defense cells are able to squeeze through the intact walls of capillaries into the tissues to attack and ingest invading microbes?

A) Natural killer cells
B) Phagocytes
C) B cells
D) Lymphocytes
E) Mast cells

Question 20

Cells that produce antibodies and provide future immunity against similar pathogens are

A) dendritic cells.
B) T cells.
C) natural killer cells.
D) mast cells.
E) B cells.

Question 21

The proteins that must be matched as closely as possible between an organ donor and a recipient are the__________ proteins.

A) clotting factor
B) MHC
C) cytokine
D) antibody

Question 22

Foreign proteins that bind to an antibody are called

A) antigens.
B) cytotoxins.
C) interferons.
D) histamines.

Question 23

Why is it sometimes a disadvantage to take aspirin to reduce a fever?

A) Aspirin reduces the fever and stimulates a dangerous inflammatory response.
B) Aspirin reduces the fever and therefore decreases the activity of phagocytic white blood cells.
C) Aspirin makes you irritable and fatigued.
D) Aspirin reduces the production of toxins so that you feel better, even though you are still sick and need to rest.

Question 24

Where on the Y-shaped antibody does an antigen bind?

A) Stem of the Y
B) Constant region of the heavy chain
C) Constant region of the light chain
D) Tip of the arm

Question 25

Interferon

A) causes inflammation.
B) helps cells resist viral infection.
C) kills bacteria.
D) causes fever.

Question 26

Antibodies are most similar in structure to

A) macrophages.
B) T-cell receptors.
C) bacteria.
D) B-cell receptors.
E) viruses.

Question 27

MHC proteins

A) help white blood cells distinguish ʺselfʺ from ʺnon-self.ʺ
B) control antibody gene expression.
C) cause cancer.
D) are released by T cells during an infection to kill virus-infected cells.

Question 28

Which of the following antibody types is the most common in the blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid?

A) IgE
B) IgA
C) IgG
D) IgD
E) IgM

Question 29

The constant region of an antibody

A) determines where the antibody is located and its role in the immune response.
B) has no function.
C) stimulates the production of macrophages and T-cells.
D) recognizes and binds to the antigen.

Question 30

Antibodies are attached to the surface of a B cell by

A) the heavy chain of the arm of the antibody.
B) the light chain of the arm of the antibody.
C) the stem of the antibody.
D) sticky proteins produced by T cells.
E) mucus.

Question 31

Most specialized immune cells are located in the

A) gall bladder.
B) hypothalamus.
C) lymph nodes.
D) thyroid gland.

Question 32

__________are substances that induce fever.

A) MHC proteins
B) Cytokines
C) Pyrogens
D) Interferons

Question 33

Fever is caused by

A) decreased white blood cell count in the bloodstream.
B) increased blood flow to the brain.
C) the effect of pyrogens on the hypothalamus.
D) the release of histamine by damaged cells.

Question 34

Antibodies are

A) protein molecules.
B) amino acid molecules.
C) carbohydrate molecules.
D) derived from vitamins.
E) produced by T cells.

Question 35

What are antibodies?

A) Viruses
B) Proteins produced by T cells that bind to foreign proteins
C) Proteins produced by B cells that bind to foreign proteins
D) Cells that undergo apoptosis
E) Bacteria

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT part of the inflammatory response?

A) Localized tissue swelling
B) The release of histamine
C) Elevated body temperature
D) The release of antibodies
E) Migration of phagocytes to the site of injury

Question 37

__________cells are immune system cells that mature in the bone marrow.

A) Cytotoxic T
B) B
C) Memory
D) Helper T

Question 38

Which of these are immune cells produced by the bone marrow?

A) Red blood cells
B) B cells
C) T cells
D) Both B and T cells
E) B cells, T cells, and red blood cells

Question 39

Macrophages

A) are large, ciliated cells found in tears, saliva, and mucus.
B) phagocytize invading microbes
C) produce proteins that digest bacterial cell walls.
D) release chemicals that initiate blood clotting.
E) cannot squeeze through capillary walls.

Question 40

Natural killer cells

A) destroy body cells that have been invaded by viruses.
B) are located on the surface of the skin.
C) are a type of lymphocyte.
D) produce secretions that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes.
E) engulf and destroy invading bacteria.

Question 41

Some of the daughter cells resulting from clonal selection of a B cell differentiate into plasma cells. Which of these is a function of plasma cells?

A) They act as natural killer cells and destroy cancer cells.
B) They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
C) They produce specific antibodies and release them into the blood.
D) They transform into helper T cells and bind to antigens displayed by a dendritic cell.

Question 42

Vaccinations are effective because they stimulate the production of __________cells.

A) cytotoxic T
B) memory
C) helper T
D) plasma

Question 43

You were sick with the flu last winter. Why then does your doctor suggest you be vaccinated against the flu this year?

A) The virus blocked your immune systemʹs ability to produce memory cells.
B) Surviving the flu one year inhibits the immune system the second year.
C) The virus inactivates helper T cells.
D) Flu viruses mutate rapidly.

Question 44

Why are new flu shots necessary every year?

A) Depending on the year, either bacteria or viruses cause the flu.
B) The antiviral chemicals in flu shots last only 11 months.
C) Flu shots do not result in the production of memory cells.
D) Flu viruses have a high mutation rate.

Question 45

Complement is a collection of

A) antibodies.
B) phagocytic cells that consume virus-infected body cells.
C) nonspecific antigens.
D) antibiotics.
E) blood proteins that assist antibodies.

Question 46

Which of the following provides cell-mediated immunity?

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Red blood cells
D) Antibodies

Question 47

Plasma cells are derived from

A) neutrophils.
B) macrophages.
C) B cells.
D) T cells.
E) dendritic cells.

Question 48

The primary function of cell-mediated immunity is to

A) decrease the amount of complement.
B) destroy cancerous or virus-infected host cells.
C) protect the body against extracellular parasites.
D) promote the production of antibodies.
E) increase the number of macrophages.

Question 49

Last summer a bee stung you for the first time. You developed only a small area of redness and swelling at the site. However, if you are stung again and have a severe reaction that occurs more rapidly, you know that this is due to the activation of

A) tissue macrophages.
B) helper T cells.
C) complement.
D) memory cells.
E) cytotoxic T cells.

Question 50

Clonal selection occurs when

A) scientists clone antibodies for specific diseases and use them to prepare vaccines.
B) antigen-antibody binding causes selected B cells to multiply.
C) antibodies that are the most common become cloned.
D) natural selection favors specific white blood cells and they multiply rapidly.
E) daughter cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells.

Question 51

Which type of cell secretes antibodies into the blood?

A) Cytotoxic T
B) Helper T
C) Memory
D) Plasma

Question 52

Vaccinations involve injecting__________ into the person or animal.

A) antibiotics
B) weakened or killed microbes
C) antibodies against the disease
D) the disease itself
E) antibodies against similar diseases

Question 53

Individual B cells produce

A) the antibodies specified by its constant region gene.
B) several different types of antibodies.
C) an infinite diversity of antibodies.
D) their own unique antibody.

Question 54

Who first performed vaccinations by inoculating children with cowpox virus to provide immunity against smallpox?

A) Milkmaids
B) Louis Pasteur
C) Edward Jenner
D) Lady Montague

Question 55

How does a cell ʺinformʺ the immune system that it is infected with a virus?

A) It displays viral proteins on its membrane.
B) It synthesizes enzymes that activate helper T cells.
C) It secretes steroid hormones.
D) It produces interferon.
E) It releases histamine into the bloodstream.

Question 56

The recent appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria is an example of

A) evolution by natural selection.
B) inflammation.
C) the action of memory cells.
D) natural immunity.

Question 57

Triclosan is a common antibiotic used in antiperspirants, toothpastes, and antibacterial soaps. You are a doctor studying the evolution of bacterial resistance to triclosan. You need to find a population of nonresistant bacteria. Where should you look?

A) In areas with low percentages of bacterial infection
B) In areas where triclosan-containing products are used frequently
C) In areas where bacteria are usually not found
D) In areas where these triclosan-containing products have not been used

Question 58

Vaccinations protect against future exposure to disease organisms by

A) increasing the number of red blood cells.
B) forming memory cells.
C) stimulating suppressor T cells.
D) increasing complement proteins.

Question 59

Your immune system has identified some body cells infected with an influenza (flu) virus. Which of the following will the immune system use to destroy these infected cells?

A) B cells
B) Antibodies
C) Phagocytes
D) Antigens
E) Cytotoxic T cells

Question 60

Antibiotics are NOT effective against

A) fungi.
B) bacteria.
C) protists.
D) viruses.

Question 61

Antibodies and T-cell receptors are both produced by B cells.

Question 62

HIV may be transmitted from one individual to another by holding hands.

Question 63

Would you expect someone with AIDS to have inflammation and/or a fever in response to an infection?

A) No, because HIV weakens or destroys the nonspecific defenses.
B) Yes, because HIV does not affect the specific immune response.
C) No, because HIV weakens or destroys the specific immune response.
D) Yes, because HIV does not destroy the nonspecific defenses.

Question 64

The rejection of a transplanted kidney is due to a humoral immune response.

Question 65

Antibodies are nonspecific.

Question 66

Viruses are known to cause certain cancers.

Question 67

Pus, a thick white substance that sometimes accumulates at the site of an infection, is a mixture of dead bacteria, debris, and white blood cells.

Question 68

Allergies occur when

A) mast cells release histamine in response to harmless substances.
B) too much complement is released into the blood.
C) antibodies malfunction and attack ʺselfʺ cells.
D) foreign MHC proteins trigger an immune response.

Question 69

An autoimmune disease is characterized by

A) ʺanti-selfʺ antibodies that can destroy some ʺselfʺ cells.
B) the absence of an inflammatory response.
C) an insufficient or completely inactivated immune system.
D) increased lysozyme enzyme concentration in saliva, tears, and mucous secretions.

Question 70

It is likely that a hospitalized patient with a high lymphocyte count has some type of infection.

Question 71

HIV weakens a personʹs ability to fight off other infections by infecting and destroying helper T cells.

Question 72

HIV selectively destroys

A) helper T cells.
B) all B and T cells.
C) plasma cells.
D) memory B cells.
E) cytotoxic T cells.

Question 73

Cancer cells form in our bodies every day. How does the immune system destroy them?

A) Natural killer and cytotoxic T cells recognize the cancer cells as foreign and attack them.
B) Fevers slow the replication of cancerous cells.
C) Immune secretions, such as interferon, disrupt the DNA of the cancer cells.
D) Antibodies attach to the cancer cells and then macrophages engulf them.
E) The immune system cannot destroy cancer cells.

Question 74

All B cells produce the same type of antibodies.

Question 75

When AIDS patients die, it is because

A) HIV destroys the internal organs.
B) there are no treatments to slow the progress of the disease.
C) their immune systems cannot defend them from other infections.
D) the AIDS virus has a high rate of mutation.
E) they lack HIV antibodies.

Question 76

IgD, IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE are types of white blood cells.

Question 77

B cells and T cells cannot design and build antibodies or T-cell receptors to fit specific invading antigens.

Question 78

Vertebrate and invertebrate immune systems are similar in that their first line of defense is a nonspecific external barrier; however, they differ in that invertebrates do not produce white blood cells.

Question 79

Type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune disease because the bodyʹs immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Question 80

Chemotherapy drugs make patients nauseous because they

A) attack rapidly dividing cells, including those lining the digestive tract.
B) cause fever, which can trigger nausea.
C) stimulate stomach acid production.
D) interfere with the brainʹs interpretation of sensory input.