Deck 35: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

All of the following statements regarding proteins are true EXCEPT

A) kwashiorkor is caused by protein deficiency.
B) they are the primary components of muscle, connective tissue, nails, and hair.
C) some act as receptors on cell membranes.
D) humans can synthesize all of the amino acids needed to make proteins.
E) most enzymes are proteins.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

An essential nutrient is one that

A) is required in large amounts.
B) cannot be made by the organism.
C) can be found only in animal products.
D) is used for energy storage.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The average human body at rest burns about_________ Calories per hour.

A) 5,000
B) 500
C) 1,000
D) 70
E) 1

Answer 3

70

Question 4

Which of the following help neutralize free radicals that form in the body?

A) Monosaccharides
B) Amino acids
C) Minerals
D) Lipids
E) Antioxidants

Question 5

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C is called

A) a Calorie.
B) the body mass index.
C) a calorie.
D) the basal energy quotient.
E) the resting metabolic rate.

Question 6

Which of the following nutrients would yield the most energy per gram?

A) Proteins
B) Minerals
C) Carbohydrates
D) Lipids
E) Vitamins

Question 7

What is the primary energy-storage molecule in plants?

A) Starch
B) Cholesterol
C) Cellulose
D) Chlorophyll
E) Protein

Question 8

Which of the following vitamins is an essential nutrient in humans that cannot be synthesized by intestinal bacteria?

A) Biotin
B) Vitamin B₅ (pantothenic acid)
C) Folic acid
D) Vitamin K
E) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Question 9

You eat 25 potato chips, which contain 10 grams of carbohydrate (potato) and 10 grams of fat. This means that

A) about half your calories are from fat and half from carbohydrate.
B) all of the calories are from fat.
C) about 40 Calories are from fat and 90 Calories are from carbohydrate.
D) all of the calories are from carbohydrate.
E) about 90 Calories are from fat and 40 Calories are from carbohydrate.

Question 10

Vitamin K is required for

A) night vision.
B) collagen synthesis.
C) energy metabolism.
D) blood clotting.
E) proper kidney function.

Question 11

The ability of the blood to transport oxygen is greatly reduced in individuals who have a dietary deficiency of this mineral.

A) Zinc
B) Iron
C) Calcium
D) Potassium
E) Sodium

Question 12

Vitamin D is added to milk because it increases

A) digestion of lipids in milk.
B) iron absorption.
C) calcium absorption.
D) digestion of milk protein.
E) the shelf life of milk.

Question 13

The symptoms of pellagra are due to a lack of

A) riboflavin.
B) pantothenic acid.
C) pyridoxine.
D) niacin.
E) thiamin.

Question 14

Sodium and potassium are minerals that are important in

A) muscle contraction and nerve impulse conduction.
B) the replication of DNA.
C) blood clotting.
D) the production of hemoglobin.
E) the development of strong bones and teeth.

Question 15

Which nutrient is synthesized and stored in the liver and muscles of animals and is used as a source of quick energy?

A) Starch
B) Protein
C) Glycogen
D) Fat
E) Calcium

Question 16

Which nutrients provide energy for animals?

A) Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
B) Carbohydrates and fats
C) Fats and proteins
D) Carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids
E) Carbohydrates and proteins

Question 17

Minerals required for bone formation include

A) iron and sodium.
B) calcium and sodium.
C) calcium and zinc.
D) calcium and phosphorus.
E) zinc and potassium.

Question 18

Women who become pregnant are encouraged to take supplements of because a deficiency in this nutrient can cause birth defects.

A) vitamin C
B) folic acid
C) vitamin K
D) choline
E) biotin

Question 19

A _________person has the highest energy expenditure at rest.

A) very physically active, muscular
B) moderately physically active
C) very sedentary, overweight
D) moderately sedentary

Question 20

An anorexic person

A) eats very little food.
B) is usually overweight.
C) has a bacterial infection in the stomach.
D) is usually treated with antibiotics.
E) eats a meal and then vomits.

Question 21

Wolves, seals, and cats have enlarged canines and molars designed for shearing rather than grinding or chewing. How would you classify these animals on the basis of the type of teeth they possess?

A) Herbivores
B) Omnivores
C) Ruminants
D) Carnivores

Question 22

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding a gastrovascular cavity?

A) Digestion is unnecessary because of the small size of the particles absorbed.
B) Ingestion and elimination occur through a single opening.
C) Absorption occurs within collar cells.
D) Digestion is exclusively intracellular.
E) Digestion occurs in specialized chambers.

Question 23

In most animals, digestion occurs

A) intracellularly, through collar cells.
B) intracellularly, through simple absorption.
C) extracellularly, within a cavity that is open at both ends.
D) extracellularly, within a gastrovascular cavity.
E) extracellularly, within the circulatory system.

Question 24

How would you classify an organism that consumes and digests both plant and animal sources of nutrients?

A) Herbivore
B) Carnivore
C) Ruminant
D) Omnivore

Question 25

All of the following structures are found in the digestive system of birds EXCEPT a(n)

A) esophagus.
B) crop.
C) gizzard.
D) small intestine.
E) abomasum.

Question 26

Your roommate tells you that because she has no time to eat healthy foods, she is taking megadoses of vitamins. You warn her that this may be dangerous, because certain vitamins can accumulate in body fat. Megadoses of which of the following vitamins would be most likely to cause toxic effects?

A) Vitamin E
B) Thiamin
C) Vitamin C
D) Folic acid

Question 27

A shipworm is an animal that subsists entirely on a diet of wood. What digestive feature is this animal likely to have in order to survive on this highly specialized diet?

A) A three-chambered stomach
B) Intracellular digestion
C) Large amounts of proteases and lipases
D) Symbiotic microorganisms that produce cellulose-digesting enzymes
E) A gastrovascular cavity

Question 28

Which part of the digestive tract has the lowest pH?

A) Pancreas
B) Large intestine
C) Small intestine
D) Rectum
E) Stomach

Question 29

Which of these animals uses collar cells to obtain food for intracellular digestion?

A) Sponges
B) Earthworms
C) Humans
D) Protists
E) Hydra

Question 30

Which of the following produces the cellulose-digesting enzyme (cellulase) in a cowʹs digestive tract?

A) Gallbladder
B) Pancreas
C) Liver
D) Microorganisms in the rumen
E) Cells lining the small intestine

Question 31

Which of the following best describes the process of bringing food into the digestive system through an opening?

A) Indigestion
B) Adsorption
C) Absorption
D) Digestion
E) Ingestion

Question 32

With the widespread public interest in low-fat food, some companies have started to use synthetic fats that cannot be broken down and absorbed by the digestive system. What problem might be associated with a typical American diet that includes large amounts of these synthetic fats?

A) Protein deficiency
B) Obesity
C) Anorexia
D) Vitamin K deficiency
E) Vitamin C deficiency

Question 33

Which of the following contains indigestible fiber, mucus, and dead microorganisms that are eliminated from the body?

A) Pancreatic juice
B) Ghrelin
C) Bile
D) Chyme
E) Feces

Question 34

When your mother told you to drink your milk because it would help build strong bones, she was

A) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin C, which causes scurvy.
B) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin E, which helps with the formation of red blood cells.
C) right, because milk contains vitamin D, which promotes bone growth.
D) right, because milk contains vitamin C, which is involved in maintaining the walls of blood vessels in the retina.
E) wrong, because milk contains large amounts of vitamin D, which causes rickets.

Question 35

You awaken to discover your alarm clock failed to ring. You just might be able to make it to class on time if you leave immediately (skip breakfast) and sprint to reach the lecture hall two blocks away. What energy source is most likely being used to fuel your activity?

A) Fat
B) Glycogen
C) Phospholipid
D) Protein
E) Cellulose

Question 36

What type of digestion takes place inside the mouth?

A) Chemical digestion only
B) Mechanical and chemical digestion
C) Absorption only
D) Ingestion only
E) Mechanical digestion only

Question 37

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E
E) K

Question 38

Ruminants

A) have a two-chambered stomach.
B) harbor symbiotic microorganisms that digest cellulose.
C) have a very short small intestine.
D) are obligate meat-eaters, or carnivores.
E) rely on a muscular gizzard to grind their food.

Question 39

Sea anemones, hydra, and sea jellies digest food extracellularly within a

A) rumen.
B) gastrovascular cavity.
C) digestive tract.
D) food vacuole.
E) lysosome.

Question 40

Which vitamin plays a major role in blood clotting?

A) D
B) A
C) B₁₂
D) B₁ (thiamin)
E) K

Question 41

Which of the following regions of the digestive tract exhibits segmentation movements as well as peristalsis?

A) Stomach
B) Anus
C) Small intestine
D) Esophagus
E) Rectum

Question 42

Digestion begins in the

A) pharynx.
B) colon.
C) mouth.
D) stomach.
E) small intestine.

Question 43

Which hormone stimulates the activity of gastric glands?

A) Pepsinogen
B) Gastrin
C) Cholecystokinin
D) Secretin

Question 44

Digested fats are packaged into_________ , which are too big to enter blood capillaries and so have to diffuse into lacteals, where fats enter the lymph and are transported within the lymphatic system.

A) lipases
B) micelles
C) bile salts
D) chyme
E) chylomicrons

Question 45

The major function of the large intestine is to

A) digest food.
B) make bile.
C) produce digestive enzymes.
D) neutralize chyme.
E) reabsorb water.

Question 46

Amylase is produced by the

A) salivary glands only.
B) salivary glands and pancreas.
C) pancreas only.
D) salivary glands, small intestine, and pancreas.
E) small intestine only.

Question 47

Which of the following can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream?

A) Polysaccharides
B) Large proteins
C) Fats
D) Triglycerides
E) Amino acids

Question 48

Which of the following plays a key role in the absorption and distribution of fats?

A) Microvilli and villi
B) Segmentation and peristalsis movements
C) Secretin and gastrin
D) Large intestine and rectum
E) Chylomicrons and lacteals

Question 49

What structure prevents swallowed material from passing into the larynx?

A) Tongue
B) Glottis
C) Epiglottis
D) Pyloris
E) Pharynx

Question 50

The cells lining the small intestine have projections into the lumen of the intestine. These projections, combined with the highly folded layering of cells lining the lumen, function to

A) facilitate countercurrent exchange.
B) slow the nerve impulses that trigger peristalsis.
C) decrease the reabsorption of water.
D) increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
E) increase the rate of peristalsis.

Question 51

The stomach differs from the small intestine in that it

A) secretes hormones that travel through the bloodstream.
B) secretes enzymes.
C) produces enzymes that work best at a low pH.
D) does not secrete mucus.
E) has tiny projections called villi that are folded into microvilli.

Question 52

Which of the following is responsible for stimulating the release of pancreatic juice into the small intestine?

A) Leptin
B) Gastrin
C) Cholecystokinin
D) Ghrelin
E) Pepsin

Question 53

If you chew on a piece of bread long enough, it will begin to taste sweet because

A) lipases are forming fatty acids.
B) proteases are forming amino acids.
C) maltase is breaking down maltose.
D) amylase is breaking down starches into disaccharides.
E) disaccharidases are forming glucose.

Question 54

The pH of the digestive tract is

A) acidic in the stomach and neutral in the intestines.
B) basic in the stomach and acidic throughout the rest of the tract.
C) low throughout.
D) neutral throughout.
E) high throughout.

Question 55

Bacteria in the large intestine are able to manufacture

A) vitamin C.
B) vitamin K.
C) vitamin A.
D) some minerals.

Question 56

Bile aids in fat digestion by

A) removing the fatty acid chains from the glycerol.
B) converting lipids to proteins, which can then be digested by proteases.
C) breaking fat into small fat droplets that can then be digested by enzymes.
D) acting directly as a lipid-digesting enzyme.

Question 57

Which of the following is a gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides?

A) Lipase
B) Pepsin
C) Bile
D) Amylase
E) Sodium bicarbonate

Question 58

Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. The function of bile is to

A) lower the pH of the stomach.
B) raise the pH of chyme as it enters the small intestine.
C) prevent regurgitation of food into the esophagus and activate stomach acids.
D) disperse fats into smaller particles.
E) dissolve salts and detoxify poisons in food.

Question 59

Most chemical digestion occurs in the

A) small intestine.
B) large intestine.
C) stomach.
D) esophagus.
E) mouth.

Question 60

Which of these enzymes catalyzes the breakdown of starch (a polysaccharide)?

A) Lipase
B) Peptidase
C) Bile
D) Amylase
E) Pepsin

Question 61

The bacterium shown to be associated with the majority of gastric ulcers is

A) Helicobacter pylori.
B) Escherichia coli.
C) Streptococcus lactis.
D) Staphylococcus aureus.
E) Streptococcus pyogenes.

Question 62

Which of these dietary changes should I make following surgery to remove my gallbladder? ( Hint: How does the gallbladder assist in digestion?)

A) Increase my intake of water
B) Decrease my consumption of fats
C) Increase my consumption of protein
D) Increase my consumption of fats
E) Decrease my consumption of protein

Question 63

You need the mineral___________ in your diet in order to carry oxygen efficiently in your red blood cells.

Question 64

Name the six major categories of animal nutrients.)

Question 65

Digestion in humans occurs in a gastrovascular cavity.

Question 66

Fats and oils contain more energy per gram than proteins or carbohydrates.

Question 67

How does the highly acidic fluid in the stomach become slightly basic almost immediately upon entry into the small intestine?

A) The acids in this fluid remain in the stomach and only the partially digested food enters the small intestine.
B) The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate secreted from the pancreas.
C) The acids are absorbed by the small intestine as soon as they leave the stomach.
D) The acids in this fluid are neutralized by the amylase secreted from the pancreas.

Question 68

When you swallow, you set in motion a series of wavelike muscle contractions that are collectively called ___________.

Question 69

Bile is made by the ______.

Question 70

___________digestion is the process by which food particles are exposed to enzymes that break them down into smaller subunits.

Question 71

The small intestine is the principal site of both digestion and nutrient absorption.

Question 72

Which of the following structures has both a digestive and a respiratory role?

A) Larynx
B) Pharynx
C) Nose
D) Stomach
E) Esophagus

Question 73

Imagine you are a family physician. You see an 18 -year-old with a lower-than-normal body weight and teeth that have been eroded by acid. Your diagnosis is

A) bulimia.
B) ulcer of the small intestine.
C) anorexia.
D) liver failure.
E) pancreatitis.

Question 74

Cellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth.

Question 75

A 50-year-old woman visits her doctor with complaints of bruises that will not heal. Her doctor has had her on long-term antibiotic treatment to control some chronic infections. Which of the following explains how her antibiotic treatment is related to her bruising?

A) The antibiotics have destroyed the ʺgoodʺ bacteria in her large intestine that produce vitamin K, which is important for proper blood clotting.
B) The antibiotics have traveled to her liver and are now preventing the liver from producing proteins that circulate in the blood and help with clotting.
C) She is malnourished because the antibiotics have destroyed the ʺgoodʺ bacteria in her digestive system that are responsible for producing the digestive enzymes that she needs to break down her food.
D) The antibiotics weaken the cells lining her capillaries, causing them to leak blood into the surrounding tissues.

Question 76

The activity of which of the following digestive enzymes will be affected by the regular consumption of antacids following a meal?

A) Cellulase
B) Lipase
C) Sucrase
D) Amylase
E) Pepsin

Question 77

The large intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract.

Question 78

Birds ingest sand or small stones to aid in digestion.

Question 79

Humans are able to synthesize all the vitamins they need.

Question 80

Hydrochloric acid formed in the stomach converts pepsinogen into pepsin, which enables the stomach to begin digesting ___________.