Deck 6: Bone Tissue

Question 1

Which of the following are true of yellow bone marrow? 1. It is the main site of blood cell production.
2) It is located in the medullary (marrow) cavities of long bones.
3) It is located in hipbones, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae.
4) It is a site of energy storage in the form of triglycerides.
5) It becomes more abundant relative to red bone marrow with increasing age due to the conversion of red bone marrow to yellow bone marrow.

A) 1 and 3
B) 1 and 2
C) 1, 2, and 5
D) 2, 4, and 5

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Appearance of the epiphyseal line means

A) the end of lengthwise growth of that bone
B) total replacement of epiphyseal plate by bone
C) all chondrocytes of the epiphyseal plate are dead
D) all of these choices

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In the diagram of bone tissue, which label is on the central canal?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A characteristic of osteocytes is that they

A) maintain the daily metabolism of bone tissue
B) are responsible for the formation of matrix
C) undergo mitosis and develop into osteoblasts
D) undergo mitosis and develop into osteoclasts
E) are responsible for the destruction (resorption) of matrix and the release of calcium into the bloodstream

Question 5

Normal bone growth and replacement depend on the presence of

A) the vitamins A, B12, C, and D
B) the minerals calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, boron, and manganese
C) calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, human growth hormone, sex hormones, and thyroid hormones
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

The nutrient artery of a long bone

A) divides into branches that supply the marrow and the inner portion of the diaphysis
B) travels through Volkmann's (perforating) canals
C) supplies the marrow and bony tissue of the epiphysis
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

Functions of the skeletal system do NOT include

A) protection of vital organs such as heart, lungs, and brain
B) blood cell production
C) control of body temperature
D) energy storage in the form of adipose tissue

Question 8

The hardness of bone is due to crystallized inorganic mineral salts such as calcium phosphate. The flexibility and tensile strength of bone are due to organic molecules such as collagen fibers.

A) Both statements are true.
B) The first statement is true; the second is false.
C) The first statement is false; the second is true.
D) Both statements are false.

Question 9

A characteristic of osteoclasts is that they

A) maintain the daily metabolism of bone tissue
B) are responsible for the formation of matrix
C) undergo mitosis and develop into osteoblasts
D) are responsible for the destruction (resorption) of matrix and the release of calcium into the bloodstream

Question 10

Which of the following is not true of periosteum?

A) It consists of two layers, the inner osteogenic and outer fibrous layers.
B) It assists in fracture repair.
C) It covers and protects the articular cartilages.
D) It serves as a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments.

Question 11

A good description of a medullary (marrow) cavity is that it

A) is located in spaces between trabeculae
B) allows movement of nutrients between osteocytes
C) is a region of bone that contains yellow bone marrow
D) is a region of bone that contains red bone marrow

Question 12

What bone disorder is best described as inadequate calcification of the extracellular matrix, usually caused by a vitamin D deficiency?

A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) all of these choices
D) none of these choices

Question 13

Put the following in correct order for endochondral ossification. 1. Mesenchymal cells of the embryo develop into cartilage-producing cells.
2) The periosteum (formerly perichondrium) begins to produce a thin layer of compact bone.
3) A hyaline cartilage model of the future bone is formed.
4) Cartilage in the midregion of the model becomes calcified.
5) Spongy bone tissue develops at the primary ossification center.
6) Secondary ossification centers produce spongy bone tissue of the epiphyses.
7) Medullary cavity is formed.

A) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 7, 6
B) 7, 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, 6
C) 3, 1, 2, 6, 7, 4, 5
D) 1, 3, 2, 4, 6, 5, 7

Question 14

The areas between neighboring osteons contain

A) interstitial lamellae.
B) circumferential lamellae.
C) yellow bone marrow.
D) red bone marrow.

Question 15

Which one of the following is characteristic of spongy bone tissue, but not of compact bone tissue?

A) trabeculae
B) haversian systems
C) osteocytes in lacunae
D) lamellae

Question 16

Osteocytes are the mature bone cells that develop directly from _____.

A) osteogenic cells
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) white blood cells

Question 17

Growth in length as a long bone develops is called _____ growth.

A) intramembranous
B) interstitial
C) appositional
D) periosteal

Question 18

The strength of the diaphysis of a long bone is due to 1. the presence of compact bone.
2) the longitudinal orientation of the osteons.
3) the presence of trabeculae.

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 1 and 2 are both correct

Question 19

A major change in bone tissue that occurs with aging and that leads to increased brittleness is _____.

A) demineralization
B) decreased protein synthesis
C) increased bone remodeling
D) all of these choices

Question 20

Intramembranous ossification is the process that

A) produces most bones.
B) produces only flat bones of the cranium.
C) results in growth in length of long bones.
D) none of these choices.

Question 21

Which of the following best describes a facet?

A) prominent border or ridge
B) large, rounded, usually roughened surface for muscle attachment
C) large projection for muscle attachment on the femur
D) smooth, flat surface
E) rounded articular surface

Question 22

Which of the following is an organic part of bone matrix that gives bone its flexibility and tensile strength?

A) calcium
B) osteoclasts
C) osteocytes
D) hydroxyapatites
E) collagen

Question 23

Which of the following best describes an epicondyle?

A) prominence above or beside a condyle
B) tube-like passageway
C) depression
D) rounded articular surface
E) smooth, flat surface

Question 24

The epiphyseal plate is

A) in a young bone, the site of growth in length
B) a structural unit of compact bone
C) a thin plate of bone in spongy bone
D) essential for growth in diameter of a long bone

Question 25

An osteon (haversian system) is

A) in a young bone, the site of growth in length
B) a structural unit of compact bone
C) a region of bone that contains yellow bone marrow
D) a region of bone that contains red bone marrow

Question 26

Bone matrix contains crystallized mineral salts called hydroxyapatite.

Question 27

Which of the following best describes a crest?

A) prominent border or ridge
B) large, rounded, usually roughened surface for muscle attachment
C) large projection for muscle attachment on the femur
D) smooth, flat surface
E) rounded articular surface

Question 28

The femur and humerus contain

A) red bone marrow in the proximal epiphysis
B) articular cartilage on the diaphysis
C) a growth area in the metaphysis of an adult bone
D) compact bone in the center of the epiphyses

Question 29

Which of the following best describes a condyle?

A) prominent border or ridge
B) large, rounded, usually roughened surface for muscle attachment
C) large projection for muscle attachment on the femur
D) smooth, flat surface
E) rounded articular surface

Question 30

A lamella is

A) in a young bone, the site of growth in length
B) a structural unit of compact bone
C) a ring of matrix
D) a region of bone that contains red bone marrow

Question 31

Which of the following best describes a fossa?

A) prominence above or beside a condyle
B) tube-like passageway
C) depression
D) rounded articular surface
E) smooth, flat surface

Question 32

Which of the following best describes a meatus?

A) prominence above or beside a condyle
B) tube-like passageway
C) depression
D) rounded articular surface
E) smooth, flat surface

Question 33

Canaliculi allow nutrients to diffuse to mature bone cells located within lacunae of the osteon. Which of the following are those mature bone cells?

A) osteoblasts
B) osteoclasts
C) osteocytes
D) osteogenic cells
E) chondrocytes

Question 34

Which of the following best describes a tuberosity?

A) prominent border or ridge
B) large, rounded, usually roughened surface for muscle attachment
C) large projection for muscle attachment on the femur
D) smooth, flat surface
E) rounded articular surface

Question 35

Which of the following best describes a trochanter?

A) prominent border or ridge
B) large, rounded, usually roughened surface for muscle attachment
C) large projection for muscle attachment on the femur
D) smooth, flat surface
E) rounded articular surface

Question 36

Spongy bone is located

A) in the epiphyses of long bones
B) in the diploe of flat bones
C) in the ribs and sternum
D) all of these choices

Question 37

Activity of which of these cells is responsible for the remodeling of the bony callus as the final step in fracture repair?

A) Osteoblasts
B) Osteoclasts
C) Osteocytes
D) Osteogenic cells
E) Chondrocytes

Question 38

A good description of a perforating canal is that it

A) is located in spaces between trabeculae
B) allows movement of nutrients between osteocytes
C) contains yellow bone marrow
D) allows blood vessels and nerves to penetrate compact bone tissue

Question 39

Which of the following is a true statement about bone surface markings?

A) Most are not present at birth but develop as forces are exerted on bones and are most prominent during adult life.
B) Processes and outgrowths are the result of tension from tendons and ligaments on the periosteum of a bone.
C) Surface markings on skeletal remains may provide information related to age and sex.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 40

The connective tissue found on the articular surface at the end of a bone is called endosteum.

Question 41

The vertebrae are classed according to shape as short bones.

Question 42

A Colles' fracture involves the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius).

Question 43

Osteopenia is a decrease in bone mass below normal, as occurs in osteoporosis.

Question 44

Following completion of ossification, bone replacement occurs only if bone tissue is injured.

Question 45

The perichondrium of the cartilage model becomes the periosteum of compact bone.

Question 46

Draw a diagram of a typical mature long bone shown in sagittal section. Label the regions and tissues and identify the sites for red and yellow bone marrow.

Question 47

Briefly describe the structure and function of each of the four zones of cartilage of the epiphyseal plate.

Question 48

At birth, all bones are cartilaginous. Ossification occurs only after birth.

Question 49

The nutrient artery of a long bone branches into proximal, distal, epiphyseal, and metaphyseal branches, and therefore supplies the entire bone with blood.

Question 50

Explain why damage to the epiphyseal plate in childhood may result in the fractured bone being shorter than normal once adult stature is reached.

Question 51

Explain what is meant by "hot spots" and "cold spots" seen on a diagnostic bone scan.

Question 52

Microscopic canals that run longitudinally through bone tissue and that contain blood vessels and nerves are called perforating (Volkmann's) canals.

Question 53

Sesamoid and sutural bones are the two types of bones that are the most variable in number in the human body.

Question 54

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for developing Osteoporosis.

Question 55

In matrix formation, calcification precedes the secretion of collagen by osteoblasts.

Question 56

Most bones develop in a process whereby hyaline cartilage models are replaced by bone tissue.

Question 57

As a long bone grows in length, new cartilage cells are produced on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate and bone replaces cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the plate.

Question 58

What factors are necessary for normal bone growth and replacement?

Question 59

The bone tissue of the distal region of the femur is replaced about every 4 months, whereas some regions of the shaft of the femur may never be replaced.

Question 60

Primary ossification proceeds from the external surfaces inward; secondary ossification proceeds from the interior outward toward the external surface of a bone.

Question 61

On the basis of shape, the femur is an example of a _____ bone.

Question 62

The epiphyseal plate separates the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone. The four zones of cartilage found here, in order from epiphyseal edge to diaphyseal edge are _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Question 63

In aging females, decreasing levels of estrogen accelerate the loss of _____ from bone tissue.

Question 64

The process by which bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage is _____ ossification.

Question 65

The spaces in bone tissue that contain osteocytes are called _____.

Question 66

The lifelong replacement and redistribution of bone matrix is referred to as _____ __________.

Question 67

Mechanical stress on bone is due to the contraction of skeletal muscles and due to _____.

Question 68

A bone fracture in which the broken ends of the bone can be seen protruding from the skin is called a/an _____ fracture.

Question 69

The region of a long bone where the epiphysis and diaphysis join is called the _____.

Question 70

According to shape classification, the phalanges of the fingers and toes are _____ bones.

Question 71

The artery entering near the center of the diaphysis is the _____ artery.

Question 72

Medications used to treat osteoporosis are generally of two types: _____ and _____.

Question 73

The process of _____ ossification produces flat bones of the skull and the lower jawbone.

Question 74

For bones to unite properly, the fractured ends must be brought into alignment. In _____, the fractured ends of a bone are brought into alignment by manual manipulation, and the skin remains intact. In _____, the fractured ends of a bone are brought into alignment by a surgical procedure using internal fixation devices.

Question 75

Explain why bedridden patients can lose bone mass.