Deck 23: The Respiratory System

Question 1

Each tertiary bronchus supplies a region of a lung called a/an _____.

A) bronchopulmonary segment
B) lobule
C) lobe
D) alveolar sac

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The _____ is an internal ridge where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi.

A) carina
B) epiglottis
C) rimi vestibuli
D) cupula

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Olfactory epithelium

A) lines the superior nasal conchae and adjacent nasal septum.
B) is the mucous membrane lining of the nasal cavity.
C) lines the superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses.
D) all of these choices

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following does NOT form part of the nasal septum?

A) cartilage
B) vomer
C) perpendicular plate of ethmoid
D) inferior nasal conchae

Question 5

Which of the following is a TRUE statement concerning the larynx?

A) The extrinsic muscles of the larynx connect the cartilages to each other.
B) During swallowing, the larynx rises, causing the epiglottis to form a lid over the opening into the larynx, closing it off.
C) The lining of the larynx inferior to the vocal folds is stratified squamous epithelium.
D) All of these choices are true.

Question 6

The upper respiratory system includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) pharynx.
B) nose.
C) trachea.
D) all of these choices

Question 7

The floor of the nasal cavity

A) is formed by the hard palate.
B) separates the internal nose from the external nose.
C) is formed entirely by the palatine processes of the maxillae.
D) is also called the nasal septum.

Question 8

The portions of the respiratory system that are capable of gas exchange include:

A) respiratory bronchioles.
B) alveolar ducts.
C) alveoli.
D) all of these choices

Question 9

The _____ is/are the first portion(s) of the respiratory tract to enter lung tissue.

A) trachea
B) primary bronchi
C) secondary (lobar) bronchi
D) tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Question 10

Which of the following is FALSE of the trachea?

A) The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the mucosa contains goblet cells and basal cells.
B) It is a tubular passageway, posterior to the esophagus.
C) Its wall contains 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
D) The outer layer of the wall of the trachea, the adventitia, is a layer of areolar connective tissue that joins the trachea to surrounding tissues.

Question 11

Which of the following features of the lungs face(s) the heart? 1. costal surface
2) hilum
3) base
4) mediastinal (medial) surface

A) 1, 2
B) 3, 4
C) 2, 4
D) 1 only

Question 12

Which of the following do NOT contain cartilage? 1. tertiary (segmental) bronchi
2) alveolar ducts
3) respiratory bronchioles
4) terminal bronchioles

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 2, 3, 4 only
C) 2, 3 only
D) 2, 4 only

Question 13

As a molecule of oxygen passes from alveolar air into the blood it passes through the layers of the respiratory membrane in what order? 1. epithelial basement membrane
2) capillary basement membrane
3) alveolar epithelial wall
4) capillary endothelial wall

A) 3, 1, 2, 4
B) 4, 3, 2, 1
C) 1, 3, 2, 4
D) 3, 1, 4, 2

Question 14

Functions of the nose include 1. olfactory (smell) reception
2) resonance of speech sounds
3) filtration of incoming air
4) warming of incoming air
5) moistening of incoming air

A) 1, 3, 4 only
B) 3, 4, 5 only
C) 1, 3, 4, 5 only
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Question 15

Compared to the left lung, the right lung

A) is broader.
B) is shorter.
C) has one more lobe.
D) all of these choices

Question 16

A bony landmark that identifies the point at which the trachea gives rise to primary bronchi is the _____.

A) suprasternal notch
B) level of first rib
C) superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra
D) sternoclavicular joint

Question 17

The base of a lung is

A) the inferior surface.
B) concave.
C) just superior to the diaphragm.
D) all of these choices

Question 18

The epiglottis

A) consists of a leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage.
B) is attached to the thyroid cartilage.
C) serves to route food and liquids into the esophagus.
D) all of these choices

Question 19

Which of the following are openings into the nasopharynx? 1. auditory (eustachian) tubes
2) fauces
3) internal nares
4) external nares
5) nasolacrimal ducts

A) 1, 2, 3
B) 1, 3 only
C) 4, 5
D) 2, 3 only

Question 20

The cardiac notch is a feature of the

A) right lung.
B) left lung.
C) heart.
D) diaphragm.

Question 21

The cardiac notch is a feature located on the medial aspect of the left lung.

Question 22

Which of the following must occur for air to enter the lungs during inhalation (inspiration)?

A) The principal muscles of inhalation (inspiration) contract.
B) The volume of the lungs increase.
C) The pressure in the lungs falls below atmospheric pressure.
D) all of these choices.

Question 23

The cricoid cartilage is an important landmark in determining the site for a tracheotomy.

Question 24

The two types of alveolar epithelial cells are alveolar macrophages (dust cells) and Type II alveolar (septal) cells.

Question 25

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the diaphragm?

A) It is skeletal muscle.
B) It receives innervation from the phrenic nerves.
C) In the relaxed state, the diaphragm moves inferiorly and flattens out.
D) When contracted, it increases the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity.

Question 26

The vocal folds (true vocal cords) of adult females are usually thinner and vibrate more rapidly than those of adult males.

Question 27

The posterior (bony) portion of the nasal septum consists of the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The anterior portion is formed by the septal nasal cartilage.

Question 28

Openings of the internal nose include the internal nares (choanae) and the ducts that connect to all paranasal sinuses.

Question 29

The trachea is a tubular passageway for air, inferior to the larynx and anterior to the esophagus.

Question 30

The left primary bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the right primary bronchus.

Question 31

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) involves the physical movement of air between the alveoli and atmospheric air.

Question 32

The principal muscles of inhalation (inspiration) are the _____ and _____.

A) diaphragm, internal intercostals
B) internal intercostals, external intercostals
C) diaphragm, sternocleidomastoids
D) diaphragm, external intercostals

Question 33

An examination of the wall of the airways in the bronchial tree from bronchi to alveoli would reveal that cartilage decreases in quantity and disappears, while the amount of smooth muscle increases.

Question 34

The horizontal fissure is superior to the middle lobe of the right lung.

Question 35

Normal exhalation (expiration) is due to

A) relaxation of inhalation (inspiratory) muscles.
B) the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid.
C) recoil of elastic fibers in the lungs.
D) all of these choices.

Question 36

The pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) and the auditory (eustachian) tubes are located in the oropharynx.

Question 37

Which cranial bone(s) is/are most responsible for the skeletal framework of the nasal cavity?

A) sphenoid
B) nasal
C) ethmoid
D) inferior conchae

Question 38

For deep, forceful inhalation, accessory muscles of inhalation (inspiration) are: 1. external intercostals
2) internal intercostals
3) sternocleidomastoids
4) scalenes
5) pectoralis majors
6) pectoralis minors

A) 1, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 4, 6
C) 1, 4, 5, 6
D) 2, 3, 5

Question 39

Chemoreceptors are very sensitive to changes in CO₂ concentration in the blood. Increased CO₂ levels result in messages to the respiratory center to decrease the rate and depth of ventilation.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The second statement is true; the first is false.

Question 40

The true vocal cords are folds of mucous membrane called ventricular folds.

Question 41

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is called the choanae.

Question 42

Type II alveolar (septal) cells secrete _____, which reduces the tendency of the alveoli to collapse.

A) mucus
B) surfactant
C) serous fluid
D) carbon dioxide

Question 43

Loss of elasticity of lungs and chest wall results in a decrease of as much as 50% of lung capacity by age 70.

Question 44

Endoderm gives rise to the epithelium of the bronchi, while the connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle are derived from mesoderm.

Question 45

"Adam's apple"is the common name for the cricoid cartilage of the larynx.

Question 46

Describe the lining tissue of the respiratory tract from the external nares (nostrils) to the beginning of the trachea. Relate the lining to the function of each area.

Question 47

The paired laryngeal cartilages that, along with intrinsic pharyngeal muscles, move the vocal folds (true vocal cords) in speech production are the _____ cartilages.

A) cricoid
B) thyroid
C) arytenoid
D) epiglottic

Question 48

Describe the location of each of the three regions of the pharynx.

Question 49

The auditory (eustachian) tubes open into the _____ portion of the throat.

A) nasopharynx
B) oropharynx
C) laryngopharynx
D) hypopharynx

Question 50

Name and locate the three areas of the respiratory center. Describe the function of each area.

Question 51

The internal nose communicates posteriorly with the nasopharynx through the

A) vomer
B) internal nares (choanae)
C) conchae
D) external nares

Question 52

The two portions of the respiratory center in the pons are the pneumotaxic and rhythmicity areas.

Question 53

The laryngopharynx (hypopharynx), directs food from the oropharynx to the esophagus.

Question 54

Sympathetic stimulation results in constriction of bronchioles.

Question 55

List the cells found in, or associated with, the wall of an alveolus, stating the function of each one.

Question 56

Describe the route traveled by a molecule of oxygen in inhaled (inspired) air from the time it enters the right external naris (nostril) until it reaches an alveolus in the apex of the left lung.

Question 57

Cilia in the lower respiratory tract beat so as to move mucus and trapped dust in a superior direction.

Question 58

Name and describe the nine pieces of cartilage of the larynx.

Question 59

Describe the respiratory membrane in terms of thickness, tissue layers, and surface area.

Question 60

Cilia in the upper respiratory tract beat so as to move mucus and trapped dust in a superior direction.

Question 61

The epiglottis cartilage is attached to the vocal folds (true vocal cords).

Question 62

What is the name of the area indicated?

A) nasopharynx
B) sphenoidal sinus
C) oropharynx
D) frontal sinus

Question 63

__________ branch off the aorta and bring oxygen rich blood to the lungs.

A) Coronary arteries
B) Pulmonary arteries
C) Bronchial arteries
D) Pulmonary veins

Question 64

The cricoid is a movable flap of elastic cartilage associated with the larynx.

Question 65

In this lateral view of the larynx, which cartilage is indicated?

A) epiglottis
B) cricoid
C) thyroid
D) cuneiform

Question 66

The _____ area in the _____ of the brain controls the basic rate of pulmonary ventilation.

A) pneumotaxic; pons
B) apneustic; midbrain
C) medullary rhythmicity; medulla oblongata
D) apneustic; thalamus

Question 67

The two processes of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) are internal (tissue) respiration and external (pulmonary) respiration.

Question 68

Infants born before _____ weeks are severely at risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) due to lack of sufficient surfactant in alveoli.

A) 26-28
B) 28-30
C) 32-34
D) 34-36

Question 69

_____ neurons of the medullary rhythmicity area cause contraction of the diaphragm via signals sent through the _______ nerves.

A) Inspiratory; phrenic
B) Expiratory; phrenic
C) Inspiratory; intercostal
D) Expiratory; intercostal

Question 70

The ___________________ receives signals from the _______________________ during forceful breathing.

Question 71

Which of the following cartilages of the larynx is anchored to the trachea inferiorly?

A) cricoid
B) thyroid
C) epiglottis
D) arytenoid

Question 72

The alveoli are lined with two types of epithelial cells: Type I alveolar cells (simple squamous epithelial cells) which are the main sites of gas exchange and Type II alveolar cells (septal cells) which secrete alveolar fluid.

Question 73

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

A) pulmonary ventilation; breathing
B) external (pulmonary) respiration; gas exchange between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
C) internal (tissue) respiration; gas exchange between systemic capillary blood and tissue cells
D) external (pulmonary) respiration; the blood loses O₂ and gains CO₂

Question 74

The ______________ intercostal muscles and the _________________ contract during inhalation.

Question 75

In this sagittal section, the arrow is pointing to which structure of the larynx?

A) thyrohyoid membrane
B) tracheal cartilage
C) vocal fold (true vocal cord)
D) cuneiform cartilage

Question 76

Which of the following cartilages forms the anterior wall of the larynx?

A) thyroid
B) arytenoid
C) epiglottis
D) corniculate

Question 77

The trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Question 78

Each lung may be subdivided into 10 small compartments called _____, and each of these is supplied by a branch of the bronchial tree called a _____.

A) lobules; secondary (lobar) bronchus
B) bronchopulmonary segments; tertiary (segmental) bronchus
C) bronchopulmonary segments; respiratory bronchus
D) lobules; tertiary (segmental) bronchus

Question 79

In this lateral view of the right lung, the arrow is pointing to which structure?

A) hilum
B) cardiac notch
C) apex
D) horizontal fissure

Question 80

Which cartilages are indicated in the figure?

A) nasal
B) lateral
C) septal
D) alar