Deck 8: Ethics in Corrections: Guarding Ethically the Experience of Guarding

Question 1

Lippke's view is that basic prisoner welfare demands prisoners receive all of the following except:

A) Cable television
B) Adequate food and nutrition
C) Means to maintain personal hygiene
D) Appropriate clothing

Answer 1

A

Question 2

intended to degrade or dehumanize inmates is not authorized by the sanctions society has imposed on them.

A) Punishment
B) Coercion
C) Treatment
D) All of the above

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Inmates are not only entitled to be treated ethically, but the ___________ requires that they be provided humane conditions of confinement.

A) Fifth Amendment
B) Eighth Amendment
C) Fourteenth Amendment
D) Privileges and immunities clause

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In the context of the officer , fighting an inmate was seen as an expression of masculinity and machismo.

A) Subculture
B) Status
C) Control
D) Power

Question 5

Which of the following is not a finding of recent research on prisons and prison guards?

A) Officer training emphasizes emotional detachment and degrading treatment
B) Prisons have cultures where guards are corrupted and prisoners are denied their humanity
C) Guards are increasingly using more excessive force
D) A humane correctional system is impossible given the dominant theory and practice of retribution

Question 6

According to Vose, prisoner rights include all of the following except:

A) The right to safety
B) Adequate care
C) Meaningful activity
D) All of the above

Question 7

The modern era of corrections brought with it a set of written ethical for correctional officers and management.

A) Rules
B) Guidelines
C) Instructions
D) Standards

Question 8

Which of Marquart's (1986) forms of coercion was used for minor offenses?

A) Counseling
B) Tune-up
C) Ass whippings
D) Both a and b

Question 9

Deadly physical force can be used in the following situation(s):

A) To prevent escape
B) In self-defense
C) To prevent arson
D) All of the above

Question 10

Crouch (1980) argues the quality of prison life for inmates has been affected by the increase in and by judicial activism to the extent that inmates now have the ability to look outside the prison for the norms of prison life.

A) Rights of inmates
B) Political awareness
C) Racial awareness
D) Both b and c

Question 11

Webb and Morris (1980) found that officers perceived as outsiders with political connections whose main focus was "looking good" and who did not possess the prison officers' knowledge of the institution and the inmate population.

A) Prison administrators
B) Politicians
C) New guards
D) None of the above

Question 12

With regard to violence in the prison, over time, most inexperienced prison guards:

A) Are more likely to report excessive violence by other guards.
B) Get used to the violence and accept it.
C) Became more active in trying to protect inmates from violence by other guards.
D) Became more active in trying to protect inmates from other inmates.

Question 13

relates to the need for prison officers to understand the informal rules and processes that shape daily prison interactions and how to avoid being manipulated by inmates.

A) Education
B) Training
C) Understanding
D) Knowledgeability

Question 14

Which of the following is not a norm in the typical informal prison guard code?

A) Don't rat (inform on other guards)
B) Don't lug (smuggle) drugs in to inmates
C) Always support fellow officers against inmate claims/allegations
D) Assist inmates in getting rehabilitated

Question 15

According to the prison guard code, a violation of this norm is perceived to undercut guard solidarity and enhance the vulnerability of guards as a group:

A) Always go to the aid of an officer in distress
B) Never make a fellow officer look bad in front of inmates
C) Always support officer sanctions against inmates
D) Show positive concern for fellow guards

Question 16

Kauffman's (1988) research found that prison officers were horrified at the extent and nature of violence in prisons.

A) Few
B) Some
C) Most
D) All

Question 17

Which of Marquart's (1986) forms of coercion was reserved for inmates who violated rules considered sacred?

A) Counseling
B) Tune-up
C) Ass whippings
D) Severe beatings

Question 18

In its decision in Farmer v. Brennan (1994), the U.S. Supreme Court held that "deliberate indifference resides on a continuum between mere negligence . . . [and] something less than acts or omissions for the very purpose of causing harm or with knowledge that harm will result." This case dealt with which of the following?

A) Prison rape
B) Excessive force
C) Thefts
D) Homicides

Question 19

Which of the following elements of the prison guard code permits conduct that might otherwise violate bureaucratic rules?

A) Always go to the aid of an officer in distress
B) Never make a fellow officer look bad in front of inmates
C) Always support officer sanctions against inmates
D) Show positive concern for fellow guards

Question 20

According to the prison guard code, which element covers a range of conduct and is noted by Kauffman (1988) that in practice, it is widely violated?

A) Always go to the aid of an officer in distress
B) Never make a fellow officer look bad in front of inmates
C) Always support officer sanctions against inmates
D) Show positive concern for fellow guards

Question 21

Which country created the Gender Recognition Act that resulted in the issuing of guidelines that mandate an establishment permits prisoners to consider themselves transsexual?

A) Canada
B) United States
C) Australia
D) United Kingdom

Question 22

In which country are transgender inmates often held in solitary confinement based on laws for "their own protection"?

A) Canada
B) United States
C) Australia
D) United Kingdom

Question 23

The Bureau of Justice Statistics for 2011 to 2012 reveal that an estimated 4% of state or federal prisoners and 3.2% of those in jails reported experiencing at least incident(s) of sexual abuse by another inmate or facility staff within the past 12 months.

A) One
B) Two
C) Four
D) Seven

Question 24

The first U.S. law addressing the issue of male prison rape was:

A) The Prison Rape Elimination Act
B) The Rape Elimination Act
C) The Elimination Act
D) The Prison Rape Act

Question 25

Worley, Marquart, and Mullings (2003) point out that with inmates also involves inmates who exploit relationships with prison officers in order to make illicit profits in the underground prison economy?

A) Corruption
B) Violence
C) Extortion
D) Trafficking

Question 26

Kauffman (1988) argues that the use of as a technique was a failure because it could not be applied to the inmates generally but had to be enforced inmate by inmate.

A) Violence
B) Solitary confinement
C) Coercion
D) Rewards

Question 27

One study found that 59% of transgender inmates reported having been sexually abused compared with _____of the general inmate population.

A) 67%
B) 4%
C) 17%
D) Transgendered inmates do no report being sexually abused

Question 28

In which U.S. Supreme Court case did the Court note that it was relevant to look at various factors in deciding whether the officer had inflicted unnecessary and wanton pain and suffering?

A) U.S. v. Nix
B) Whitley v. Albers
C) Clark v. Evans
D) Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center

Question 29

The exercise of by prison officers was not intended as a symbol of their power, but was rather a reflection of their sense of vulnerability.

A) Sympathy
B) Violence
C) Coercion
D) Empathy

Question 30

Which of the following is not an example of misuse of authority?

A) Accepting gratuities to protect illicit activity
B) Soliciting a fee from an inmate for finding him a job
C) Extortion through mistreatment or harassment
D) Theft of new televisions from the prison loading dock

Question 31

The purposes of the Prison Rape Elimination Act include all of the following except:

A) Setting a zero-tolerance standard for prison rape
B) Prisons who want to receive federal funding must eliminate prison rape by 85%
C) Prioritization of the prevention of rape in each prison system
D) Devising and implementation of national standards to detect, prevent, reduce, and punish rape

Question 32

Which country follows two approaches regarding transgender inmates; a social-based and surgery-based approach?

A) Canada
B) United States
C) Australia
D) United Kingdom

Question 33

Which of the following are the motivating factors underlying inmate assaults on guards?

A) Random acts of violence
B) A response to a direct order from a guard
C) Protests where inmates believed they had been treated unfairly
D) All of these

Question 34

Underreporting of prison rape is a problematic issue and is exemplified in a 1996 Nebraska study which found that only % of victimized inmates reported abuses.

A) 13
B) 19
C) 25
D) 29

Question 35

In which U.S. Supreme Court case did the Court argue that deadly force to prevent inmate escape was valid under certain circumstances?

A) U.S. v. Nix
B) Whitley v. Albers
C) Clark v. Evans
D) Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center

Question 36

A study conducted in Philadelphia in 1966 found that % of inmates reported sexual assaults while incarcerated or being transported to and from court.

A) 2.3
B) 3.4
C) 4.7
D) 5.6

Question 37

In 2014, the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that PREA data found that in 2011 allegations of sexual victimization (10%) were determined to have occurred following an investigation into the allegations.

A) 723
B) 864
C) 902
D) 1168

Question 38

When dealing with transgendered inmates, which country makes use of protective custody, but allows inmates to wear gender-appropriate clothing?

A) Canada
B) United States
C) Australia
D) United Kingdom

Question 39

According to Human Rights Watch (2001) the response of guards to complaints of is often inadequate and even callous.

A) Violence
B) Rape
C) Coercion
D) Corruption

Question 40

Kauffman (1988) remarks that during the the Massachusetts prison system relied on brutality and physical coercion.

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 41

In which Supreme Court case did the Court rule that in regards to juvenile offenders, a sentence of life without parole for those convicted of noncapital offenses was a violation of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment?

A) Reynolds v. Florida
B) Graham v. Florida
C) United States v. Shallet
D) Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center

Question 42

In 2006, the Mollen Commission drew attention to the lack of oversight and public monitoring of the prison systems.

Question 43

operates as a form of oversight of prisons, but in the United States, there is little systematic oversight of prison conditions and operations.

A) Whistle-blowing
B) Ethical guidelines
C) Rules and regulations
D) Court orders

Question 44

Legally, a probation officer may ask law enforcement personnel for assistance in searching probationers.

Question 45

While some argue that whistle-blowing is risky, could lead to retaliation, and should be avoided, there are case studies in which whistle-blowers:

A) Lost their jobs
B) Had a positive effect in corrections
C) Provided inaccurate information, to the organization's detriment
D) Resigned before losing their positions

Question 46

Many probation and parole officers face ethical issues because their role involves the sometimes inconsistent goals of:

A) Treatment and punishment.
B) Retribution and punishment.
C) Control and supervision.
D) Monitoring and counseling.

Question 47

The central norms of the guard subculture inform how they behave off the job with family as well.

Question 48

Which of the following states have abolished parole?

A) Idaho
B) California
C) Alaska
D) Illinois

Question 49

Many ethical issues among probation and parole officers arise from:

A) Their heavy caseloads
B) Their treatment function
C) Their control function
D) Their treatment and control functions

Question 50

According to Abadinsky (1982), which probation officer model involves a primary role of public protection?

A) Law enforcement model
B) Therapeutic model
C) Synthetic model
D) Blended model

Question 51

Which court case dealt with inmates testifying that building tenders were given access to pipes, bats, and clubs to administer discipline on behalf of the regular guards?

A) U.S. v. Nix
B) Whitley v. Albers
C) Dreyer v. Jalet
D) Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center

Question 52

Treatment programs for parolees are unlimited.

Question 53

Drug smuggling into prison for inmates is an accepted part of most prison guard subcultures.

Question 54

In 2006, the Katzenbach Commission drew attention to the lack of and public monitoring of the prison systems.

A) Ethical guidelines
B) Rules and regulations
C) Court orders
D) Oversight

Question 55

Transgender inmates are often held in solitary confinement based on PREA laws for "their own protection"

Question 56

Although there are complex rules at most prisons, guards still have lots of discretion and this discretion can create ethical problems.

Question 57

Probation and parole officers sometimes face ethical dilemmas because of their conflicting obligates to provide treatment and control/punishment.

Question 58

The ACA's view on the issuance of firearms to probation officers is that it is justified.

Question 59

Discretionary power does not usually involve questions of ethical conduct.

Question 60

In 2014, the Department of Justice reported that at year-end 2013 about persons were on parole.

A) 846,600
B) 853,200
C) 865,700
D) 954,800

Question 61

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, under the 8^th Amendment, the test for the legality of use of force against prisoners is whether the force is applied in a _______ effort to maintain or restore discipline, or whether it is applied sadistically and maliciously for the specific purpose of causing harm.

Question 62

Present and discuss three elements of the Prison Guard Code. Explain how each element creates and ethical problem. Please be sure to provide an example of the application of each of the three elements.

Question 63

Which of Marquart's (1986) forms of coercion was employed in more serious rule breaches?

Question 64

Discuss the prevalence of rape in prison? Why are reports hard to come by?

Question 65

The response of guards to complaints of rape is often:

Question 66

The central norms of what code inform an officer's daily performance of duty.

Question 67

Define corruption. Provide an example.

Question 68

Brookes and other critics of American prisons contend that operating a humane prison system is almost impossible because corrections has ________ as its dominant purpose/justification/ideology.

Question 69

What is whistle-blowing and how has the practice impacted corrections?

Question 70

What type of power can easily involve questions of ethical conduct?

Question 71

A major policy and ethical debate in probation concerns the issue of _______ probation officers.

Question 72

In what ways do transgendered inmates pose problems for correctional facilities?

Question 73

Ethical problems in parole and probation tend to center around the tension between the roles of these institutions as being concerned with both _______.

Question 74

Discuss the three most important key court cases that have impacted the use of force in prisons.

Question 75

Discuss the situations in which prison officers can use deadly physical force.