Deck 25: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Complex carbohydrates include

A) glucose and fructose.
B) maltose and sucrose.
C) starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
D) cellulose and glucose.
E) glucose and lactose.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The most common monosaccharides in the diet are ________ and ________.

A) glucose; fructose
B) galactose; fructose
C) glucose; glycerol
D) glycogen; glucose
E) lactose; maltose

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following organs can store glycogen?

A) Spleen and pancreas
B) Kidney and adrenal gland
C) Large and small intestines
D) Liver and muscles
E) Stomach and pancreas

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Excess glucose in animals is stored as ________.

A) starch
B) sucrose
C) glycogen
D) galactose
E) cellulose

Question 5

Olive and peanut oils are both examples of ________.

A) solid fats
B) polyunsaturated fats
C) monounsaturated fats
D) fatty acids
E) hydrogenated

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding cellulose is true?

A) Cellulose can be digested by human digestive enzymes.
B) Cellulose provides fiber or "roughage."
C) Cellulose is another name for glucose.
D) Cellulose is one of the units of a sucrose molecule.
E) Cellulose is a source of energy.

Question 7

A kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the

A) protein content of food.
B) acidity of food.
C) fat content of food.
D) energy content of food.
E) heat content of food.

Question 8

The primary source of energy for most cells is ________.

A) sucrose
B) fructose
C) glucose
D) maltose
E) lactose

Question 9

Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates is true?

A) The primary role of carbohydrates is to serve as an energy source.
B) Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and amino acids.
C) Maltose is a complex carbohydrate.
D) Sucrose is the primary source of energy for most cells.
E) Most carbohydrates come from animal products.

Question 10

The MyPlate icon suggests that

A) you eat as many sweets as you want.
B) your diet should contain a variety of foods, with a large portion being vegetables.
C) meats are the most important part of your diet.
D) milk and cheese should be the main part of your diet.
E) you should only eat one or two vegetables per day.

Question 11

Essential nutrients

A) are important in the diet but not necessary for life.
B) are the only nutrients required by the body.
C) cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.
D) are needed to make food taste good.
E) are manufactured by the body.

Question 12

What is the measurement of the energy content of food?

A) Grams
B) Calories
C) BTUs
D) Joules

Question 13

One gram of carbohydrate, one gram of lipid, and one gram of protein yield ________, ________, and ________ kilocalories respectively.

A) 4, 4, 4
B) 9, 9, 9
C) 4, 9, 4
D) 4, 9, 9
E) 9, 9, 4

Question 14

If your daily diet is deficient in carbohydrates, the result might be

A) obesity.
B) increased subcutaneous fat.
C) decrease of muscle mass.
D) constipation.
E) sensation of thirst.

Question 15

Nutrition includes the study of

A) the nutrients in foods.
B) the body's utilization of nutrients.
C) how nutrients play a role in your body's health.
D) digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 16

A compound composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule would be a ________.

A) monoglyceride
B) diglyceride
C) triglyceride
D) phospholipid
E) cholesterol

Question 17

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood as ________.

A) disaccharides
B) monosaccharides
C) oligosaccharides
D) polysaccharides
E) glycoproteins

Question 18

If the fatty acid portion of a fat molecule has ten double covalent bonds, the fat is said to be ________.

A) hydrogenated
B) polyunsaturated
C) monounsaturated
D) saturated
E) disaturated

Question 19

Starches and sugars are examples of ________.

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) vitamins
E) minerals

Question 20

Which of the following are energy nutrients?

A) Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
B) Proteins, water, and minerals
C) Lipids, minerals, and vitamins
D) Vitamins, lipids, and carbohydrates
E) Water, minerals, and vitamins

Question 21

Eicosanoids are involved in ________.

A) inflammation
B) blood clotting
C) tissue repair
D) smooth muscle contraction
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following recommendations regarding daily requirements is correct?

A) Fats should account for 45% of total caloric intake.
B) Carbohydrate intake should be around 500 grams daily.
C) Protein consumption should be 10-35% of total kilocalorie intake.
D) Cholesterol intake should be about 300 milligrams per day.
E) Protein consumption should be about 45% of total kilocalorie intake.

Question 23

Phospholipids

A) are found in plasma membranes.
B) are used as an energy source by cells.
C) can be modified to form cholesterol.
D) are involved in the process of inflammation.
E) are found inside organelles.

Question 24

Polyunsaturated vegetable oils can be changed from liquids to solids by

A) adding more unsaturated fatty acids to the molecules.
B) removing the glycerol portion of the molecules.
C) decreasing the number of double covalent bonds in their fatty acids.
D) removing hydrogens from the molecules.

Question 25

Fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they

A) do not dissolve in water.
B) can be stored and accumulate in body tissues.
C) are rapidly excreted.
D) release free radicals.
E) are flushed out of the body.

Question 26

A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a/an ________ protein.

A) plasma
B) incomplete
C) complete
D) intracellular
E) adequate

Question 27

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

A) Lecithin
B) Linoleic acid
C) Stearic acid
D) Butyric acid
E) Hydrochloric acid

Question 28

Functions of proteins include

A) providing structural strength in connective tissue.
B) serving as a part of the cholesterol molecule.
C) serving as the primary energy source of cells.
D) transport of nitrogen gas in the blood.
E) padding and insulation.

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of an incomplete protein food?

A) Eggs
B) Meat
C) Milk
D) Leafy green vegetables
E) Cheese

Question 30

Excess triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue. Which of the following is a function of adipose tissue?

A) To assist the body in temperature homeostasis
B) Padding and protection
C) Energy storage
D) Insulation
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 31

Excessive bleeding due to slowed blood clotting is a symptom of vitamin ________ deficiency.

A) A
B) D
C) E
D) K
E) C

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?

A) vitamin A
B) vitamin C
C) vitamin D
D) vitamin K
E) vitamin E

Question 33

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by ________.

A) acting as buffers
B) releasing nitrogen
C) transporting iron
D) binding Na⁺
E) removing CO₂ from the blood

Question 34

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be in a negative nitrogen balance?

A) A healthy pregnant woman
B) A 10-year-old child
C) An adult woman with adequate protein intake
D) An elderly homeless man
E) A healthy adult man who exercises

Question 35

About 95% of the lipids in the human diet are ________.

A) cholesterol derivatives
B) lecithins
C) triglycerides
D) starches and other complex polysaccharides
E) phospholipids

Question 36

Proteins that function in immunity include ________.

A) enzymes
B) antibodies
C) hormones
D) collagens
E) fibrin

Question 37

Cholesterol

A) must be obtained from plants.
B) can be manufactured by most tissues.
C) is a hormone.
D) is necessary for blood clotting.
E) has no constructive function in the body.

Question 38

An essential amino acid

A) can be formed from lipids in the body.
B) can be synthesized by the body if there is enough nitrogen.
C) must be made from glucose.
D) must be supplied in the diet.
E) cannot be converted to nonessential amino acids.

Question 39

Vitamin E and vitamin C

A) both release free radicals.
B) are needed in RBC production.
C) are both antioxidants.
D) are formed from provitamins.
E) are required for blood clotting.

Question 40

A student's dietary intake includes 100 grams of fat and a total of 2000 kilocalories. What percentage of the total kilocalories in this student's diet comes from fat?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 37%
D) 45%
E) 50%

Question 41

The production of protein by cells is an example of ________.

A) anabolism
B) catabolism
C) glycolysis
D) phosphorylation
E) decomposition

Question 42

The energy currency of the cell is a molecule called ________.

A) glucose
B) pyruvate
C) fat
D) ADP
E) ATP

Question 43

Which of the following steps in glycolysis occurs last?

A) Oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
B) Production of ATP from phosphoenolpyruvic acid
C) Phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate
D) Cleavage of fructose 1, 6 diphosphate
E) Input of 2 ATP molecules

Question 44

When glucose is metabolized in the absence of oxygen, one of the end products is ________.

A) pyruvate
B) ketone bodies
C) lactate
D) citric acid
E) nitric acid

Question 45

In which of these cells would you expect the ATP concentration to be the highest?

A) Active cells
B) Resting cells
C) Exhausted cells
D) Dead cells

Question 46

Which of the following minerals is mismatched with its function?

A) Calcium - bone formation
B) Zinc - hemoglobin synthesis
C) Potassium - muscle and nerve function
D) Cobalt - erythrocyte production
E) Selenium - component of many enzymes

Question 47

Minerals

A) are organic nutrients.
B) can be manufactured by the body if the diet does not supply enough.
C) can serve as buffers and components of enzymes.
D) are found in high concentrations in refined cereals and breads.
E) are not necessary for normal metabolic function.

Question 48

In glycolysis,

A) NAD+ is reduced to form NADH.
B) more energy is used than produced.
C) glucose is formed as an end product.
D) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is used as an enzyme.
E) oxygen must be present for it to start.

Question 49

The digestion of complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides is an example of ________.

A) anabolism
B) synthesis
C) absorption
D) catabolism

Question 50

Glycolysis is best defined as the breakdown of

A) glucose to carbon dioxide and water.
B) glucose to two molecules of pyruvate.
C) pyruvate to carbon dioxide and water.
D) glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate.
E) glucose to glycogen.

Question 51

One difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is that

A) anaerobic respiration utilizes the citric acid cycle, but aerobic respiration does not.
B) aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.
C) anaerobic respiration takes place inside cells, while aerobic respiration takes place in the extracellular fluid.
D) aerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
E) aerobic respiration takes place after anaerobic respiration.

Question 52

Which atom is a major player in the production of energy from nutrient molecules?

A) Carbon
B) Oxygen
C) Hydrogen
D) Nitrogen

Question 53

What would happen to a vitamin if its chemical structure is destroyed by catabolism?

A) It could be recycled.
B) It would become nonfunctional.
C) It becomes a provitamin.
D) It becomes a coenzyme.
E) Nothing; this is normal.

Question 54

Which of the following minerals is important in acid-base balance?

A) Calcium
B) Chlorine
C) Iron
D) Manganese
E) Sodium

Question 55

Which of the following minerals is part of the hemoglobin molecule?

A) Calcium
B) Iodine
C) Iron
D) Zinc
E) Fluorine

Question 56

Which of the following vitamins is mismatched with its function?

A) Vitamin D - bone growth
B) Vitamin A - rhodopsin synthesis
C) Folate - synthesis of clotting factors
D) Vitamin C - collagen synthesis
E) Vitamin B₁₂ - red blood cell production

Question 57

Which type of reactions are involved in ATP production?

A) Single replacement reactions
B) Combustion reactions
C) Oxidation-reduction reactions
D) Neutralization reactions

Question 58

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as ________.

A) absorption
B) metabolism
C) digestion
D) catabolism
E) anabolism

Question 59

Which of the following statements concerning metabolic reactions is true?

A) Catabolic reactions are synthesis reactions.
B) Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.
C) The energy derived from anabolism is used to drive catabolism.
D) Anabolic reactions release energy.
E) Catabolic reactions consume energy.

Question 60

The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.

A) 1200
B) 1500
C) 2000
D) 2500

Question 61

The mitochondrion is the site of ________.

A) glycolysis
B) the citric acid cycle
C) electron-transport chain
D) lactate formation
E) Both "the citric acid cycle" and "the electron-transport chain" are correct.

Question 62

Which of the following is the correct sequence?

A) Acetyl-CoA formation, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, citric acid cycle
B) Acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis
C) Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain
D) Glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
E) Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA formation, electron transport chain

Question 63

Which of the following events at the electron-transport chain occurs last?

A) Hydrogen ions diffuse into inner mitochondrial compartment.
B) Hydrogen ions are moved from inner to outer mitochondrial compartment.
C) The movement of hydrogen ions through special channels is coupled to ATP production.
D) A hydrogen ion concentration gradient is established.
E) NADH transfer electrons to the electron-transport chain.

Question 64

The body's main energy storage molecules are ________.

A) sugars
B) proteins
C) lipids
D) vitamins
E) carbohydrates

Question 65

A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is ________.

A) pyruvate
B) CO₂
C) ADP
D) NADH
E) H₂O

Question 66

The citric acid cycle begins by combining

A) carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid.
B) pyruvate and acetic acid to form acetoacetic acid.
C) pyruvate and carbon dioxide to form lactate.
D) oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid.
E) pyruvate and citric acid.

Question 67

If oxygen is present, what is the net yield of ATP produced by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose?

A) 4
B) 18
C) 22
D) 36
E) 40

Question 68

The name of the process that couples the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to ATP production is ________.

A) the citric acid cycle
B) the glycolytic pathway
C) chemiosmosis
D) Cori cycle
E) hydrosmotic model

Question 69

Activity at the electron transport chain

A) results in the formation of ATP.
B) converts acetate to ketone bodies.
C) converts glucose to fatty acids.
D) converts fatty acids to glucose.
E) removes a phosphate from ATP.

Question 70

Beta oxidation results in the formation of ________.

A) pyruvate
B) acetyl CoA
C) carbon monoxide
D) oxaloacetate
E) ketone bodies

Question 71

Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is false?

A) The process occurs in the mitochondria.
B) The major end product of the cycle is lactate.
C) At several steps, NADH molecules are formed.
D) Carbon dioxide is produced at several steps in the cycle.
E) Two ATP are formed in the cycle from one glucose.

Question 72

The result of five turns of the citric acid cycle would be

A) 5 ATP, 5 NADH, 5 FADH₂, 5 carbon dioxide.
B) 5 ATP, 15 NADH, 5 FADH₂, 10 carbon dioxide.
C) 10 ATP, 30 NADH, 10 FADH_2, 20 carbon dioxide.
D) 10 ATP, 10 NADH, 5 FADH_2, 10 carbon dioxide.
E) 15 ATP, 15 NADH, 15 FADH_2, 15 carbon dioxide

Question 73

How many ATP are made from each FADH₂ that transfers electrons to the electron transport chain?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 74

Where does glycolysis take place?

A) In the inner compartment of the mitochondrion
B) On the surface of the mitochondrion
C) In the cytoplasm of the cell
D) Along the cristae of the mitochondrion

Question 75

What is the net yield of ATP and NADH produced by glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

A) 2 ATP and 1 NADH
B) 4 ATP and 4 NADH
C) 2 ATP and 2 NADH
D) 1 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 76

Which of the following statements concerning the electron-transport chain is true?

A) Hydrogen ions are pumped across the plasma membrane.
B) Electrons pass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain.
C) Water serves as the final electron acceptor.
D) Chemiosmosis forms carbon dioxide.
E) The chemiosmosis model refers to movement of water.

Question 77

What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?

A) Water
B) NADH
C) Oxygen
D) Carbon dioxide

Question 78

Each NADH molecule fed into the electron transport chain produces approximately ________ ATPs.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 79

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that occurs when fatty acids are used to generate ATP?

A) Beta oxidation, electron transport chain, deamination.
B) Electron transport chain, beta oxidation, glycolysis.
C) Beta oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain.
D) Glycolysis, beta oxidation, citric acid cycle.
E) Citric acid cycle, glycolysis, beta oxidation.

Question 80

A series of metabolic reactions in the liver that converts lactate into glucose is called ________.

A) the electron transport system
B) the Cori cycle
C) the citric acid cycle
D) beta oxidation
E) sugar cleavage