Deck 15: The Special Senses

Question 1

Place the following steps in the correct order for transduction of a chemical odorant into a nerve signal. 1. Odorants reach receptors in the cilia of olfactory neurons.
2) cAMP opens ions channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell.
3) The G ^-protein activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, to convert ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP).
4) The binding of an odorant activates a G ^-protein which then detaches from the receptor.
5) The membrane is depolarized. Depolarization that reaches threshold at the axon hillock triggers an action potential and transduction has been achieved.

A) 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
C) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
D) 1, 3, 4, 2, 5

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The most taste buds are present in:

A) filiform papillae.
B) fungiform papillae.
C) foliate papillae.
D) vallate (circumvallate) papillae.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What taste sensation results when sodium ions enter gustatory cells through sodium ion channel receptors, and the cell depolarizes?

A) bitter
B) salty
C) umami
D) sour

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which letter represents the foliate taste buds?

A) A
B) B
C) C

Question 5

Identify the cranial nerves NOT involved in carrying taste information from the tongue into the CNS.

A) vagus nerves (CN X)
B) facial nerves (CN VII)
C) glossopharyngeal nerves (CN IX)
D) hypoglossal nerves (CN XII)

Question 6

Aiden was surprised to learn that his salad dressing contained glucose since it did NOT taste:

A) salty.
B) bitter.
C) sour.
D) sweet.

Question 7

To what part of the brain are both general and most special senses carried?

A) pons
B) thalamus
C) medulla oblongata
D) hypothalamus

Question 8

The olfactory nerves (CN I) are formed by:

A) olfactory bulbs.
B) axons of the olfactory neurons.
C) olfactory tracts.
D) supporting cells.

Question 9

How is the sensation of taste affected by a dry mouth?

A) Most foods will taste bitter when the mouth is dry.
B) Foods have a less intense taste when the mouth is dry.
C) Foods have a more intense taste when the mouth is dry.
D) The moisture level of the mouth has no influence on taste sensation.

Question 10

The activation of olfactory receptors requires that the odorant become immersed in:

A) cerumen.
B) saliva.
C) blood.
D) mucus.

Question 11

Special senses, such as sight and sound, are detected by:

A) motor neurons.
B) sensory neurons.
C) both cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
D) special cells that transduce stimuli into electrical signals.

Question 12

Olfaction is the sense of:

A) taste.
B) balance.
C) smell.
D) hearing.

Question 13

Which cell has receptors specialized to detect different tastes?

A) supporting cell
B) basal cell
C) olfactory cell
D) gustatory cell

Question 14

Where are the general senses located?

A) nose
B) eyes
C) skin
D) tongue

Question 15

Taste is detected when chemicals bind receptors on the microvilli of:

A) gustatory cells.
B) olfactory cells.
C) basal cells.
D) supporting cells.

Question 16

What nerves carry information about the special senses to the CNS?

A) spinal nerves only
B) both cranial and spinal nerves
C) cranial nerves only
D) cervical nerves only

Question 17

Place the following steps of nerve impulses in the olfaction pathway in order. 1. primary olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe
2) olfactory nerve
3) olfactory neurons
4) olfactory bulb

A) 2, 3, 4, 1
B) 3, 2, 4, 1
C) 2, 4, 3, 1
D) 3, 4, 2, 1

Question 18

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

A) parietal lobe
B) occipital lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe

Question 19

Damage to the basal cells in the olfactory epithelium results in a loss of:

A) vision.
B) hearing.
C) smell.
D) taste.

Question 20

Damage to the facial nerve would result in a loss of taste sensation from:

A) posterior one ^-third of the tongue.
B) anterior two ^-thirds of the tongue.
C) base of the tongue.
D) roof of the mouth.

Question 21

Select the letter representing the nasolacrimal duct.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 22

What gland secretes oil to prevent the eyelids from sticking together?

A) sudoriferous gland
B) lacrimal gland
C) cerumen gland
D) tarsal gland

Question 23

Which extrinsic eye muscles move the eye inferiorly?

A) inferior oblique and superior rectus
B) lateral rectus and inferior oblique
C) superior oblique and inferior rectus
D) inferior oblique and inferior rectus

Question 24

What region of the retina contains a high density of photoreceptor cells and allows for extremely detailed vision?

A) ora serrata
B) optic disc
C) ciliary body
D) fovea centralis

Question 25

The optic disc is known as the blind spot because:

A) only cones populate the optic disc.
B) only rods populate the optic disc.
C) the fovea centralis prevents light from striking the optic disc.
D) photoreceptors are absent from the optic disc.

Question 26

What gelatinous mass helps maintain the shape of the eyeball?

A) ora serrata
B) perilymph
C) vitreous humor
D) aqueous humor

Question 27

A weak superior oblique muscle would impair:

A) inferior and lateral movement of the eye.
B) superior movement of the eye.
C) lateral movement and elevation of the eye.
D) depression of the eye and lateral movement.

Question 28

What type of photoreceptor cell perceives color?

A) hair cell
B) cone
C) bipolar cell
D) rod

Question 29

The three types of cones are designated:

A) red, yellow, and blue.
B) red, green, and yellow.
C) yellow, red, and blue.
D) red, green, and blue.

Question 30

The ability of the lens to change its shape from flattened to round is known as:

A) refraction.
B) convergence.
C) accommodation.
D) inversion.

Question 31

What unit of light stimulates photoreceptor cells in the retina?

A) glutamate
B) gamma ray
C) refractive index
D) photon

Question 32

What part of the eye controls the amount of light entering through the pupil?

A) lens
B) cornea
C) iris
D) sclera

Question 33

The three layers of the eyeball, from outer to inner, are:

A) neural, vascular, and fibrous layers
B) fibrous, neural, and vascular layers
C) vascular, neural, and fibrous layers
D) fibrous, vascular, and neural layers

Question 34

Determine the correct order that light, and then an action potential, travels as it strikes the retina.

A) photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve
B) retinal ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve
C) photoreceptor cells, retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve
D) bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells, retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve

Question 35

What secretes the aqueous humor?

A) iris
B) vitreous humor
C) lens
D) ciliary body

Question 36

What pigment is derived from vitamin A?

A) transducin
B) photopsin
C) retinal
D) opsin

Question 37

What is the function of the lens?

A) The lens focuses light on the retina.
B) The lens reduces the scattering of light.
C) The lens nourishes the retina.
D) The lens controls the amount of light passing through the pupil.

Question 38

The sclera is continuous with a transparent layer over the anterior eye known as the:

A) choroid.
B) lens.
C) cornea.
D) conjunctiva.

Question 39

Which of the following parts of the eye refract light to focus it on the retina?

A) pupil and iris
B) ciliary body and suspensory ligaments
C) sclera and choroid
D) cornea and lens

Question 40

Twenty ^-year ^-old Leslie learned she is hyperopic after having her eyes examined. What best describes her eye condition?

A) Her eyeballs are too short.
B) Her eyeball shape is normal.
C) Her eyes are experiencing age ^-related decline.
D) Her eyeballs are too long.

Question 41

Standing still in an elevator that suddenly lowers stimulates receptors in the:

A) spiral organ (organ of Corti).
B) bony labyrinth.
C) utricle and saccule.
D) basilar membrane.

Question 42

What creates the boundary between the air ^-filled middle ear and the fluid ^-filled inner ear?

A) tectorial membrane
B) oval window
C) tympanic membrane
D) basilar membrane

Question 43

Which auditory ossicle is connected to the tympanic membrane?

A) anvil
B) stapes
C) incus
D) malleus

Question 44

What equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane?

A) oval window
B) pharyngotympanic tube (eustachian tube)
C) round window
D) external auditory canal (external acoustic meatus)

Question 45

What supports the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?

A) tectorial membrane
B) tympanic membrane
C) membranous labyrinth
D) basilar membrane

Question 46

People who are unable to distinguish certain colors have a form of:

A) color blindness.
B) glaucoma.
C) astigmatism.
D) cataracts.

Question 47

The receptor cells of the semicircular canals are located in the:

A) perilymph.
B) ampullae.
C) saccules.
D) utricles.

Question 48

What separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

A) pharyngotympanic tube
B) auditory ossicles
C) tympanic membrane
D) auricle

Question 49

What is NOT a function of cerumen?

A) Cerumen traps debris before it reaches the tympanic membrane.
B) Cerumen waterproofs and lubricates the external auditory canal.
C) Cerumen enhances sound transmission into the ear canal.
D) Cerumen sweeps debris from the external auditory canal.

Question 50

When a photoreceptor cell is stimulated by light:

A) the photoreceptor hyperpolarizes as sodium ion channels close.
B) transducin and phosphodiesterase (PDE) are inactive.
C) opsin and ^{cis -}retinal combine to form rhodopsin.
D) sodium ions enter the outer segment of the photoreceptor and depolarize it.

Question 51

What part of the inner ear is involved in hearing?

A) saccule
B) utricle
C) cochlea
D) vestibule

Question 52

What cranial nerve carries information about hearing and head movement to the brain?

A) trochlear nerve (CN V)
B) vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
C) trigeminal nerve (CN IV)
D) abducens nerve (CN VI)

Question 53

In the dark (absence of a stimulus), the photoreceptors are:

A) bleached.
B) polarized.
C) depolarized.
D) hyperpolarized.

Question 54

In the light ^-adapted state:

A) rods are bleached and unable to function.
B) colors are dull.
C) we could see better in the dark.
D) we can only see color and not black and white.

Question 55

The inability to recognize a family member indicates impairment in the:

A) ventral pathway.
B) parietal lobe.
C) dorsal pathway.
D) pretectal area.

Question 56

Where does each half of the visual field get segregated so that it reaches the opposite hemisphere of the brain?

A) occipital lobe
B) optic chiasma
C) hypothalamus
D) lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 57

Having to adjust to a dark room after walking in from bright light is because:

A) the lens requires time to accommodate dim light.
B) rods exposed to bright light need time to regenerate rhodopsin.
C) only cones function in dim light.
D) rhodopsin does not function in dim light.

Question 58

If the stapedius muscle is unable to reduce movement of the ossicles as a unit, how is hearing affected?

A) Hearing is not affected.
B) Sounds will be louder than normal.
C) We hear no sound.
D) Sounds will be softer than normal.

Question 59

What is NOT part of the inner ear?

A) semicircular canals
B) vestibule
C) tympanic membrane
D) cochlea

Question 60

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the:

A) auditory ossicles.
B) cochlea.
C) stapedius muscle.
D) oval window.

Question 61

The five major taste sensations are sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami.

Question 62

The loudness of sound is determined by the vibrations of the:

A) tectorial membrane.
B) otoliths.
C) basilar membrane.
D) scala vestibuli.

Question 63

Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting information about sounds and head position and movement to the brain?

A) optic nerve (CN II)
B) olfactory nerve (CN I)
C) facial nerve (CN VII)
D) vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Question 64

When sound waves bend stereocilia, what happens?

A) Hair cells depolarize, releasing neurotransmitter, and triggering an action potential.
B) The force of the sound waves is converted into mechanical energy.
C) Hair cells hyperpolarize as potassium flows into the cell through open channels.
D) Hearing loss results.

Question 65

Like all other sensory pathways, the nerve impulses associated with olfaction are routed through the thalamus on the way to the primary olfactory cortex.

Question 66

In both general and (most) special sensation, information is first processed by sensory nuclei and then transmitted to the thalamus and to primary cortex areas for awareness and
identification.

Question 67

All taste sensations begin with the entry of hydrogen ions into a gustatory cell.

Question 68

Where does the conscious awareness of sound begin, along with the analysis of its pitch, location, and loudness?

A) temporal lobe
B) frontal lobe
C) occipital lobe
D) parietal lobe

Question 69

Which of the following demonstrates static equilibrium?

A) riding in an elevator
B) riding in a car
C) sitting in a movie theater to watch a film
D) spinning on a merry ^-go ^-round at the park

Question 70

What description best matches the function of ^stereocilia?

A) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
B) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth
C) bending produces depolarization or hyperpolarization in hair cells
D) tiny calcium carbonate crystal that increase density in endolymph

Question 71

The startle reflex occurs when auditory information reaches the:

A) hypothalamus.
B) thalamus.
C) pons.
D) midbrain.

Question 72

Neural sensory signals are relayed to the thalamus, EXCEPT for the sensation of:

A) vision.
B) dynamic equilibrium.
C) olfaction.
D) hearing.

Question 73

As sound waves travel into the ear, they pass from the auditory canal to the:

A) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, endolymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea.
B) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, round window, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea.
C) tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, oval window, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea.
D) tympanic membrane, oval window, auditory ossicles, perilymph, scala vestibuli of the cochlea.

Question 74

Where are sound vibrations amplified?

A) tympanic membrane
B) vestibule
C) auditory ossicles
D) semicircular canals

Question 75

The receptor cells for static equilibrium are located in the:

A) spiral organ (organ of Corti) of the cochlea.
B) otolithic membrane of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule.
C) ampullae of the semicircular canals.
D) maculae of the utricle and saccule of the vestibule.

Question 76

The bending of stereocilia depolarizes or hyperpolarizes hair cells within the utricle and saccule and promote a sensation of:

A) spinning in a circle.
B) sound.
C) linear movement of the head.
D) turning of the head to the left or right.

Question 77

What detects dynamic equilibrium?

A) spiral organ (organ of Corti)
B) crista ampullaris
C) utricle and saccule
D) cochlea

Question 78

Damage to the hair cells of the spiral organ (organ of Corti) can result in a loss of:

A) hearing.
B) olfaction.
C) equilibrium.
D) vision.

Question 79

The sense of equilibrium does NOT depend on input from:

A) the visual system.
B) the vestibular system.
C) the cochlea.
D) proprioceptors in muscles and joints.

Question 80

Where are sensations integrated with memories of past experiences?

A) limbic system
B) parietal lobe
C) cerebellum
D) frontal lobe