Deck 16: Nutrition During Adulthood

Question 1

Throughout the aging process, optimal functioning of body organs decreases, but it may be years before organ decline is noticeable. This phenomena is referred to as

A) compression of morbidity.
B) homeostasis.
C) reserve capacity.
D) organ repression.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Life expectancy refers to

A) the maximum number of years humans live.
B) the average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year.
C) the delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease.
D) the promotion of longevity through healthful lifestyle changes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The ________ dietary pattern features an abundant intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds.

A) Mediterranean
B) Western
C) Atkins
D) Ketogenic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sara is a middle-aged woman of Northern European descent and is quite small in stature. She eats plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and lean meats. What else could she do to live a more health-promoting lifestyle?

A) Take vitamin and mineral supplements.
B) Eat more vitamin E-laden fruits and vegetables.
C) Eat more red meat.
D) Consume plenty of low-fat milk and dairy products.

Question 5

Which of the following is true about U.S. dietary patterns since the mid-1950s?

A) We are eating less cheese.
B) We are consuming less saturated fat.
C) We are eating more eggs.
D) We are eating less chicken and fish.

Question 6

Some researchers believe that damage to cells by free radicals may contribute to the aging process. Which of the following nutrients serves as an antioxidant that protects cells from these compounds?

A) Magnesium
B) Vitamin B-12
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin K

Question 7

The maximum number of years a human can live is called

A) life morbidity.
B) life span.
C) life cycle staging.
D) life expectancy.

Question 8

Which of the following is true about aging?

A) Aging is a disease.
B) Mathematical models have been designed that are very predictive of the aging process.
C) The rate of aging is based on genetics and no amount of modifiable lifestyle behaviors can alter it.
D) Development of chronic disease is not an inevitable consequence of aging.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a component of the Mediterranean diet?

A) Abstinence from alcohol
B) Plentiful intake of fruits and vegetables
C) Olive oil
D) Frequent consumption of fish

Question 10

Striving to live the greatest number of healthy years and the fewest number of ill years is referred to as

A) reserve capacity.
B) compression of morbidity.
C) maintaining homeostasis.
D) usual aging.

Question 11

After age ________ or so, the total calorie needs of physically inactive adults fall steadily throughout adulthood.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 50
D) 70

Question 12

The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans provide guidelines specifically for older adults. Which of the following is not one of these guidelines?

A) All adults should engage in moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week, vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for 75 minutes per week, or an equivalent combination of the two.
B) To maintain lean tissue and basal metabolic rate, strength training should be performed 5 to 7 times per week.
C) For those over age 65 who are at risk for falling, exercises that improve balance are recommended.
D) Stretching each major muscle group should accompany aerobic or strength training at least 2 days per week.

Question 13

Life expectancy in North America is about ________ years for men and ________ for women.

A) 78; 71
B) 75; 75
C) 78; 80
D) 76; 81

Question 14

The process of aging is most likely the result of

A) slow cell death.
B) acute death of an organ.
C) complete death of the immune system.
D) rapid cell multiplication.

Question 15

The dietary manipulation that is most significantly related to longevity in animal studies is

A) protein restriction.
B) low fat intake.
C) calorie restriction.
D) high carbohydrate intake.

Question 16

Life span refers to

A) the maximum number of years that humans live.
B) the average length of life for a cohort of people born in a specific year.
C) the delay of the onset of disabilities caused by chronic disease.
D) the promotion of longevity through healthful lifestyle changes.

Question 17

A genetic tendency toward efficient use of energy that results in below-average energy requirements and increased storage of calories as fat is called

A) thrifty metabolism.
B) energy reserve.
C) homeostasis.
D) thrifty reserve.

Question 18

Home-delivered meal kits are gaining in popularity. What is a key benefit of these kits for consumers?

A) They are attractive for busy consumers with little time or novice cooking skills.
B) They require advanced cooking skills so budding chefs can enjoy these meals at home.
C) The companies pick up the food waste on their next delivery visit and share fresh compost with customers.
D) Overall, they are lower in cost than purchasing the same food at a local grocery market.

Question 19

Among the older population, the fastest growing age group is

A) 60 to 65.
B) 65 to 75.
C) 75 to 80.
D) 85 and older.

Question 20

Which of the following is a hypothesis on the causes of aging?

A) Copy errors in the cell cycle can lead to genetic mutations that cause protein dysfunction, resulting in cell death.
B) Concentrations of many hormones, such as testosterone in men and estrogen in women, increase with aging.
C) The immune system is more able to recognize and counteract foreign substances that enter the body.
D) Connective tissue becomes more flexible.

Question 21

Compared to individuals aged 19 to 50, adults over the age of 70 need ________ vitamin D.

A) more
B) less
C) the same amount of

Question 22

Because elderly individuals need similar amounts of nutrients compared to their younger counterparts but fewer calories, they should focus on dietary patterns that emphasize

A) nutrient density.
B) energy density.
C) liquid calories.
D) fat intake.

Question 23

Studies have shown that adults who adhere to the MIND Diet have over 50% lower rates of Alzheimer's disease.

Question 24

Omega-3 fatty acids are involved in biochemical pathways that ________ inflammation and are associated with a reduction in depression.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) do not change

Question 25

Which of the following is a key recommendation by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

A) Follow an energy dense dietary pattern across one's life span.
B) Shift to processed food and beverage choices.
C) Focus on refined grains and animal proteins.
D) Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake.

Question 26

Declining function of the ________ system directly affects an older adult's ability to shop for, prepare, and consume foods at home.

A) nervous
B) immune
C) endocrine
D) reproductive

Question 27

Gary takes a diuretic to control his blood pressure, aspirin to prevent his blood clots, and an antibiotic for a recent sinus infection. Which of these may affect his vitamin K needs?

A) Diuretic
B) Aspirin
C) Antibiotic

Question 28

Research suggests that older adults require ________ the current RDA for protein for adults.

A) more than
B) less than
C) the same amount as

Question 29

A mineral that is often deficient in the diet of U.S. adults and is linked to bone health, muscle function, mental health, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes is

A) magnesium.
B) iron.
C) zinc.
D) calcium.

Question 30

An often overlooked culprit promoting migraine headaches in susceptible individuals is

A) caffeine withdrawal.
B) overhydration.
C) eating small, frequent meals.
D) taking naps longer than 15 minutes per day.

Question 31

About ________ percent of older adults regularly take several medications every day.

A) 25
B) 35
C) 50
D) 65

Question 32

Which of the following would benefit an Alzheimer's patient?

A) Engaging in regular physical activity
B) Avoiding all sunlight exposure
C) Eating red meat daily
D) Limiting intake of monosaturated fats

Question 33

Which of the following would be included in a basic plan for health promotion and disease prevention?

A) Getting 4 to 6 hours of sleep a night
B) Consuming a plant-based dietary pattern
C) Smoking e-cigarettes
D) Consuming 3 to 5 ounces of alcohol daily

Question 34

Which of the following is true about dietary patterns and Alzheimer's disease?

A) High intakes of aluminum can cause it.
B) High intakes of choline and lecithin are associated with improvement in the condition.
C) It is wise for caregivers to oversee food planning and mealtimes to ensure nutritional adequacy.
D) Diet alone can prevent this condition.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a medication that affects nutritional status?

A) Some antihypertensive medications decrease appetite.
B) Some pain medications cause blood clots, resulting in anemia.
C) Long-term use of antibiotics can decrease the population of bacteria that synthesizes vitamin K.
D) Use of oral contraceptives can decrease a woman's requirements for calcium.

Question 36

Which of the following typically increases with aging?

A) Sense of thirst
B) Lean tissue mass
C) Immune function
D) Fat stores

Question 37

Bud has trouble with his dentures that results in chewing difficulties. Which of the following foods would be most appropriate to help meet his nutritional needs?

A) Toast
B) Clear bouillon
C) Sirloin steak
D) Low-fat yogurt

Question 38

Barbara is 65 years of age, and her doctor finds her mental function is declining. Which of the following may improve her mental status?

A) Resting the brain and avoiding brain games
B) Maintaining a sedentary lifestyle
C) Eating a primarily plant-based diet
D) Taking protein supplements

Question 39

Which of the following is true about thirst among the elderly?

A) Elderly individuals can easily become dehydrated and this can cause confusion.
B) Elderly people rarely become dehydrated because their sense of thirst is enhanced with aging.
C) About six cups of fluid per day is the goal for elderly people.
D) Diuretics do not affect an elderly person's fluid requirement.

Question 40

Long-term aspirin use by an elderly person could increase the need for what nutrient?

A) Calcium
B) Potassium
C) Thiamin
D) Iron

Question 41

For those over 40 years of age, a physical activity routine should include

A) clearance by a primary care provider.
B) strength training only.
C) limited flexibility.
D) pushing through the pain.

Question 42

Consuming adequate amounts of protein and ________ helps maximize the health of the immune system in elderly individuals.

A) selenium
B) copper
C) calcium
D) zinc

Question 43

Which of the following is associated with aging?

A) The liver's detoxifying capacity increases.
B) The risk of developing gallstones increases.
C) High chromium intake impairs glucose tolerance.
D) The digestive function of the pancreas improves.

Question 44

The most common type of malnutrition during the adult years is ________ deficiency.

A) vitamin K
B) phytochemical
C) vitamin C
D) iron

Question 45

A loss of muscle mass accompanied by gains in fat mass is called

A) sarcopenic obesity.
B) cachexia.
C) visceral obesity.
D) hypertrophy.

Question 46

Regular physical activity along with adequate intakes of fluid and fiber are lifestyle strategies to prevent or treat

A) constipation.
B) diarrhea.
C) gallstones.
D) osteoarthritis.

Question 47

Loss of lean body mass is termed

A) sarcopenia.
B) ketosis.
C) hypertrophy.
D) myoglobinosis.

Question 48

As she ages, Maude begins losing her senses of taste and smell. Which of the following is true about her situation?

A) The senses of taste and smell do not change with aging.
B) She can vary her dietary patterns to include more herbs and spices to help enhance the flavors and odors of foods.
C) She will have to learn to accept that food will continue to taste more bland.
D) It is inevitable that she will eventually lose all sense of taste and smell.

Question 49

Adequate intake of high-quality protein ________ the rate of muscle breakdown associated with aging.

A) increases
B) decreases
C) does not affect

Question 50

Which of the following is not part of the DETERMINE acronym?

A) Eating poorly
B) Depression
C) Economic hardship
D) Multiple medications

Question 51

A single older adult who has been losing weight involuntarily may benefit from

A) participation in a congregate meal program.
B) antidepressant medications.
C) bed rest.
D) low-dose aspirin.

Question 52

Edna, age 75, does not tolerate dairy products well. Which of the following practices would be most appropriate for Edna to increase her calcium levels?

A) Eat more meat
B) Decrease protein intake
C) Eliminate all dairy
D) Consume small amounts of milk with meals

Question 53

The decrease in lean tissue that occurs with aging can be reduced by

A) taking amino acid supplements.
B) engaging in physical activity that includes resistance exercise.
C) eating an abundance of calories.
D) drinking enough water.

Question 54

Eating habits of older adults may be influenced by

A) reduced taste sensitivity.
B) increased physical mobility.
C) enhanced thirst response.
D) increased production of melatonin.

Question 55

Elements of the Go4Life campaign from the National Institute on Aging include endurance, strength, balance, and

A) nutrient density.
B) flexibility.
C) yoga.
D) mindfulness.

Question 56

Mack is constipated. Recommendations to alleviate constipation include

A) eating 50 grams of fiber per day.
B) drinking more fluid.
C) using mineral oil routinely and liberally.
D) eating more refined grains.

Question 57

Declining production of stomach acid and intrinsic factor increases the risk for deficiency of ________ among older adults.

A) vitamin B-12
B) vitamin B-6
C) iron
D) calcium

Question 58

One of the physiological changes of aging that often results in decreases in nutrient utilization is

A) increased appetite.
B) increased liver function.
C) increased body water.
D) poor dentition.

Question 59

The foundation for a dietary pattern that optimizes long-term nutritional health would emphasize

A) high-fat dairy products.
B) a variety of fruits and vegetables.
C) refined-grain breads and cereals.
D) animal proteins high in saturated fat.

Question 60

Meals on Wheels is a nutrition program that

A) delivers meals to older adults in their own homes.
B) serves meals to older adults in a congregate setting.
C) provides free transportation to food pantries.
D) provides nutrition education to older adults in senior centers.

Question 61

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Reserve capacity

Question 62

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Omega-3 fatty acids

Question 63

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Life span

Question 64

Which of the following is not a practical suggestion for a single individual planning his or her dietary pattern?

A) Buying small containers of food
B) Cooking large amounts of food, dividing it into small portions, and freezing it
C) Buying family-sized packages of meat
D) Buying fruits at various stages of ripeness

Question 65

The disease characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver and replacement of functioning liver cells with fibrous connective tissue is known as

A) cirrhosis.
B) liver cancer.
C) hepatitis.
D) Crohn's disease.

Question 66

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Testosterone

Question 67

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that those who choose to drink alcoholic beverages should do so in moderation, defined as the consumption of up to ________ drink(s) per day for women and older adults and up to ________ drink(s) per day for men.

A) 0; 1
B) 1; 2
C) 2; 3
D) 3; 4

Question 68

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Glycosylation

Question 69

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Thrifty metabolism

Question 70

Meals provided by congregate or home-delivered meal programs are designed to provide ________ of the RDA or AI for nutrients.

A) one-third
B) one-fourth
C) one-half
D) 100%

Question 71

A standard drink provides about 14 grams of alcohol. Which of the following is standard alcoholic drink size for alcoholic beverages?

A) 24 oz. regular beer
B) 5 oz. table wine
C) 3 oz. shot of hard alcohol (spirits)
D) 22 oz. malt liquor

Question 72

Where is the chief site of alcohol metabolism?

A) Brain
B) Stomach
C) Liver
D) Kidneys

Question 73

An 80-proof alcoholic beverage contains ________ percent alcohol.

A) 40
B) 20
C) 100
D) 80

Question 74

A person with a deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase would

A) become intoxicated at low levels of alcohol intake.
B) have a high tolerance for alcohol.
C) be able to pass a breathalyzer test even with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08 or higher.
D) feel ill due to an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood.

Question 75

Which of the following is true about alcohol consumption by the elderly?

A) Alcohol is absorbed only in the small intestine.
B) Alcohol absorption is independent of the stomach contents.
C) Most of the alcohol is metabolized by the kidney.
D) Alcohol can interfere with medications in the body.

Question 76

Of all the alcohol sources, ________ often is singled out as the best choice because of the added bonus of the many phytochemicals present.

A) red wine
B) wine coolers
C) light beer
D) hard cider

Question 77

Studies suggest that about ________ of a person's risk for developing alcohol-related disorders is genetic.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 65%

Question 78

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Life expectancy

Question 79

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Compression of morbidity

Question 80

Match the following terms with the descriptions below.

A) Substance found in high amounts in fish that may enhance mental function and reduce depression
B) Delay of onset of disabilities caused by chronic diseases
C) Tendency for efficient use of energy that predisposes a person to weight gain
D) The average length of life for a given group of people born in a specific year
E) Loss of muscle mass
F) Process by which glucose attaches to and damages proteins.
G) This hormone circulates at high concentrations in young men but falls during aging
H) The extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
I) The potential oldest age a person can reach
Sarcopenia