Deck 2: Research Perspectives in Sport and Exercise Psychology

Question 1

What are the common steps used in applying the scientific method to the study of sport and exercise phenomena?

A)Problem identification,hypothesis generation,data collection/analysis,conclusions
B)Multi- faceted questions,case- study research,qualitative inquiry
C)Ethnography,phenomenology,conductive research
D)All of the above

Answer 1

Problem identification,hypothesis generation,data collection/analysis,conclusions

Question 2

What aspect of the research process concerns providing information to people to determine their interest in being participants in a sport or exercise psychology study?

A)The Belmont Report
B)Informed consent
C)Internal validity
D)Research ethic

Answer 2

Informed consent

Question 3

Which of the following statements "best" represents the concept of validity?

A)The degree to which the data are systematic,reducible,and replicable
B)The dependability of instruments to yield consistent scores
C)The degree of meaning associated with the test score inferences
D)The degree of measurement error associated with test scores

Answer 3

The degree of meaning associated with the test score inferences

Question 4

Which of the following statements accurately describes the hierarchical sequence of measurement levels starting with the least useful and finishing with the most useful?

A)Nominal,ordinal,interval,ratio
B)Nominal,interval,ratio,ordinal
C)Nominal,ordinal,ratio,interval
D)Nominal,ratio,ordinal,interval

Question 5

Fred,a lively individual who has been physically active for the last 30 years,has decided to stop exercising based strictly on the advice of his family physician.What is the dominant source of knowledge Fred is relying on to make this decision?

A)Logic
B)Intuition
C)Tradition
D)Authority

Question 6

In sport and exercise psychology studies where the researcher manipulates a variable (e.g.,goal setting),what name do we give to that variable?

A)Dependant variable
B)Extraneous variable
C)Confound variable
D)Independent variable

Question 7

A gynaecologist is interested in the influence of physical activity on quality of life in teenage mothers.What is the major hypothesis being 'tested' in this study?

A)Null hypothesis
B)Independent hypothesis
C)Researcher hypothesis
D)Case- study hypothesis

Question 8

Which of the following represent the hypothesis that is commonly examined in sport and exercise psychology research?

A)Investigative hypothesis
B)Independent hypothesis
C)Null hypothesis
D)None of the above

Question 9

What is the central document that guides the conduct of sport and exercise psychology research within Canada?

A)Research Ethics Board
B)Tri- Council Policy Statement
C)Belmont Report
D)Declaration of Helsinki

Question 10

Which of the following is not a form of validity in sport or exercise psychology research?

A)Population validity
B)Consequential validity
C)Criterion validity
D)Content validity

Question 11

What does the principle of beneficence concern with respect to research ethics?

A)Disguising the identity of the researcher to enhance the credibility of the data
B)Protection of participants from public disclosure of their identity or data
C)Justifying the selection of participants based on who will benefit from the study
D)Identifying strata of the population to determine where the data can be obtained

Question 12

An exercise psychologist is interested in the type of messages portrayed in media advertising for fitness classes.To address the question,the researcher collects data from popular magazines advertising fitness classes to women.Assuming all the magazines are available in the library,does this form of research need ethical review?

A)Yes-because the research involves a library.
B)No-because the research involves exercise which is good for you.
C)Yes-because any and all research requires ethical review.
D)No-because all the data are publically available.

Question 13

A sport psychologist interested in elite sport interviews Ms.Clara Hughes about her experiences as the first Canadian athlete to win medals at both the summer and winter Olympics.What approach to science best describes this situation?

A)Nomothetic
B)Idiographic
C)Occam's Razor
D)Causal

Question 14

An exercise psychologist is interested in the influence of acute exercise on mood responses.To address this issue,the researcher randomly assigns participants to an intervention group that completed a maximal exercise test and a comparison group that completed a submaximal exercise test and compares post- test mood differences across the groups.What type of research design is being used in this study?

A)True experimental
B)Non- experimental
C)Quasi- experimental
D)None of the above

Question 15

A sport psychologist is interested in the effects of an educational program on substance use behaviour during the academic year in athletes.To address this issue,the researcher collects data before and after the delivery of the intervention from five different universities (Two of which received the education program)that were not randomly assigned to conditions.What type of design has been employed in this study?

A)Non- experimental
B)Quasi- experimental
C)Randomized experimental
D)None of the above

Question 16

What type of research design is likely being used when an exercise psychologist collects data at a single point in time based on a series of responses to a survey of student attitudes towards gym use at the university?

A)Non- experimental
B)Internal validity
C)Randomized experimental
D)Quasi- experimental

Question 17

Why is resentful demoralization a threat to the internal validity of sport and exercise psychology research that manipulates an independent variable?

A)Participants can vary in terms of biological factors across repeated data collection.
B)An extraneous event can have a powerful yet unforeseen influence on the data.
C)Alterations to the instruments can influence score reliability across time.
D)Participant resentment can arise from not receiving the intervention.

Question 18

During one of your exercise physiology classes,the Teaching Assistant (TA)provides you with the following data: "Body Mass Index for Student A = 21.36 kg/m2".What would you say to the TA about this number given your understanding of the classical true score model of reliability?

A)Eureka...I always knew I was large but never knew I was larger than Gabriel!
B)Awesome...thanks for providing me with my actual BMI!
C)Sketchy...how much error of measurement is associated with that score?
D)None of the above!

Question 19

Which of the following is not an internal validity threat associated with research design?

A)Diffusion of treatment
B)Error of measurement
C)Selection
D)Maturation

Question 20

A health researcher is interested in physical activity behaviour change over 6 months in people with Type- 2 diabetes.To assess the variables of interest,the researcher administers a survey on two separate occasions.What type of research design is being used in this study?

A)Quasi- experimental
B)Non- experimental
C)Randomized experimental
D)None of the above

Question 21

What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality n the context of research ethics?

A)Confidentiality is concerned with protecting the participants' identity and data.
B)Anonymity is a requirement of providing informed consent.
C)Anonymity is concerned with disguising the researcher(s)identify at all times.
D)All of the above

Question 22

Which of the following is a major difference between sport and exercise psychology research that uses either a qualitative or quantitative approach to scientific inquiry?

A)Quality of the research questions addressed within the study
B)Types of data collected and analyzed
C)Researcher credibility
D)Methodological rigour

Question 23

Dr.McFrankenburger is interested in the relationship between athlete's gender (coded as 1 = males; 2 = females)and speed (measured in seconds-starting from 0.00 seconds)for completing the 100 metre sprint race in major championships.What level(s)of measurement would be used in this study?

A)Two levels of measurement called ordinal and ratio
B)Two levels of measurement called interval and ratio
C)Trick question...only one level of measurement and that is ratio!
D)Two levels of measurement called nominal and ratio

Question 24

Basic research is strength of the science because it seeks answer to complex questions of applied interest in sport and exercise psychology.

Question 25

In what way does ethnography differ from grounded theory research that uses a qualitative approach?

Question 26

An epidemiologist collects data on demographic variables (e.g.,age,BMI,income)to predict involvement in physical activity over the next 6 months.What approach to validity is being used by this scientist?

A)Content validity
B)Nomological validity
C)Consequential validity
D)Criterion validity

Question 27

What is the major purpose behind the process of sampling within the scope of a sport or exercise psychology study?

Question 28

What is the major difference between reliability and validity in the process of conducting sport and exercise psychology research?

Question 29

Why is it important to differentiate between descriptive and predictive research in sport and exercise psychology?

Question 30

An exercise psychologist is interested in using a quasi- experimental design to examine the effects of exercise on depression in young children with osteopenia.What threats to internal validity could be result from this study for the exercise psychologist when interpreting the data? What is the major reason why these threats to internal validity exist in this study?

Question 31

Dr.Flinstone is interested in estimating the stability of muscle contractions across five consecutive days using a single test administration per day.What component of the measurement process is Dr.Flinstone estimating?

A)Construct validity
B)Design
C)Sampling
D)Reliability

Question 32

Research using biophysical specimens such as saliva or blood for example is usually exempt from ethical review by the Research Ethics Board.

Question 33

Authority is a source of knowledge in sport and exercise psychology concerned with reliance on an 'experts' point of view or interpretation of available information.

Question 34

In a recent edition of Men's Health,you read the following statement: "All men with aerobic fitness scores greater than 60 ml/kg/min are considered long distance runners,Wayne Gretzky's aerobic fitness score is 75 ml/kg/min,therefore Gretzky is a long distance runner".What is source is knowledge is exemplified in this excerpt from Men's Health?

A)Causal
B)Intuition
C)Logic
D)Authority

Question 35

A sport psychologist is interested in examining if athletes high in the trait of perfectionism perform better in Olympic Games than athletes with lower levels of this trait.The sport psychologist collects questionnaire data from each Canadian athlete competing in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games during a pre- Olympic Games press conference meeting then examines the association between all the responses and the athlete's performance in Vancouver.Does this research require ethical approval from a Research Ethics Board? Please explain your reasoning for this answer for the sport psychologist.

Question 36

Which of the following conditions are necessary for a research scientist working for the disease prevention division of Health Canada to say with confidence that a diet high in saturated fat (HSF)'causes' cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

A)Establish that eating HSF diets precedes the onset CVD
B)Rule out (or account for)all extraneous causes of CVD
C)Establish a relationship between HSF diets and CVD
D)All of the above

Question 37

A sample is smaller than a population.

Question 38

An exercise psychologist is interested in measuring the level and type of motivation exhibited by exercise initiates who are starting a program of weight training for their new year's resolution.The major goal of collecting the data is to describe in detail the participant's motivational profile.What type of research do you think is being conducted in this study?

A)Phenomenological research
B)Predictive research
C)Descriptive research
D)Theory testing research

Question 39

A sport psychologist is interested in the effects of mental imagery on attention control in goal tenders on a junior- level hockey team.What type of variable is the attention control serving as in this study?

A)Dependant variable
B)Extraneous variable
C)Confound variable
D)Independent variable

Question 40

What are the hallmark characteristics of a phenomenological approach to science?

A)Numerical data,surveys,repeat assessments
B)Restriction of range,skewness,kurtosis,and dispersion
C)Content,criterion,consequential,and construct validity
D)Naturalistic,descriptive,inductive,and meaning

Question 41

Logic as a source of knowledge relies only on the implicit understanding of a phenomena being investigated without the benefit of qualified or advanced training in the subject matter.

Question 42

A theory is a set of interrelated concepts or ideas that collectively inform 'why' a particular phenomenon occurred in sport or exercise settings.

Question 43

Ethnographic research is a form of quantitative inquiry that focuses on portraying a 'bounded system' in as much detail as possible.

Question 44

Justice is a principle of research ethics that is concerned mainly with the provision of informed consent.

Question 45

Extraneous variables represent plausible alternative explanations for as study's findings that hold the potential to confound the knowledge base within a given area.

Question 46

The central factors distinguishing ratio levels of measurement from other levels of measurement concerns the ability to denote a true zero that represents a complete absence of the variable of interest.