Deck 14: Europe and Western Asia in the Middle Ages, 800-1450

Question 1

According to Map 14.2, "The Crusades, 1096-1270," which Crusade route was the only one to make contact with the region undergoing reconquista?

A) The First Crusade
B) The Fourth Crusade
C) The Crusade of Frederick II
D) The Third Crusade

Answer 1

The Third Crusade

Question 2

What happened to Charlemagne's empire after his death?

A) It continued to grow and included most of western Europe.
B) It was invaded by the Holy Roman Emperor and made a territory.
C) It remained intact but economically weak and politically chaotic.
D) It was divided among his grandsons and was weakened by internal power struggles.

Answer 2

It was divided among his grandsons and was weakened by internal power struggles.

Question 3

How was Henry II of England able to claim lordship over Aquitaine?

A) He married a wealthy heiress, Eleanor.
B) He claimed it through military conquest.
C) He inherited it through his mother.
D) He married a Viking princess after he claimed England.

Answer 3

He married a wealthy heiress, Eleanor.

Question 4

What was the basis of Otto I's power in Germany?

A) His alliance with and control of the church in the German states
B) The support of the German states' feudal nobility
C) His alliance with the northern Italian cities
D) His strict control over lands distributed to the nobles

Question 5

Who were the Vikings?

A) Frankish raiders
B) Germanic peoples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
C) Celtic peoples from northern Europe
D) Russian outlaws

Question 6

In the twelfth century, England developed, and came to be governed by, what law?

A) Roman
B) Constitutional
C) Natural
D) Common

Question 7

Feudalism was based on the exchange of which of the following?

A) Personal allegiance
B) Titles and dignitaries
C) Money and gifts
D) Children to foster

Question 8

According to Map 14.3, "The Course of the Black Death in Fourteenth-Century Europe," what is unique about the regions into which the plague spread post-1350?

A) It migrated into areas devoid of access to major waterways.
B) Its migration was limited to a relatively small geographic region during that time.
C) It migrated farther and farther away from the main trade routes.
D) Its migration appears to have been due in large part to the Dnieper River.

Question 9

Louis IX of France created the Parlement of Paris in the thirteenth century as a way of unifying what aspect of his government?

A) The church
B) The judicial system
C) Feudal relations
D) The military

Question 10

What policy guided the Viking king Canute's rule of England?

A) Divide and conquer
B) Assimilation and reconciliation
C) Increased tribute payments
D) Rule of law enforced by sheriffs

Question 11

What was a fief?

A) A payment from a peasant to a royal tax collector
B) The taking of land from one kingdom by another
C) A percentage of income given by all landowners to the church
D) Land given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for an oath of loyalty

Question 12

What led to the creation of the Magna Carta, known as the cornerstone of modern English law?

A) Widespread failure of the common law
B) King John's missteps and the revolt of the barons against him
C) King Henry II's loss of territory
D) The meeting of the Fourth Lateran Council

Question 13

Which of these best describes the Holy Roman Empire?

A) An absolute monarchy
B) A theocracy
C) A loose confederation
D) A highly centralized state

Question 14

What part of western Europe did the Muslims conquer in the ninth century?

A) Italy
B) France
C) Sicily
D) Spain

Question 15

What is the primary principle of the Magna Carta?

A) That all Englishmen are created equal
B) That all Englishmen, even the king and the government, must obey the law
C) That all laws should be written and made public
D) That all Englishmen, except for those in the church and government, must obey the law

Question 16

How far west did the Vikings make a permanent settlement?

A) Iceland
B) Newfoundland
C) Nova Scotia
D) Ireland

Question 17

What king unified France?

A) William of Normandy
B) Philip II "Augustus"
C) Louis IX
D) Geoffrey of Anjou

Question 18

Who was the victor at the Battle of Hastings?

A) Edward the Confessor
B) Richard III
C) William of Normandy
D) Harold Godwinson

Question 19

What was one of the Carolingians' disadvantages when faced with Viking attacks?

A) They lacked money for supplies.
B) They suffered because of their lack of a navy to fight Viking ships.
C) They relied on the gods to intercede and save them.
D) They had inadequate military equipment made of inferior metals.

Question 20

What was one of the new crops introduced to the Muslim parts of western Europe after the ninth century?

A) Wheat
B) Barley
C) Cotton
D) Grapes

Question 21

How did the structure of medieval families in southern Europe differ from the northern model?

A) Southern families had to work the land.
B) Southern families might include stepchildren.
C) In northern families, the serfs could buy their freedom.
D) In the south, extended families were more likely to live together.

Question 22

Peasants probably made up what percentage of medieval society?

A) 10 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 90 percent
D) 25 percent

Question 23

What is simony?

A) A violation of clerical celibacy
B) The purchase of church lands
C) The sale of church offices
D) A refusal to go on crusade

Question 24

The peasant diet consisted mostly of vegetables and

A) meat.
B) fish.
C) wild game.
D) bread.

Question 25

Among the many weaknesses of the First Crusaders' army was their lack of what?

A) Knights
B) Strong leadership
C) Enthusiasm
D) Military experience

Question 26

In 1095, which pope called for a Christian holy war against the infidels?

A) Gregory XII
B) Alexander II
C) Leo IX
D) Urban II

Question 27

What role did Christianity play in the lives of ordinary people in Europe during the Middle Ages?

A) Priests generally had little direct impact on their daily lives.
B) The church was the center of community life.
C) No faith other than Christianity was allowed.
D) Religious symbols and rituals were uncommon.

Question 28

What was the basic unit of medieval rural organization?

A) The plantation
B) The field
C) The manor
D) The family farm

Question 29

What was chivalry?

A) A code of conduct to govern the behavior of knights
B) A medieval fighting style
C) A form of entertainment engaged in only by women
D) The annual agricultural production goal of peasants

Question 30

What was an important consequence of the Crusades?

A) Most trade routes between the Middle East and Europe were closed.
B) Italian merchants were among those to suffer most economically.
C) Significant intellectual links between Europe and the Middle East failed to develop.
D) Relations between Jews and Christians worsened considerably.

Question 31

One of the duties assigned to the Dominicans was to preach to city dwellers about what topic?

A) Crusading
B) Heresy
C) Monastic reform
D) The need for education

Question 32

By the eleventh century, what did popes begin to see as the biggest threat to the moral leadership of the church?

A) Secular control over the church
B) The failure of the Holy Roman Emperor to unify the empire
C) The lack of money invested in or given to the church
D) The lack of education among the clergy

Question 33

Pope Gregory VII, in an attempt to assert more papal authority over the church, declared that any layperson, including rulers, who appointed a church official should face what action?

A) They should be reinvested.
B) They should be excommunicated.
C) They should be investigated.
D) They should be re-ordained.

Question 34

Otto I tried to use the church and the creation of dioceses to pacify what group?

A) Swedes
B) Slavs
C) Vikings
D) Peasants

Question 35

What city did the Crusaders sack during the Fourth Crusade?

A) Jerusalem
B) Venice
C) Constantinople
D) Rome

Question 36

What was the most powerful position a woman could hold in medieval society?

A) Teacher
B) Wife of the king
C) Healer
D) Abbess

Question 37

What facilitated thirteenth-century Christian expansion into the Iberian Peninsula?

A) The pope ordered the building of new churches to make worshiping easier.
B) Priests reduced taxes in the peninsula's Christian kingdoms.
C) Dominican preachers and the Inquisition forced out all non-Christians.
D) Civil wars between the Muslim regions created opportunities for the church.

Question 38

According to Map 14.1, "Invasions and Migrations of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries," what makes the migration of the Magyars unique among the migrations illustrated in this map?

A) The Magyar migrations were entirely land-based.
B) The Magyars tended to avoid contact with the peoples of Europe to a large extent.
C) The Magyars' trek through Italy likely brought them into contact with the Vikings.
D) The Magyars' migrations covered a much longer period of time than that of the Vikings or the Muslims.

Question 39

The cult of which of the following was one of the most significant aspects of medieval religious life?

A) The Holy Ghost
B) The pope
C) The saints
D) The sacraments

Question 40

What determined the kind of monastic life available to someone in the Middle Ages?

A) Level of education
B) When he or she entered the monastery or convent
C) Social class
D) Degree of piety

Question 41

What does this illustration reveal about educational norms during the Middle Ages?

A) Lectures were typically frowned upon as a preferred method of instruction.
B) Females were deemed intellectually inferior to males.
C) Students and instructors were typically adorned with the same robes.
D) Pupils were expected to be active participants in lecture sessions.

Question 42

What was the Hanseatic League?

A) A coalition of the southern Italian cities
B) An organization formed to combat heresy in Europe
C) An organization created to challenge Venice for control of trade with the East
D) A mercantile association of towns that controlled trade in much of northern Europe

Question 43

Explain how the reforms of Pope Gregory VII were intended to restore the moral leadership of the church.

Question 44

What was the most important subject studied at any medieval university?

A) Logic
B) Theology
C) Law
D) Medicine

Question 45

The Black Death was initially spread out of Asia by merchants and what else?

A) Crusader armies
B) Catholic missionaries
C) Mongol armies
D) Livestock and herders

Question 46

Explain how Christianity was extended into kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula.

Question 47

How did the kings of England, France, and Germany unify their territories? What methods did they use, and who was the most successful?

Question 48

What purpose did Gothic cathedrals serve in the religious and civic lives of ordinary lay Christians of medieval Europe?

Question 49

In medieval towns, what was generally done with human and animal waste?

A) Most towns had a town dump where waste was carried.
B) Waste was typically dumped in the streets.
C) Waste was taken to surrounding farmland.
D) Most homes had personal refuse pits for disposal of waste.

Question 50

What was the purpose of the Hanseatic League, and how did it work?

Question 51

What is the purpose of flying buttresses on Gothic cathedrals?

A) They provided private entrances for the cathedral clergy.
B) They attached the walls of the church to the roof.
C) They supported the weight of the roof and the walls.
D) They provided a place for nuns to watch the mass in private.

Question 52

Compare and contrast the responsibilities of women, according to the three orders: church, noble, and peasant.

Question 53

What was the papacy's motivation in calling for and supporting the Crusades?

Question 54

What kinds of changes occurred in European law in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries?

Question 55

Which nation won the Hundred Years' War, thanks in part to the efforts of Joan of Arc?

A) France
B) England
C) Germany
D) Spain

Question 56

Who did medieval people blame for causing the Black Death?

A) Mongols
B) Jews
C) Knights
D) Cats

Question 57

According to Map 14.1, "Invasions and Migrations of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries," what facilitated the Vikings' trek across Russia?

A) They controlled the Baltic Sea.
B) They had unfettered access to the Vistula River.
C) They controlled Hungary.
D) They used the Dnieper River.

Question 58

What city dominated Europe's trade with Asia?

A) Venice
B) Paris
C) Seville
D) Barcelona

Question 59

What was the significance of the Viking invasions that began around 800 C.E.?

Question 60

Under what circumstances could a serf acquire more, or total, freedom from serfdom?

Question 61

Use the following to answer question :
chivalry

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 62

Use the following to answer question :
vassal

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 63

The High Middle Ages saw the emergence of two new art forms: Gothic architecture and troubadour poetry. How do these two art forms reflect their age?

Question 64

Use the following to answer question :
manorialism

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 65

What caused the popular uprisings across Europe in the later Middle Ages? Against who were they directed? What tactics did each side use? What were the goals of the rebels? How successful were they?

Question 66

Use the following to answer question :
feudalism

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 67

Use the following to answer question :
craft guilds

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 68

Use the following to answer question :
vernacular literature

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 69

Use the following to answer question :
Black Death

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 70

Use the following to answer question :
Crusades

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 71

Use the following to answer question :
heresy

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 72

Use the following to answer question :
Scholastics

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 73

Use the following to answer question :
fief

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 74

Use the following to answer question :
commercial revolution

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 75

Use the following to answer question :
Gothic

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 76

Use the following to answer question :
reconquista

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 77

Discuss the papal reforms in the High Middle Ages. What were the consequences of that reform?

Question 78

Use the following to answer question :
serf

A)A knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord.
B)A portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty.
C)A medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs.
D)The economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under the lord's jurisdiction in exchange for his protection.
E)A peasant who lost his or her freedom and became permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord.
F)An idea, belief, or action counter to doctrines that church leaders defined as correct; those found in violation could be punished by the church.
G)A fourteenth-century term used to describe the long Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the Muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission.
H)Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims.
I)A code of conduct that was supposed to govern the behavior of a knight.
J)Associations of artisans organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods produced as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journeymen.
K)The transformation of the economic structure of Europe, beginning in the eleventh century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society.
L)Medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question.
M)The term for the architectural and artistic style that began in Europe in the twelfth century and featured pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses.
N)Literature written in the everyday language of a region rather than Latin; this included French, German, Italian, and English.
O)The plague that first struck Europe in 1347, killing perhaps one-third of the population.

Question 79

Describe and assess how the growth of towns affected Europe's society, economy, and governments.