Deck 15: Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation, 1350-1600

Question 1

Humanist and Renaissance ideas of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were spread by what new technology?

A) Telegraph
B) Paper
C) Stirrups
D) Printing press

Answer 1

Printing press

Question 2

Based on Map 15.2, "Religious Divisions in Europe, ca. 1555," which religious faith likely exercised the biggest influence on the Dutch colonists who migrated to the New World in the early seventeenth century?

A) Calvinism
B) Lutheranism
C) The Church of England
D) Catholicism

Answer 2

Calvinism

Question 3

With the spread of new ideas at the beginning of the Renaissance, how did the wealthy begin to view life?

A) As an opportunity for enjoyment and not just a painful pilgrimage to heaven
B) As a superior alternative to the afterlife, which was viewed with apprehension
C) As a painful penitential journey
D) As requiring constant physical activity

Answer 3

As an opportunity for enjoyment and not just a painful pilgrimage to heaven

Question 4

Why did the wealthy sponsor artists during the Renaissance?

A) Because it was good for their businesses
B) In order to please God
C) As a means of glorifying themselves and their families
D) In order to control unemployment

Question 5

According to the Dutch humanist Erasmus, what was the key to moral improvement?

A) The suppression of vice
B) Strict control of the papacy
C) Public demonstrations of piety
D) Education

Question 6

Petrarch and other humanist poets and writers sought to reconnect with the culture and texts of what earlier society?

A) The Hebrews of Judaea
B) The Roman Empire
C) The empire of Alexander
D) The Early Middle Ages

Question 7

What is the best translation of the Renaissance quality of virtù?

A) An individual's ability to master all classical languages
B) An individual's ability to shape the world around him or her
C) Society's ability to provide for its poor and ill
D) A Christian's ability to atone for his or her sins

Question 8

Early humanists sought to synthesize classical teachings with which of the following?

A) Christian beliefs
B) Italian customs
C) Arabic science
D) Political theories

Question 9

One of the main goals of Christian humanism was to reform which of the following?

A) The Holy Roman Empire
B) The Crusader states
C) The Christian Church
D) Italian bankers

Question 10

According to humanists, what was the goal of all education?

A) To achieve a higher-paying job
B) To bring the individual closer to God
C) To make people better Christians
D) To benefit the common good

Question 11

Based upon Map 15.2, "Religious Divisions in Europe, ca. 1555," which city appears to have been at the heart of the Calvinist movement?

A) Edinburgh
B) Antwerp
C) Amsterdam
D) Geneva

Question 12

What was an important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance?

A) The decline of religious feeling and belief
B) The desire to rebound from the Black Death
C) The rise of wealthy, urban patrons of the arts
D) The creation of powerful, centralized monarchies

Question 13

What was one of the root sources of Florentine prosperity?

A) The city's large mercantile fleet
B) Banking profits
C) The large deposits of gold in the hills around Florence
D) Its domination of the spice trade from the Near East

Question 14

Which of the following was an important consequence of the Renaissance?

A) Scholars and artists increasingly came from economically humble origins.
B) The culture of village life came to be dominated by Christian humanism.
C) The gulf between the learned minority and uneducated majority increased.
D) The social and economic status of women improved.

Question 15

According to Map 15.1, "The Global Empire of Charles V, ca. 1556," the majority of territory in western and central Europe occupied by the enemies of Charles V claimed allegiance to which faith?

A) Lutheranism
B) Eastern Orthodox
C) Islam
D) Catholicism

Question 16

Which of the following emerged as a distinct genre in Renaissance art?

A) Elaborate depictions of pagan gods
B) Individual portraits showing human ideals
C) Depictions of Christian saints in human forms
D) Landscape paintings

Question 17

How did Italian humanists view the education of women?

A) They saw value in exposing women to classical models of reasoning.
B) They supported it and established schools for girls in northern Italy.
C) They believed that women were incapable of intellectual improvement.
D) They believed education for women should remain focused on improving domestic duties.

Question 18

Before he became a printer, Johann Gutenberg belonged to what profession and used its skill for his printing?

A) Scribe
B) Scholar
C) Metal-smith
D) Artist

Question 19

Where did most Renaissance artists receive their training?

A) In monasteries, decorating manuscripts
B) From books on art techniques
C) In the workshops of older artists
D) At Dominican-run universities

Question 20

Which of the following was one of the central ideals of the Italian Renaissance?

A) Christian humility and self-effacement
B) Concern for the improvement of the common people
C) Recognition of individual achievement
D) The desire to educate the rural masses

Question 21

What right did France win from the papacy in 1516?

A) The right to grant the king a divorce
B) The right to tax the clergy
C) The right to appoint church officials
D) The right to independently translate the Bible

Question 22

While atrocities were committed by both Catholics and Protestants during the wars of religion, what evidence is there in this illustration to suggest it was created by a Protestant?

A) The inclusion of priests overseeing the killing
B) The particularly violent means through which victims were killed
C) The large number of victims
D) The clear superiority in numbers and weapons of the aggressors

Question 23

Protestants differed from Catholics by insisting what about the priesthood?

A) That it was unnecessary
B) That it had no basis in Scripture
C) That it was never a part of the early church
D) That it belonged to all believers

Question 24

Henry VIII of England and Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain used similar moves to diminish the power of which of the following groups?

A) Judges and sheriffs
B) Urban merchants
C) Monks and other clergy
D) Aristocrats and nobles

Question 25

What happened to the last Arab-held territory in western Europe in 1492?

A) It became part of a larger Muslim empire.
B) It retained its independence and formed its own monarchy.
C) It was captured by the Spanish.
D) It captured most of France.

Question 26

Martin Luther's "Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences" was a response to which of the following?

A) His personal struggle with the question of salvation
B) Being charged with clerical immorality
C) The draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy
D) The local archbishop's promotion of the sale of indulgences

Question 27

What was a consequence of the Peace of Augsburg?

A) Catholics reasserted their claim over all Germans.
B) All Europeans were given religious freedom.
C) Nearly all Germans converted to Lutheranism.
D) There were no religious wars in Germany for many decades.

Question 28

France's Charles VII created the first

A) lasting parliament.
B) permanent royal army.
C) royal council.
D) royal treasury.

Question 29

In the Habsburg-Valois wars of the sixteenth century, why did the Catholic French kings support the Lutheran German princes?

A) They had a vision in which God told them to do so.
B) They wanted to keep the Holy Roman Empire fragmented.
C) They wanted to maintain open debate on religion.
D) They were paid off by the German princes.

Question 30

Of all the ways that Renaissance society was hierarchically divided, what was regarded as the most "natural" distinction and therefore the most important one to defend?

A) Gender
B) Race
C) Level of education
D) Social class

Question 31

The concept that blood could be either "Christian" or "Jewish" was developed by officials in which of the following?

A) The Vatican in Italy
B) The Spanish Inquisition
C) Germanic kingdoms
D) The French royal councils

Question 32

Which of the following helped form Luther's understanding of Christianity as relying only on faith, grace, and Scripture?

A) His successful tenure at the University of Wittenberg
B) His father's personal faith
C) His close reading of Plato in Greek
D) His study of Saint Paul's letters in the New Testament

Question 33

Which of these best describes England at the time of the death of Henry VII?

A) At war both domestically and internationally
B) At war domestically, but at peace internationally
C) At peace both domestically and internationally
D) At peace domestically but at war internationally

Question 34

According to Luther, how did one achieve salvation?

A) From all good works
B) Through missionary work
C) Through faith alone
D) By being predestined to receive it

Question 35

As Holy Roman emperor, Charles V inherited authority over diverse lands and viewed it as his particular duty to keep what unified?

A) Western Christendom
B) Scholastic education
C) Other royal marriages
D) The New World

Question 36

For Luther, what did "freedom" mean?

A) Personal liberty from all secular laws
B) Independence from the authority of the Roman Church
C) A total lack of any restrictions on religious beliefs
D) Free will and the rights of the individual

Question 37

Gender standards of the Renaissance required men in political power to be which of the following?

A) Financially independent
B) Young and healthy
C) Married
D) Born into the upper class

Question 38

The Inquisition established by Isabella and Ferdinand in Spain was particularly aimed at whom?

A) Humanist scholars who opposed the king's policies
B) Conversos
C) Tax collectors
D) Educated women

Question 39

By the fifteenth century, where were most African slaves in Europe found?

A) The Holy Roman Empire
B) Athens
C) The French countryside
D) Spain and Portugal

Question 40

One of the new roles for women in the Protestant world was to demonstrate which of the following?

A) The importance of women's literacy and education
B) The ability of women to preach effectively
C) The great success women could have by serving in a convent
D) The superiority of marriage over celibacy

Question 41

How did printing in the fifteenth century change the private lives of Europeans?

Question 42

The status of women changed dramatically as a result of the Reformation. In what ways were women affected? How can we explain these changes?

Question 43

How did the creator of this woodcut communicate his view that the selling of indulgences was deceitful?

A) He placed a dove above the head of the peddler.
B) He included a very large chest in which money was collected.
C) He placed the peddler on a donkey, which represents ignorance.
D) Those buying the indulgence appear overly eager.

Question 44

What percentage of those tried and executed as witches were women?

A) 10 to 20
B) 30 to 40
C) 45 to 55
D) 75 to 85

Question 45

Religion played a very important role in defining the political geography of Europe. Which areas of Europe remained predominantly Catholic? Lutheran? Calvinist? Did religious diversity exist? If so, where?

Question 46

What did Henry VIII of England use to transform his country into a Protestant state?

A) His army
B) Taxes on Catholics
C) Permission of the pope
D) Parliament

Question 47

Which of the following principles was central to Calvin's theology?

A) Free will
B) Predestination
C) Christian liberty
D) Justification by good works

Question 48

What was the basis of the urban wealth that financed the Renaissance?

Question 49

Describe the basic ideas of Calvinism. How are Calvin's reformation ideas different from those of Luther?

Question 50

Discuss how African slaves fit into the society and culture of Renaissance Europe.

Question 51

Under King Henry VIII, who was the head of the Church of England?

A) Henry VIII
B) Thomas More
C) The pope
D) Thomas Cromwell

Question 52

The Union of Utrecht was an alliance between whom?

A) Protestants and Catholics in the Netherlands
B) Philip II's Dutch and Spanish subjects
C) English and Dutch Protestants
D) Seven Protestant northern provinces of the Netherlands

Question 53

What was founded by Ignatius Loyola?

A) The Knights Templar
B) The Holy Office of the Inquisition
C) The Confraternity of Mary
D) The Society of Jesus, or Jesuits

Question 54

How did humanism, including Christian humanism, influence the Renaissance?

Question 55

In 1545, the papacy created what body to help plan the Church's response to the Reformation?

A) The Council of Augsburg
B) The Council of Trent
C) The Council of Worms
D) The Council of Rome

Question 56

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A) A declaration that expelled the Huguenots from France
B) An essay that called for expelling Jews from France
C) An agreement that established Catholicism as the state religion of France
D) A declaration that granted the Huguenots the right to public worship in 150 French towns

Question 57

What motivated German princes to support Martin Luther's challenge to the Roman Catholic hierarchy?

Question 58

In what ways were Martin Luther's ideas "humanist"?

Question 59

Why did some regions have more accusations, trials, and executions for witchcraft than others? What regions were most prone to "witch-hunts"?

Question 60

What was the Genevan Consistory?

A) The council of Swiss bishops who rejected Calvin's teachings
B) The pope's secret police and inquisitional body
C) A group of Calvinist pastors and laymen who monitored citizens' behavior
D) A group of Calvin's supporters who persecuted Catholics and Jews

Question 61

Use the following to answer questions :
debate about women

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 62

Use the following to answer questions :
humanism

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 63

Use the following to answer questions :
predestination

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 64

Use the following to answer questions :
Protestant Reformation

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 65

Use the following to answer questions :
indulgence

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 66

Use the following to answer questions :
Jesuits

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 67

Use the following to answer questions :
Huguenots

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 68

What was the status of women, both upper class and common, between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance? How did women's status change during the Renaissance? What does this reveal about Renaissance society in general?

Question 69

Use the following to answer questions :
Renaissance

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 70

Use the following to answer questions :
politiques

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 71

Use the following to answer questions :
witch-hunts

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 72

What were some of the reasons for lay feelings of anticlericalism in the early sixteenth century?

Question 73

Discuss the attempts-religious and secular-to reassert the unity of a Catholic Europe. Was this two-pronged offensive effective? Why or why not? In what ways did religion and politics work against each other?

Question 74

Use the following to answer questions :
Protestant

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 75

What were the guiding principles and basic tactics of the rulers of England, France, and Spain in their efforts to centralize their states? To what extent did these rulers rely on new policies and practices? Which of these monarchs was the most successful, and why?

Question 76

Describe Renaissance art. What were its themes and techniques? (Be sure to include relevant examples.) How were artists trained? What was their status in society? Who was their audience?

Question 77

Use the following to answer questions :
Christian humanists

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 78

Use the following to answer questions :
patronage

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.

Question 79

Use the following to answer questions :
Diet of Worms

A)A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century Italy and looked back to the classical past.
B)Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles.
C)A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature.
D)A group from northern Europe who thought that the best elements of classical and Christian cultures should be combined and saw such learning as a way to bring about reform of the church and deepen people's spiritual lives.
E)An argument about women's character, nature, and proper role in society that began in the later years of the fourteenth century and lasted for centuries.
F)A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church.
G)A document issued by the pope that substituted for earthly penance or time in purgatory.
H)An assembly of representatives from the territories of the Holy Roman Empire convened by Charles V in the city of Worms in 1521. It was here that Martin Luther refused to recant his writings.
I)Originally meaning "a follower of Luther," this term came to be generally applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.
J)Calvin's teaching that God decided at the beginning of time who could be saved and who damned, so people could not actively work to achieve salvation.
K)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through schools and missionary activity.
L)French Calvinists.
M)Catholic and Protestant moderates who sought to end the religious violence in France by restoring a strong monarchy and granting official recognition to the Huguenots.
N)Campaign against witchcraft in Europe and European colonies during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which hundreds of thousands of people, mostly women, were tried, and many of them executed.