Deck 16: Sex, Gender, and Personality

Question 1

The study of sex differences in psychology became popular in the

A)1920s.
B)1950s.
C)1990s.
D)1970s.

Answer 1

1970s.

Question 2

One's sexual or romantic attraction to the same or opposite sex is referred to as

A)gender identity.
B)sex.
C)gender.
D)sexual orientation.

Answer 2

sexual orientation.

Question 3

When we observe a sex difference where women score higher than men, we can conclude that

A)some men will score higher than most women.
B)most women will score higher than most men.
C)the difference is due to hormones.
D)there is a difference between men's average score and women's average score.

Answer 3

there is a difference between men's average score and women's average score.

Question 4

The fact that men are, on average, taller than women is best described by the term

A)adaptive problem.
B)sex difference.
C)gender stereotype.
D)gender difference.

Question 5

In an influential book, "The Psychology of Sex Differences," Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklyn argued that

A)men were slightly better at verbal tasks.
B)women were slightly better at object rotation tasks.
C)men were more aggressive than women.
D)men and women do not differ significantly in personality.

Question 6

The social interpretation of what it means to be a man or a woman is referred to as

A)gender.
B)social learning theory.
C)sex.
D)social role theory.

Question 7

An effect size of -.82 would be considered as between two groups.

A)moderate
B)no difference
C)small
D)large

Question 8

When interpreting effect sizes as they pertain to sex differences, it is important that they never be applied to

A)other cultures.
B)individuals.
C)actual groups of men and women.
D)children.

Question 9

The label of an individual as male or female based on physiology or anatomy is referred to as

A)sexual role theory.
B)sex.
C)gender.
D)sexual orientation.

Question 10

The "d" effect size statistic is interpreted as the

A)difference score between two samples.
B)mean difference between samples.
C)standard deviation of the sample.
D)average difference in units of standard deviations.

Question 11

Beliefs about the ways men and women differ, in contrast to actual differences, are called

A)gender differences.
B)gender stereotypes.
C)sex differences.
D)adaptive problems.

Question 12

The personal and psychological conception of oneself as a man or a woman is referred to as

A)sexual orientation.
B)gender.
C)gender identity.
D)sex.

Question 13

Feminist psychologists like Alice Eagly argue that it is impossible to ignore the study of sex differences since

A)science will show that the differences between men and women have been exaggerated and are minimal.
B)it is important to understand how gender stereotypes make men and women different from one another.
C)researchers need to be able to dismiss the role of sex differences in behaviour to advance the feminist agenda.
D)scientific and social change will be impossible without coming to terms with real sex differences between men and women.

Question 14

The idea that men are not capable of being nurturing is an example of a(n)

A)adaptive problem.
B)gender difference.
C)gender stereotype.
D)sex difference.

Question 15

Differences between men and women in terms of personality or behaviour without regard to the causes of those differences are called

A)gender stereotypes.
B)sex differences.
C)gender differences.
D)adaptive problems.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons some individuals have argued that studying sex differences is a potentially dangerous course of study?

A)Minimizing these differences may hamper the feminist agenda.
B)The findings may be used to support the status quo.
C)The findings may reflect gender stereotypes rather than real differences.
D)The findings may be used to support political agendas.

Question 17

An effect size of .51 would be considered as between two groups.

A)large
B)no difference
C)moderate
D)small

Question 18

The statistical technique of summarizes findings from many different studies.

A)qualitative analysis
B)meta-analysis
C)factor analysis
D)gender analysis

Question 19

The conclusion that any one sex difference is entirely natural or innate is

A)problematic.
B)controversial.
C)debatable.
D)impossible.

Question 20

The findings that women score higher in verbal ability and that men score higher in math ability have effect sizes that are considered

A)very large.
B)moderate.
C)large.
D)small.

Question 21

Women tend to score slightly higher than men on the facet of the conscientiousness personality trait.

A)order
B)scrupulous
C)responsibility
D)self-discipline

Question 22

Men tend to score higher than women on personality measures of

A)neuroticism.
B)conscientiousness.
C)warmth.
D)aggressiveness.

Question 23

Women tend to score higher than men on the facet of the emotional stability personality trait.

A)aggressiveness
B)anxiety
C)impulsivity
D)insecurity

Question 24

In addition to committing more homicides and violent crimes, Canadian men are also more likely than Canadian women to

A)be the victims of homicides.
B)commit more acts of relational aggression.
C)be the victims of relational aggression.
D)influence others to commit violent crimes.

Question 25

People who score high on the tender-mindedness facet of the agreeableness trait in the five-factor model of personality tend to

A)be nurturing and empathetic.
B)be psychologically fragile.
C)have a poor grasp of reality.
D)lack intelligence.

Question 26

A person's general self-evaluation is known as

A)overall self-concept.
B)domain-specific self-esteem.
C)global self-esteem.
D)self-esteem variability.

Question 27

Despite earlier findings, a large study of men and women, many Canadian, found only a slight sex difference in , with men scoring higher on average.

A)gregariousness
B)aggression
C)assertiveness
D)activity

Question 28

argues that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized.

A)The maximalist position
B)The moderation position
C)The minimalist position
D)The antifeminist position

Question 29

Brebner's international study of the basic emotions found that women experience emotion than men.

A)more frequently and less intensely
B)less frequently and less intensely
C)less frequently and more intensely
D)more frequently and more intensely

Question 30

Women tend to score higher than men on the facet of the agreeableness personality trait.

A)cooperative
B)tender-mindedness
C)activity
D)good-natured

Question 31

When we examine average sex differences between men and women, regardless of the size of those differences, it is important to remember that

A)researchers may upset someone by finding any particular sex difference between men and women.
B)sex differences may have political implications and must be interpreted very carefully.
C)the implications of average sex differences do not necessarily apply to any particular individual.
D)there is generally little overlap between distributions of male and female scores for any particular characteristic.

Question 32

In order to detect sex differences in conscientiousness, it is necessary to examine the

A)other related traits, such as industriousness.
B)changes in conscientiousness over time.
C)narrower aspects of the trait.
D)other Big Five traits.

Question 33

is a facet of extraversion that has been shown to have the largest sex difference between men and women.

A)Activity
B)Assertiveness
C)Talkativeness
D)Gregariousness

Question 34

Men commit about percent of all homicides that are committed worldwide.

A)60
B)70
C)80
D)90

Question 35

A proponent of a social role theory, Alice Eagly's views on the importance of sex differences are best characterized by the view.

A)feminist
B)undifferentiated
C)minimalist
D)maximalist

Question 36

The finding that men interrupt conversations more frequently than women do is consistent with research on sex differences for which of the following facets of extraversion?

A)Assertiveness
B)Activity
C)Impulsiveness
D)Trust

Question 37

Research on sex differences in openness to experience by Weisberg and colleagues (2011)suggests that women score higher on
________.
______ while men score higher on

A)imagination; creativity
B)openness; intellect
C)intellect; openness
D)openness to new ideas; creativity

Question 38

Overall, sex differences in self-esteem have been found to be

A)very large.
B)large.
C)moderate.
D)small.

Question 39

views sex differences as small and inconsequential.

A)The minimalist position
B)Social role theory
C)The maximalist position
D)Socialization theory

Question 40

Men and women show the least differences on the personality trait of in the five-factor model of personality.

A)openness
B)extraversion
C)emotional stability
D)agreeableness

Question 41

The greater rate of depression that women suffer as compared to men may be due to

A)increases in male happiness due an increased number of televised sports on cable television.
B)greater levels of "hostile masculinity" by males around the onset of puberty when heterosexual interaction increases.
C)increasing body dissatisfaction occurring around the onset of puberty when heterosexual interaction increases.
D)differences in brain structure between women and men that physiologically predisposes women to ruminate.

Question 42

Sex differences between men and women in terms of self-esteem

A)start occurring in childhood, continue increasing during adolescence, and increase steadily during adulthood.
B)are not present in childhood, begin to occur in adolescence, and steadily decrease during adulthood.
C)are slight in childhood, peak during the teenage years, and steadily decrease during adulthood.
D)are extremely large during childhood and decrease over the remainder of the life span.

Question 43

Two-dimensional measures of gender have been criticized because

A)there are too many undifferentiated people.
B)there are so few androgynous people.
C)it is impossible to establish validity for two dimensions of personality simultaneously.
D)recent research suggests that masculinity-femininity is a single dimension.

Question 44

The gender gap in self-esteem appears to be higher in countries that are

A)wealthier.
B)more authoritarian.
C)more egalitarian.
D)more culturally diverse.

Question 45

refers to the traits involved with getting tasks completed in a direct, independent fashion, being self-sufficient, and working with objects.

A)Expressiveness
B)Instrumentality
C)Gender schema
D)Tender-mindedness

Question 46

Depressed women are more likely to than depressed men.

A)become socially withdrawn
B)act aggressively
C)commit suicide with a firearm
D)seek treatment

Question 47

Approximately percent of adult women and
_ percent of adult men
Will have at least one episode of depression during their lives.

A)30; 20
B)15; 5
C)25; 10
D)20; 20

Question 48

One of the largest differences in sexuality between men and women is found in their interest in

A)sex.
B)safe sex.
C)specific sex acts.
D)casual sex.

Question 49

Some researchers speculate that explains gender differences between men and women for depression.

A)differences on the trait of trust
B)hormones
C)genetic susceptibility
D)rumination

Question 50

Pat has a garage full of tools; loves to throw big dinner parties for friends; is very assertive at work; and likes to be self-sufficient. One often finds Pat working on his own or friends' cars. He will spend hours listening to friends' problems or nurturing students he tutors after work. Pat most likely scores towards the end of the Bem sex
Role inventory.

A)undifferentiated
B)masculinity
C)androgynous
D)femininity

Question 51

The idea that women view close relationships as a more central part of their identity is

A)most related to differences in self-esteem.
B)consistent with the feminine mystique stereotype.
C)supported by research on the people-things dimension.
D)related to sex differences in the agreeableness personality trait.

Question 52

Psychologist Janet Spence now views her measure of sex roles as more of a measure of

A)gender stereotypes.
B)androgyny.
C)people versus things.
D)instrumentality and expressiveness.

Question 53

A person who is androgynous scores

A)high on both masculinity and femininity.
B)high on femininity and low on masculinity.
C)low on both masculinity and femininity.
D)high on masculinity and low on femininity.

Question 54

If a person focuses repeatedly on his or her symptoms and the causes of that distress, the person may be involved in

A)regression.
B)rehabilitation.
C)recidivism.
D)rumination.

Question 55

The dimension contains items related to nurturance, empathy, and emotional expression.

A)sociosexuality
B)people-things
C)femininity
D)masculinity

Question 56

Fraternal twins Jack and Jill have been raised in the same environment. Jill aspires to become a clinical psychologist while Jack intends to be a mechanical engineer. Their career choices most likely are due to sex differences that are expressed by their scores on the dimension of personality.

A)need for achievement
B)Machiavellianism
C)openness to experience
D)people-things

Question 57

Research on sex differences in men and women in terms of depression

A)finds that the depression differences are due to differences on the people-things dimension.
B)fails to find consistent differences.
C)finds that women tend to be more depressed than men.
D)finds that men tend to be more depressed than women.

Question 58

If we think of masculinity-femininity as a single bipolar dimension

A)we must assume hormonal origins of these traits.
B)a person can be both masculine and feminine.
C)a person cannot score high on both masculinity and femininity.
D)a person must be more masculine or more feminine.

Question 59

The dimension contains items related to assertiveness, dominance, and instrumentality.

A)people-things
B)masculinity
C)sociosexuality
D)femininity

Question 60

Sex differences in depression between men and women are observed

A)across the life span.
B)mostly in adolescence and adulthood.
C)only in childhood.
D)mostly in old age.

Question 61

Social learning theory is a variant of the theory.

A)socialization
B)hormonal
C)social role
D)evolutionary

Question 62

Roberta Bondar, the first Canadian woman in space, illustrates the relatively recent gender stereotype of women as

A)achievement oriented.
B)politically-oriented.
C)power figures.
D)assertive and career-minded.

Question 63

Gender discrimination against men has been found

A)in legal settings.
B)in medical settings.
C)when buying cars.
D)in book reviews.

Question 64

Being transgender (or trans)means that a person's gender identity differs from conventional expectations based on

A)the clothing they wear on a regular basis.
B)the sex assigned to them at birth.
C)the physical characteristics they adopt in adulthood.
D)the gender roles assigned to them in childhood.

Question 65

According to Canadian research, one of the most significant factors in suicidal ideation among transgender adults is

A)personal experience with transphobia.
B)lack of representation in the media.
C)implicit stereotyping.
D)job discrimination.

Question 66

The Trans PULSE Project in Ontario, a large study of adults who identify as transgender, found that _ % reported having seriously considered suicide in the past year.

A)25
B)30
C)35
D)40

Question 67

The renaming of masculinity and femininity as instrumentality and expressiveness is important because

A)it removes the implicit association between these terms and sex or gender.
B)expressiveness and instrumentality are more positive terms.
C)it recognizes that the research on masculinity and femininity is all wrong.
D)it prevents people from stereotyping.

Question 68

Research on gender stereotypes

A)consistently finds that men are seen as less instrumental.
B)consistently finds that men and women are seen as equally instrumental.
C)consistently finds that men are seen as more instrumental.
D)finds that they differ too much across cultures to make generalizations.

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a component of gender stereotypes?

A)Behavioural
B)Affective
C)Cognitive
D)Perceptual

Question 70

Showing emotions, empathy, and nurturance is associated with the trait of

A)global self-esteem.
B)expressiveness.
C)rumination.
D)instrumentality.

Question 71

The stigma associated with being transgender has been associated with

A)experiencing barriers to addiction services.
B)job discrimination.
C)depression.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 72

Gender dysphoria describes a condition in which one's sex or gender assigned at birth causes significant

A)distress and impairment.
B)anxiety.
C)depression.
D)anger.

Question 73

Research on gender discrimination has found that

A)women are more likely to be recommended for heart surgery.
B)discrimination always favours men.
C)women are quoted higher prices on new automobiles.
D)women are more likely to get negative book reviews in Contemporary Psychology.

Question 74

Thinking of men as either "dads" or "cads" is an example of

A)gender differences.
B)social learning theory.
C)sex differences.
D)social categories.

Question 75

theory describes sex differences in behaviour as due to differences in how they are reinforced for different behaviours.

A)Social role
B)Evolutionary
C)Socialization
D)Hormonal

Question 76

Gender-based discrimination is an example of the component of gender stereotypes.

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioural
D)perceptual

Question 77

The idea that boys learn masculine behaviours by observing men is most indicative of the theory.

A)evolutionary
B)socialization
C)social learning
D)hormonal

Question 78

Researchers who used to view androgyny as ideal now consider , that is, not to use gender and sex-linkage at all in one's processing of social information, as best.

A)gender-aschematic thinking
B)femininity
C)undifferentiated gender
D)masculinity

Question 79

The cognitive orientations that lead people to process information on the basis of sex-linked associations are known as

A)gender stereotypes.
B)masculinity-femininity.
C)gender schemata.
D)sex differences.

Question 80

Research on gender stereotype subtypes has found that

A)the structure and number of male and female gender stereotype subtypes are very different.
B)gender stereotypes are univariate constructs.
C)gender stereotype subtypes are psychologically equivalent for males and females.
D)gender stereotypes can be divided into an equal number of subtypes for each sex.