Deck 17: Culture and Personality

Question 1

The question of whether personality characteristics are universal addresses the level of analysis.

A)individual differences
B)individual uniqueness
C)group differences
D)human nature

Answer 1

human nature

Question 2

The bulky clothes that people in far northern cultures often wear is an example of

A)evoked culture.
B)transmitted culture.
C)cultural universals.
D)a culture of honour.

Answer 2

evoked culture.

Question 3

Nisbett and his colleagues have proposed the notion that a(n)is a variable based upon defending oneself against aggression evoked by other individuals in the environment.

A)culture of honour
B)provoked environment
C)elicited culture
D)den of inequity

Answer 3

culture of honour

Question 4

Research suggests that cooperative cultures develop

A)where resources are less variable.
B)where resources are more variable.
C)in cooler climates.
D)in warmer climates.

Question 5

Cultural characteristics that start out as ideas are most likely examples of

A)transmitted culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)elicited culture.
D)evoked culture.

Question 6

Children raised in unpredictable environments are more likely to

A)pursue a short-term mating strategy.
B)develop narcissistic personalities.
C)pursue a long-term mating strategy.
D)expect to be married throughout adulthood.

Question 7

Characteristics that are universally common to all people, but only evident in some cultures are examples of

A)evoked culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)elicited culture.
D)transmitted culture.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic for cultures that emphasize chastity to their children? They are more likely to

A)have many divorces.
B)invest in their children.
C)have many stable marriages.
D)become extinct.

Question 9

The proclivity of evoked mating strategies to vary cross-culturally may be based upon differences in the

A)the level of the equality between men and women across cultures.
B)in the geographical factors that vary across cultures.
C)value placed on chastity and parental investment across cultures.
D)relative value of women across different cultures.

Question 10

Egalitarianism is associated with

A)low-variance conditions.
B)high-variance conditions.
C)cultures of honour.
D)agricultural cultures.

Question 11

The X people live in a desert where the temperature often exceeds 38 degrees Celsius. They wear lightweight, loose robes and large-brimmed hats. The X people's mode of dress is an example of

A)transmitted culture.
B)evoked culture.
C)elicited culture.
D)cultural universals.

Question 12

Evoked cooperation is usually the result of conditions in the environment.

A)medium variance
B)low variance
C)no variance
D)high variance

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of cultural personality psychology? To discover

A)the principles underlying cultural diversity.
B)how individual humans differ.
C)how culture shapes personality.
D)how human psychology shapes culture.

Question 14

Environmental conditions are most responsible for

A)cultural universals.
B)transmitted culture.
C)elicited culture.
D)evoked culture.

Question 15

Among lowland Yanomamö men, one of the LEAST desirable personality characteristics is

A)low self-esteem.
B)aggressiveness.
C)cowardice.
D)neuroticism.

Question 16

Tooby and Cosmides define cultural variations as within-group

A)differences and between-group similarities.
B)similarities and between-group differences.
C)differences and between-group differences.
D)similarities and between-group similarities.

Question 17

If every day all the hunters in a tribe successfully return from the daily hunting expedition with plenty of slain animals, there will be ________ due to the _.

A)much evoked cooperation; high-variance conditions
B)little evoked cooperation; low-variance conditions
C)little evoked cooperation; high-variance conditions
D)much evoked cooperation; low-variance conditions

Question 18

Almost all members of the Bleeminese tribe go bowling. However, it is rare for a member of the Bloopine tribe to bowl at all. This difference in behaviour between the two tribes represents a cultural

A)norm.
B)variation.
C)deviation.
D)stratification.

Question 19

Jay Belsky and his colleagues believe that an early environment with harsh, rejecting, and inconsistent child rearing practices, and erratic parental investment will foster

A)in children the desire to constantly evoke cooperation across all environmental conditions.
B)in children an impulsive personality and a mating strategy marked by early reproduction.
C)highly cooperative children with mating strategies marked by delayed reproduction.
D)unconscientious children that have lower levels of formal education.

Question 20

High-variance conditions are most associated with

A)social inequality.
B)sharing.
C)independence.
D)aggression.

Question 21

Canadian research has shown that Chinese adolescents who immigrated to Canada are more likely to label themselves as compared to Canadian-born adolescents.

A)interdependent
B)Canadian
C)Chinese
D)collectivistic

Question 22

Which of the following moral ideas is most widely accepted across cultures?

A)Beating one's wife is wrong.
B)Combing one's hair during a thunderstorm is wrong.
C)Incest is wrong.
D)Eating pork is wrong.

Question 23

Collectivist cultures are similar to cultures.

A)individualist
B)introverted
C)independent
D)interdependent

Question 24

People in Eastern cultures tend to use more to describe themselves.

A)relational statements
B)global adjectives
C)attitudinal statements
D)personal adjectives

Question 25

The idea that it is wrong to eat beef is an example of

A)evoked culture.
B)transmitted culture.
C)reactive culture.
D)Balkanization.

Question 26

The cultural task of involves how you are affiliated with, attached to, or engaged in the larger group of which you are a member.

A)independence
B)collectivism
C)interdependence
D)individualism

Question 27

The Bleeminese, a little known culture located northeast of Pixley, have a set of coming-of-age rituals that include watching 50 hours of Green Acres reruns, dressing like Arnold the Pig, reciting the secret Bleem chants, and other strenuous tasks. The Bleeminese have passed down their coming-of-age ceremony to each 12-year-old Bleem who, in turn, will make sure to pass on the tradition to their children. This Bleeminese
Ritual is an example of

A)transmitted culture.
B)evoked culture.
C)cultural universals.
D)elicited culture.

Question 28

Which of the following descriptions is more typical of a person from a non-Western culture?

A)I am submissive.
B)I am agreeable.
C)I am self-reliant.
D)I am Mary's brother.

Question 29

is the process of adapting to the ways of life and beliefs that are common in one's new culture.

A)Emancipation
B)Acculturation
C)Emaciation
D)Acclamation

Question 30

Western cultures tend to emphasize the cultural task of more than non-Western cultures.

A)interdependence
B)independence
C)cultural transmission
D)evoking culture

Question 31

Nisbett's notion of a "culture of honour" is an example of

A)transmitted culture.
B)independence.
C)evoked culture.
D)interdependence.

Question 32

In a study by Nisbett, were more likely to respond to insults with aggression.

A)southerners
B)people from independent cultures
C)northerners
D)people from interdependent cultures

Question 33

A study of Asian Americans living in New York who did not identify themselves as Asian found that they used more

A)abstract and autonomous self-statements.
B)self-descriptive adjectives than Euro-Americans if they identified themselves as Asian.
C)social role adjectives than Euro-Americans.
D)self-descriptive adjectives than Euro-Americans.

Question 34

North American children's judgments of right and wrong

A)are extremely similar to adult judgments by age five.
B)have been diluted significantly by the media.
C)are more similar to their grandparents than parents.
D)do not reflect adult judgments until adolescence.

Question 35

Nisbett has attributed greater aggression among Southerners to

A)false politeness.
B)the greater need to protect resources that could easily be stolen.
C)transmitted culture.
D)the warmer southern climate.

Question 36

Cultural differences are most apparent in

A)expression of emotions.
B)the dimensional structure of personality traits.
C)recognizing emotion expressions.
D)self-concepts.

Question 37

According to Nisbett, honour is most important in

A)agricultural cultures.
B)cultures with high variance in resources.
C)cultures with low variance in resources.
D)herding cultures.

Question 38

Culturally transmitted ideas about morality are first evident in

A)adulthood.
B)infancy.
C)adolescence.
D)childhood.

Question 39

Compared to Chinese adolescents born in Canada, the personal self-esteem of immigrated Chinese adolescents was more closely tied to their

A)collective self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)collective self-concept.
D)collectivistic cultural orientation.

Question 40

According to Markus and Kitayama, people in themselves in reference to their larger cultural group.
Are more likely to think of

A)Canada
B)Zaire
C)Japan
D)England

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the interdependence-independence and collectivist-individualistic concepts?

A)There is a considerable overlap in the self-concepts of people from different cultures.
B)Characterizing cultures in broad cultural dichotomies may be overly simplistic.
C)Cross-cultural research is almost always conducted on college students.
D)Cross-cultural theories are almost always conducted between North America and East Asia and, thus, may not be generalized about other cultures.

Question 42

Differences in the ways Western and non-Western people describe themselves are most likely due to

A)genes.
B)evolution.
C)hormones.
D)cultural transmission.

Question 43

Oyserman and her colleagues speculate that humans have evolved mechanisms so that

A)when resources are scarce and mobility is low, individuals will strive for independence.
B)when resources are abundant and mobility is high, individuals will be interdependent.
C)individuals will choose either individualistic or interdependent self-concepts depending on the fitness advantage of that strategy.
D)individuals are born with mechanisms to fit into the culture they are born into.

Question 44

Research suggests that, as compared to people from non-Western cultures, North Americans tend to

A)use less self-enhancement.
B)experience themselves more negatively.
C)express themselves more positively.
D)use context-dependent descriptions.

Question 45

According to Canadian research, seeing oneself as part of a natural order is an example of which type of self-construal?

A)metapersonal
B)collectivistic
C)interdependent
D)independent

Question 46

The representation of the self within a much broader context, such as the global community, humankind, the planet, or the cosmos describes a(n)

A)metapersonal self-construal.
B)independent self-construal.
C)interdependent self-construal.
D)collectivistic self-construal.

Question 47

A study of Chinese students' self-descriptions found that they

A)described themselves independent of the situation.
B)typically described themselves by referring specifically to other people.
C)described themselves within the context of the situation.
D)described themselves as being pretty ordinary.

Question 48

Research has found that Japanese college students give North American university students.

A)longer self-descriptions
B)fewer context-dependent self-descriptions
C)more context-dependent self-descriptions
D)shorter self-descriptions

Question 49

Findings by Davis and Stroink (2016)suggest that a metapersonal self-construal leads to ________, which in turn contributes to _.

A)feelings of connectedness with nature; higher within-person reliability in environmentalism
B)feelings of connectedness with nature; pro-environmental behaviour
C)a biospheric value orientation; a collectivistic cultural orientation
D)conservation behaviours; a pro-environmental value orientation

Question 50

Research suggests that American students are more likely to describe themselves as ________ when compared to Japanese students.

A)ordinary
B)eccentric
C)special
D)related to someone

Question 51

Compared to Asian Americans who did not identify themselves as Asian, those who did identify as Asian were more similar to in their self-descriptions.

A)Chinese respondents who were less 'westernized'
B)American respondents
C)Chinese respondents
D)Chinese respondents with a high collectivistic cultural orientation

Question 52

A biospheric value orientation, which focuses on the inherent value of the environment, has been associated with having a high

A)interdependent self-construal.
B)metapersonal self-construal.
C)conservation orientation.
D)environmental self-concept.

Question 53

People in cultures are more likely to give priority to personal goals.

A)variable resource
B)collectivist
C)herding
D)individualist

Question 54

Compared to North Americans, Japanese individuals tend to explain events ________ with attention to relationships, contacts, and links to the object as a whole.

A)mechanically
B)holistically
C)analytically
D)statistically

Question 55

The tendency to present oneself using positive attributes is known as

A)self-enhancement.
B)acculturation.
C)an independent strategy.
D)an interdependent strategy.

Question 56

Research has found that, compared to North American participants, Asian participants are more likely to

A)describe themselves individualistically.
B)use less positive self-descriptive adjectives.
C)use more spontaneous positive statements about themselves.
D)score lower on measures of self-esteem.

Question 57

North Americans tend to explain events with the object detached from its context, attributes of objects, or people assigned to categories, and with a reliance on rules about the categories to describe behaviour.

A)holistically
B)statistically
C)mechanically
D)analytically

Question 58

Canadian research suggests that may play an important role in environmental conservation efforts.

A)collectivistic cultural orientations
B)acculturation
C)metapersonal self-construal
D)interdependent self-construal

Question 59

Canadian research has shown that while interdependent self-construal is associated with ________, metapersonal self-construal is associated with _.

A)resource sharing and environmentalism; resource cooperation
B)resource cooperation; resource sharing and environmentalism
C)resource cooperation; resource competition
D)resource competition; resource sharing

Question 60

Monique tends to see herself as part of an interconnected and complex web of life, in which she recognizes her relationship to other living things. Monique likely has a high

A)collective self-esteem.
B)interdependent self-construal.
C)metapersonal self-construal.
D)collectivistic cultural orientation.

Question 61

Margaret Mead argued

A)that historical eras were important to culture.
B)for within-culture variation.
C)for cultural universals.
D)against cultural universals.

Question 62

Pinker argues that people in different cultures

A)express emotions similarly.
B)cannot recognize emotions cross-culturally.
C)use different words to talk about their emotions.
D)experience different emotions.

Question 63

People are able to identify facial expressions of basic emotions made by North Americans.

A)in New Guinea
B)in Japan
C)universally
D)in Germany

Question 64

Assuming that a cognitive bias is characteristic of all people is an example of

A)implicitly assuming that research findings are not universally applicable.
B)implicitly assuming that research findings are universally applicable.
C)explicitly assuming that research findings are not universally applicable.
D)explicitly assuming that research findings are universally applicable.

Question 65

Differences in historical eras are most likely to affect

A)acculturation.
B)within-culture variation.
C)cultural universals.
D)cultural variation.

Question 66

People from social classes tend to emphasize the importance of obedience to authority.

A)middle
B)elite
C)lower
D)higher

Question 67

Recent research suggests that

A)some of the cultural differences observed by Mead were inaccurate.
B)cultural universals are more important than cultural differences.
C)within-culture variation is much smaller than between culture variation.
D)the idea of cultural universals is untenable.

Question 68

Williams and Best found that most trait adjectives were rated as

A)neutral.
B)masculine or feminine.
C)negative.
D)positive.

Question 69

The following are all examples of how psychological research has NOT supported the generalizability of WEIRD populations EXCEPT

A)the finding that Western cultures are more analytic, while Eastern cultures are more holistic.
B)the finding that acculturation in Western cultures has been associated with an increased emphasis on individualism and the self.
C)the finding that Americans are the most individualistic people in the world, even within a Western context.
D)the finding that college and university students differ significantly than non-student populations.

Question 70

was one of the first to suggest that emotions are universal.

A)Larsen
B)Mead
C)Darwin
D)Markus

Question 71

Kohn found that men from lower social classes than men from higher social classes.

A)were more self-directed
B)had greater intellectual flexibility
C)showed lower levels of conformity
D)emphasized greater obedience to authority

Question 72

The German word "schadenfreude" describes

A)grief.
B)pleasure in another's misfortune.
C)sadness.
D)the fifth factor of personality in Germany.

Question 73

When referring to populations used in psychological research, WEIRD stands for

A)Western, educated, intelligent, rich, and democratic
B)Western, European, industrialized, rich, and democratic
C)White, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
D)Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

Question 74

Which of the following is probably NOT a cultural universal?

A)Prohibitions against incest.
B)Division of labour by sex.
C)Prohibition against spousal abuse.
D)Facial expressions of basic emotions.

Question 75

Kohn found that differences in conformity and self-direction

A)were the result of self-enhancement.
B)varied more within cultures.
C)varied more between cultures.
D)were best predicted by independence-interdependence.

Question 76

It is estimated that approximately of all psychology citations come from the United States.

A)30%
B)50%
C)70%
D)90%

Question 77

Expressions of basic emotions are an example of

A)evoked culture.
B)cultural universals.
C)transmitted culture.
D)elicited culture.

Question 78

Men from higher social classes in _ cultures tended to have low levels of conformity, more self-direction, and have greater intellectual flexibility than did men from lower social classes.

A)collectivist
B)interdependent
C)individualist
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 79

Most cultures agree that the trait of ______ is more associated with women.

A)activeness
B)conceitedness
C)independence
D)emotionality

Question 80

Most cultures agree that the trait of is more associated with men.

A)arrogance
B)affection
C)appreciativeness
D)fearfulness