Deck 11: Motives and Personality

Question 1

The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation is termed

A)apperception.
B)integration.
C)self-actualization.
D)motivation.

Answer 1

apperception.

Question 2

The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by

A)Freud.
B)Murray.
C)Maslow.
D)Rorschach.

Answer 2

Murray.

Question 3

Which term best describes an internal state that arouses and directs behaviour toward specific objects or goals?

A)Press
B)Motive
C)Desire
D)Need

Answer 3

Motive

Question 4

An important feature of the Thematic Apperception Test is that it is

A)easily scored.
B)popular among clinicians.
C)highly reliable.
D)ambiguous.

Question 5

Why do we think of motives as dynamic?

A)Gender differences have been found in some motives.
B)Levels decrease with age.
C)Motives interact with one another within a person.
D)Everyone has at least two motives.

Question 6

From a theoretical point of view, motives are like dispositions in that

A)differences in motives are associated with important life outcomes.
B)differences between people are measurable.
C)people differ from one another in terms of type and strength of motives.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

The idea that people have different levels of different needs is known as

A)press.
B)the need tree.
C)motive constellations.
D)the hierarchy of needs.

Question 8

What early challenge did Wayne Gretzky overcome by using it as a source of motivation?

A)a leg injury
B)criticism from his father
C)a negative body image
D)jealousy from other players

Question 9

Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test in the

A)1950s.
B)1930s.
C)1970s.
D)1860s.

Question 10

Henry Murray was a

A)priest before turning to work on motivation.
B)physician, embryologist, and biochemist
C)entrepreneur
D)lawyer

Question 11

The Thematic Apperception Test is a(n)

A)intelligence inventory.
B)self-report questionnaire.
C)psychopathology index.
D)projective test.

Question 12

Henry Murray assumed that needs varied

A)between people.
B)by situation.
C)over time.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Motives satisfy needs with

A)behaviours.
B)thoughts and fantasies.
C)thoughts, fantasies, and behaviours.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Beta press refers to the

A)objective features of the environment.
B)subjective features of the environment.
C)strength of a motive.
D)strength of a need.

Question 15

Motivational psychologists ask which of the following questions?

A)What do people want?
B)What are people like?
C)What do people do?
D)Why do people like what they like?

Question 16

refers to the objective features of the environment.

A)Alpha press
B)A motive
C)Beta press
D)A need

Question 17

Which term below best describes a state of tension within a person usually caused by a lack of something?

A)Need
B)Beta press
C)Motive
D)Alpha press

Question 18

Murray's list included _ needs.

A)more than 10
B)five
C)eight
D)three

Question 19

Which of these psychologists was the first to develop a modern theory of motivation?

A)Maslow
B)Rogers
C)Murray
D)McClelland

Question 20

According to Murray, people might purposely increase tension

A)because they wanted attention from others.
B)only if they suffered from mental illness.
C)because the process of reducing tension can be pleasurable.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 21

Some researchers have criticized the Thematic Apperception Test because

A)it has poor internal reliability.
B)scores from different pictures do not correlate highly.
C)it has poor test-retest reliability.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 22

Independence training is thought to increase

A)need for achievement.
B)need for power.
C)need for intimacy.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 23

Which of the following motives is associated with poor health when inhibited?

A)Power
B)Intimacy
C)Achievement
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 24

The Multi-Motive Grid is

A)the idea that our needs and motives influence apperception.
B)a relatively new technique used to assess motives.
C)a procedure used to access alpha press and beta press.
D)a term used to describe the interconnected relationship between motives.

Question 25

The name most associated with research on the need for power is

A)Winter.
B)Maslow.
C)McAdams.
D)McClelland.

Question 26

People who score high on implicit measures of achievement motivation do especially well in

A)relationships.
B)university classes.
C)business.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 27

People high in the need for power are very concerned with

A)making an impact on other people.
B)altruistic acts.
C)a desire for relationships.
D)making money.

Question 28

Jody Wilson-Raybould, Canada's current Minister of Justice and Attorney General, is a good example of someone who is high in

A)goal achievement.
B)intimacy motivation.
C)achievement motivation.
D)power motivation.

Question 29

Spangler found that the was a better predictor of the long-term effects of motives and the was a better predictor of the short-term effects of motives.

A)Thematic Apperception Test; questionnaire method
B)questionnaire method; Thematic Apperception Test
C)Thematic Apperception Test; interview method
D)interview method; Thematic Apperception Test

Question 30

Men tend to score women on measures of the need for power.

A)higher than
B)about the same as
C)lower than
D)both higher and lower, depending on the measurement tool than

Question 31

who score high on the need for power tend to be more impulsive and aggressive.

A)Both men and women
B)People who score high on the need for achievement and
C)Women
D)Men

Question 32

The name most associated with research on the need for achievement is

A)Winter.
B)McAdams.
C)Maslow.
D)McClelland.

Question 33

People who score high on the need for achievement prefer tasks with a level of difficulty.

A)high
B)low
C)moderate
D)None of the choices are correct; it all depends on the task

Question 34

The late Steve Jobs is a good example of someone who is high in

A)intimacy motivation.
B)achievement motivation.
C)self-actualization.
D)power motivation.

Question 35

People who score high on the need for achievement

A)prefer moderately challenging activities.
B)prefer tasks where feedback is available.
C)enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for outcomes.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 36

People high in the need for achievement are very concerned with

A)helping other people.
B)making money.
C)having impact.
D)doing things better.

Question 37

Men tend to have levels of achievement motivation compared to women.

A)equal
B)much higher
C)lower
D)slightly higher

Question 38

The name most associated with research on the need for intimacy is

A)Maslow.
B)Winter.
C)McClelland.
D)McAdams.

Question 39

The "Big Three" motives are

A)competence, sex, and aggression.
B)achievement, power, and intimacy.
C)sex, aggression, and play.
D)self-esteem, self-expression, and reality.

Question 40

McClelland described two different types of motivation:

A)implicit motivation and self-attributed motivation.
B)conscious motivation and unconscious motivation.
C)alpha press and beta press.
D)internal motivation and external motivation.

Question 41

People who score high on the need for intimacy are very concerned with

A)a desire for understanding.
B)having impact.
C)a desire for relationships.
D)making money.

Question 42

High levels of have been associated with having a satisfying job and family life.

A)the need for achievement
B)the need for power
C)the need for intimacy
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 43

Who theorized a "hierarchy of needs"?

A)Winter
B)Rogers
C)McClelland
D)Maslow

Question 44

Canadian research has shown that Indian-Canadian adolescents are more ________ compared to their Indian counterparts, while Indian adolescents are more ________
Compared to Indian-Canadians.

A)intrinsically motivated; extrinsically motivated
B)individuated; discreet
C)achievement oriented; intimacy oriented
D)extrinsically motivated; intrinsically motivated

Question 45

The humanistic tradition is most associated with the

A)need for achievement.
B)motive to self-actualize.
C)need for power.
D)need for intimacy.

Question 46

Examples of safety needs are

A)food and air.
B)love and acceptance.
C)respect and achievement.
D)shelter and security.

Question 47

Which of the following is a growth motive?

A)Achievement
B)Intimacy
C)Self-actualization
D)Power

Question 48

Examples of physiological needs are

A)respect and achievement.
B)shelter and security.
C)love and acceptance.
D)food and air.

Question 49

The humanist tradition emphasizes

A)free will.
B)growth.
C)personal responsibility.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

Women tend to score higher than men on measures of

A)need for intimacy.
B)need for power.
C)need for achievement.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

Research from McGill University has demonstrated that the promotion of autonomy and independence by parents

A)supports goal achievement in young adults.
B)interferes with teamwork and cooperation in young adults.
C)contributes to higher power motivation in young adults.
D)can interfere with achievement when provided in excess.

Question 52

Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following correctly lists needs from weakest to strongest?

A)Physiological, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-actualization
B)Physiological, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Self-actualization
C)Self-actualization, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Physiological
D)Self-actualization, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Physiological

Question 53

Behaviours that are self-determined and based on inherent satisfaction are considered

A)innate.
B)extrinsically motivated.
C)intrinsically motivated.
D)individuated.

Question 54

People who score high on the need for intimacy tend to

A)be extraverted too.
B)be physically attractive.
C)have more friends than people who score low in the need for intimacy.
D)have a few close friends.

Question 55

Behaviours that are performed for instrumental reasons are considered

A)intrinsically motivated.
B)situational.
C)extrinsically motivated.
D)socially motivated.

Question 56

Compared to the behaviourist tradition, the humanistic tradition places ________ emphasis on free will.

A)more
B)about the same
C)less
D)more or less, depending on the particular humanistic theorist

Question 57

Canadian research has suggested that a more collectivistic cultural orientation is associated with

A)greater intrinsic motivation.
B)greater intimacy motivation.
C)greater extrinsic motivation.
D)lower power motivation.

Question 58

is a stronger predictor of success and positive psychological outcomes compared to ______ .

A)Intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
B)Extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
C)Power motivation; achievement motivation
D)The situation; innate ability

Question 59

Research on acculturation and achievement has suggested that is associated with lower academic achievement among Indian-Canadian adolescents.

A)intimacy motivation
B)extrinsic motivation
C)power motivation
D)intrinsic motivation

Question 60

Compared to the psychoanalytic tradition, the humanistic tradition is more ________ about human nature.

A)pessimistic
B)open-minded
C)optimistic
D)confused

Question 61

A study described in the text suggests that, according to Maslow's hierarchy, people working on higher level needs compared to people working on more basic needs.

A)sleep more
B)are less happy
C)are no different in terms of happiness
D)are happier

Question 62

People who are self-actualizing are usually

A)wealthy.
B)creative.
C)famous.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 63

is defined as a subjective state that people report when they are completely involved in something to the point of forgetting time, fatigue, and everything else but the activity itself.

A)Flow
B)A peak experience
C)Self-actualization
D)A mystical experience

Question 64

Rogers described the need to be loved and accepted by parents and others as the desire for

A)positive regard.
B)intimacy.
C)attachment.
D)conditions of worth.

Question 65

Rogers believed that have the potential to self-actualize.

A)most people
B)all people
C)only those who undergo client-centred therapy
D)very few people

Question 66

Maslow referred to the momentary feeling of extreme wonder, awe, and vision as

A)self-actualization.
B)flow.
C)a peak experience.
D)a mystical experience.

Question 67

Maslow thought that about percent of people are working primarily on self-actualization needs.

A)1
B)50
C)25
D)10

Question 68

A fully functioning person

A)has met physiological and safety needs.
B)is moving towards self-actualization.
C)has achieved self-actualization.
D)rejects experiences that are incongruent with that person's goals.

Question 69

Maslow thought that needs.
Needs are usually satisfied before people work on other

A)safety
B)esteem
C)self-actualization
D)physiological

Question 70

What term best describes a person becoming everything he or she is capable of being?

A)Positive regard
B)Self-actualization
C)Self-esteem
D)The idiographic approach

Question 71

Rogers believed that the natural human state was to be

A)miserable.
B)fully self-actualized.
C)slightly unhappy.
D)fully functioning.

Question 72

Examples of esteem needs are

A)food and air.
B)respect and achievement.
C)love and acceptance.
D)shelter and security.

Question 73

Maslow conducted case studies on individuals

A)in over a dozen countries.
B)at each of the hierarchically organized levels.
C)he believed to be self-actualizing or self-actualized.
D)he knew personally.

Question 74

A parent may withhold love from a child unless they earn good grades. Rogers would cite this as an example of

A)bullying.
B)low need for intimacy.
C)conditions of worth.
D)positive regard.

Question 75

Needs at the of Maslow's hierarchy are the strongest.

A)middle
B)top
C)bottom
D)top and at the bottom

Question 76

Loneliness is a sign that needs are not being satisfied.

A)esteem
B)belongingness
C)safety
D)self-actualization

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizing people?

A)They are creative.
B)They have an affinity for solitude.
C)They are well enculturated.
D)They are spontaneous.

Question 78

Who developed client-centred therapy?

A)Rogers
B)Murray
C)McClelland
D)Maslow

Question 79

According to Rogers, people who experience many conditions of worth may

A)distort their shortcomings.
B)work for the approval of others.
C)deny their feelings.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 80

Experiences of flow can be markers of which of Maslow's stages in the hierarchy?

A)peak experiences
B)self-actualization
C)esteem
D)belongingness