Deck 3: Sensation and Perception

Question 1

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same physical dimensions, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as _____________.

A) size constancy
B) shape constancy
C) brightness constancy
D) color constancy

Answer 1

size constancy

Question 2

Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become ______.

A) more detailed in the distance
B) more detailed as brightness increases
C) less detailed in the distance
D) less detailed when it is brighter

Answer 2

less detailed in the distance

Question 3

Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil?

A) iris
B) lens
C) retina
D) sclera

Answer 3

iris

Question 4

Conduction hearing impairment refers to hearing problems that originate in the ____________.

A) outer ear
B) inner ear
C) eardrum and middle ear
D) auditory pathways and brain

Question 5

What are the five primary tastes?

A) hot, sour, spicy, sweet, origami
B) salty, sour, spicy, sweet, tart
C) bitter, salty, sour, sweet, umami
D) peppery, salty, sour, sweet, acidic

Question 6

The shortest wavelengths that we can see are experienced as ______ colors.

A) red
B) blue
C) green
D) yellow

Question 7

What are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup?

A) tiny bones located in the middle ear
B) types of cones on the retina
C) types of sound that most people can detect
D) words often used by audiologists in testing for hearing difficulties

Question 8

The Müller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are ________.

A) more men than women
B) more women than men
C) lots of telephone poles
D) buildings with lots of corners

Question 9

Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the brightness of light?

A) pitch
B) volume
C) purity
D) timbre

Question 10

People's tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called _______________.

A) top-down processing
B) telepathy
C) bottom-up processing
D) perceptual expectancy
Chapter 3 - Quick Quiz 1

Question 11

The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with ______.

A) separation threshold
B) response threshold
C) difference threshold
D) absolute threshold

Question 12

The kinesthetic senses are concerned with ______________.

A) touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
B) the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other
C) movement and body position
D) your location as compared to the position of the sun

Question 13

Where are the taste receptors located?

A) on the papillae
B) on the taste buds
C) on the microvilli
D) in the gustatory bulb

Question 14

An illusion ________________.

A) is the same thing as a vision
B) is due to the action of the rods versus the cones in the retina
C) is a perception that does not correspond to reality
D) corresponds directly to something that you dreamed

Question 15

The reason that there are three semicircular canals is so that we ______________.

A) have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes
B) can see the world in three dimensions
C) can detect sound locations in the three-dimensional world
D) have an extra if one is broken

Question 16

Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called ________.

A) perception
B) sensation
C) adaptation
D) habituation

Question 17

Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are ______.

A) bipolar cells
B) ganglion cells
C) rods
D) cones

Question 18

Similarity is the tendency to perceive _________________.

A) objects, or figures, on some background
B) things that look similar as being part of the same group
C) objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping
D) things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern

Question 19

In the process known as_____________, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

A) sensation
B) sensory fatigue
C) sensory adaptation
D) discrimination

Question 20

Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves?

A) hue
B) decibels
C) amplitude
D) wavelength

Question 21

The principle that the just noticeable difference of any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulus being judged is called _______.

A) the opponent-process principle
B) the doctrine of specific nerve energies
C) the phi phenomenon
D) Weber's law

Question 22

Suppose Maria is painting while the sun is setting; once she notices that the room is getting darker, she decides to call it quits for the day. This example illustrates the role of ________.

A) threshold
B) a just-noticeable difference
C) absolute threshold
D) bias

Question 23

The smallest amount of a particular stimulus required to produce any sensation at all in the person to whom the stimulus is presented is the ________.

A) absolute threshold
B) minimum threshold
C) difference threshold
D) noticeable threshold

Question 24

The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ______.

A) absolute threshold
B) range threshold
C) difference threshold
D) noticeable threshold

Question 25

The difference threshold is the degree of change that is required in order for a person to detect a change ________ percent of the time.

A) 25
B) 75
C) 50
D) 100

Question 26

When Ann went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder. The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound. The doctor was testing Ann's ________.

A) auditory convergence
B) absolute threshold
C) refractory threshold
D) difference threshold

Question 27

Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called ________.

A) perception
B) sensation
C) adaptation
D) habituation

Question 28

The minimal stimulus necessary for detection is called the _____________, while the smallest noticeable change in a stimulus is referred to as __________________.

A) absolute threshold; difference threshold
B) base value; just noticeable difference (jnd)
C) response criterion; sensory constant
D) difference threshold; absolute threshold

Question 29

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the use of subliminal perception in advertising?

A) Many different forms of advertising, including television, print ads, and movies, successfully use subliminal messages to influence consumers.
B) While subliminal perception is effective in moving stimuli (television, movies) it cannot be used in still stimuli (print ads)
C) While subliminal perception is effective in still stimuli (print ads) it cannot be used in moving stimuli (television, movies)
D) Researchers have gathered scientific evidence that subliminal perception does not work in advertising.

Question 30

The average threshold for human hearing is the tick of a watch from ______ away under very quiet conditions.

A) 20 feet
B) 60 feet
C) 40 feet
D) 80 feet

Question 31

The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with ______.

A) separation threshold
B) response threshold
C) difference threshold
D) absolute threshold

Question 32

We can see a candle flame at 30 miles on a clear, dark night, and we can hear the tick of a watch 20 feet away in a quiet room. These two facts are examples of ________.

A) jnds
B) difference threshold
C) adaptation
D) absolute thresholds

Question 33

Sensation is to perception as ________ is to ________.

A) stimulation; interpretation
B) awareness; interpretation
C) interpretation; awareness
D) organization; interpretation

Question 34

________ occur when special receptors in the sense organs - the eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds - are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.

A) Perceptions
B) Emotions
C) Cognitions
D) Sensations

Question 35

The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from ________ on a dark, clear night.

A) 1 mile
B) 15 miles
C) 7.5 miles
D) 30 miles

Question 36

The lowest intensity of a particular stimulus that enables the average person to detect that stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ________.

A) absolute threshold
B) difference threshold
C) just noticeable difference
D) psychophysical threshold

Question 37

Some people believe that ________ are messages that can be sent to consumers, prompting them to buy a product without their being aware of receiving such messages.

A) selective perceptions
B) subliminal stimuli
C) inductive perceptions
D) below threshold perceptions

Question 38

Laverne goes to a movie theater to watch her favorite movie. About halfway through the movie, she becomes aware of an overpowering hunger for popcorn. What she doesn't realize is that throughout the first part of the movie, a message saying "Eat Popcorn!" was repeatedly flashed on the screen at a speed too fast for her to be consciously aware of it. If her desire for popcorn is due to that message, she is responding to ________.

A) selective perception
B) subliminal perception
C) cognitive restructuring
D) stroboscopic perception

Question 39

Cells that are triggered by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances are called ________.

A) ganglion cells
B) bipolar cells
C) ossicles
D) sensory receptors

Question 40

Ernst Weber provided a formulation that is used to determine the ________.

A) largest detectable stimulus
B) smallest detectable stimulus
C) largest detectable difference between two stimuli
D) change in smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

Question 41

Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are _________.

A) particles and photons
B) waves and frequencies
C) waves and particles
D) dark light, daylight

Question 42

The transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the ________.

A) fovea
B) sclera
C) cornea
D) iris

Question 43

When you first put your hat on, you can feel it quite easily, but after a while, you forget that you are wearing a hat at all-the sensation is gone. What happens?

A) sensory fatigue
B) subliminal perception
C) habituation
D) perceptual defense

Question 44

The longest wavelengths we can see are experienced as ______ colors.

A) red
B) blue-violet
C) green
D) yellow

Question 45

The shortest wavelengths that we can see are experienced as ______ colors.

A) red
B) blue
C) green
D) yellow

Question 46

Because of what you have learned about sensory adaptation, you might think that if you stared at a picture for a long period of time, the image you see would eventually fade. This would be the case if not for the tiny vibrations of your eye called ________.

A) glissades
B) microsaccades
C) habituation movements
D) light wave responses

Question 47

Our eyes don't adapt completely to a repeated visual stimulus because ________.

A) eye movements called microsaccades cause the stimulus image to vibrate slightly on the retina
B) the optic chiasm enables fibers to carry messages to all parts of the brain
C) ganglion cells fire continuously
D) visual acuity is greatest in the fovea

Question 48

In the process known as ________, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

A) sensation
B) sensory fatigue
C) sensory adaptation
D) discrimination

Question 49

The term photon refers to ________.

A) a tiny packet of light waves
B) a torpedo used by the USS Enterprise
C) the smallest unit of sound
D) the property of light that gives us the perception of color

Question 50

Which pairing of name and property of light is

A) Helmholtz; particle nature (photon)
B) Holstein; wave nature
C) Newton; wave nature
D) Einstein; wave packet (photon)

Question 51

When we describe someone's eyes as blue, technically we are referring to his or her blue ________.

A) pupils
B) irises
C) corneas
D) scleras

Question 52

Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil?

A) iris
B) lens
C) retina
D) sclera

Question 53

The wavelength of the light reaching your eyes determines in part what ________ you see.

A) brightness
B) saturation
C) hue
D) fine detail

Question 54

Jamie, a toddler, is making distinctions about various aspects of color in terms of whether it looks red, blue, and so on. In doing so, she is referring to its ________.

A) amplitude
B) lightness
C) hue
D) reflection

Question 55

The process by which unchanging information from the senses of taste, touch, smell, and vision is "ignored" by the sensory receptor cells themselves is called _________.

A) transformation
B) sensory adaptation
C) transmutation
D) transduction

Question 56

Erin has learned to create a "truly red" light by focusing on only one wavelength of the visible spectrum. She is most likely to be concerned with which property of light?

A) intensity
B) decibels
C) accommodation
D) saturation

Question 57

When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the ________.

A) iris
B) lens
C) pupil
D) cornea

Question 58

The visible spectrum refers to the ________.

A) portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye
B) effect of intensity on how we see dark to grey to white
C) effect of the sound density on the perceptions of those with synesthesia
D) well-known fact that colors are less visible to some men's eyes

Question 59

The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue is ________.

A) brightness
B) saturation
C) hue
D) fine detail

Question 60

What color would you report seeing if a researcher projected the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum onto a screen?

A) red
B) blue
C) yellow
D) violet

Question 61

If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue paints together, the result would look _________.

A) like nonspectral colors
B) black
C) like white light
D) complementary

Question 62

What is the pupil of the eye?

A) It is the white part of the eye.
B) It is the colored part of the eye.
C) It is the location of the visual receptors.
D) It is the small hole in the center of the eye.

Question 63

Which of the following phenomena is a function of the distribution of the rods and cones in the retina?

A) The moon looks much larger near the horizon than it looks when it is higher in the sky.
B) The light from distant stars moving rapidly away from us is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum.
C) Stars can be seen only with difficulty during the daytime.
D) A dim star viewed at night may disappear when you look directly at it, but reappear when you look to one side of it.

Question 64

The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the _______ Theory.

A) opponent-process
B) additive color mixing
C) trichromatic
D) reductive color mixing

Question 65

The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the ________.

A) fovea
B) blind spot
C) optic chiasm
D) optic nerve

Question 66

The change in the shape of the lens in order to focus on a visual image is known as ________.

A) fixation
B) divergence
C) convergence
D) visual accommodation

Question 67

Which of the following sequences correctly indicates the pathway of nerve impulses on their way from the eye to the brain?

A) ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells, optic nerve
B) bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
C) photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve
D) photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve, ganglion cells

Question 68

Which component of the eye contains the visual receptors?

A) sclera
B) retina
C) cornea
D) posterior chamber

Question 69

Helmholtz's explanation of color vision is called the ________.

A) opponent-process theory
B) additive color mixing theory
C) trichromatic theory
D) reductive color mixing theory

Question 70

Who actually found three types of cones in the retina?

A) Young and Helmholtz
B) Hering
C) Brown and Wald
D) Smith and Wesson

Question 71

It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because ______.

A) we are seeing primarily with the cones
B) rods do not adapt to the dark
C) we are seeing primarily with the rods
D) we are used to seeing mostly with the fovea

Question 72

The pupil is the ________.

A) opening in the center of the iris
B) white of the eye
C) colored part of the eye
D) lining in the back of the eyeball

Question 73

Axons from ganglion cells make up the ________.

A) fovea
B) optic nerve
C) optic schism
D) rods and cones

Question 74

Light is focused on the retina by the ________.

A) pupil
B) ganglion cells
C) lens
D) iris

Question 75

When you enter a darkened room (e.g., a movie theater), you will find it hard to see at first, but shortly afterward you will be able to see much better. This phenomenon is referred to as:

A) color adaptation.
B) cone adaptation.
C) dark adaptation.
D) light adaptation.

Question 76

The fovea is made up of ______.

A) all rods and no cones
B) mostly cones with some rods
C) mostly rods with some cones
D) all cones and no rods

Question 77

If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue lights together by focusing lights of those three colors on one common spot, the result would look _________.

A) like nonspectral colors
B) black
C) like white light
D) complementary

Question 78

Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are ______.

A) bipolar cells
B) ganglion cells
C) rods
D) cones

Question 79

Jamie walks from a bright room into a dark room. It will take about ________ minutes for her rods to fully adjust to the dark.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 20
D) 40

Question 80

Which of the following is true about cones?

A) They are responsible for black and white vision.
B) They are found mainly in the center of the eye.
C) They operate mainly at night.
D) They respond only to black and white.